Prevalence of depression and anxiety in hospitalized chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and their quality of life: a pilot study

Introduction: There is a high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It has been reported that if left untreated, the psychiatric comobidities can lead to poorer quality of life. The present study was initiated to investigate the prevalence of major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in hospitalized COPD patients and their quality of life. Methods: The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) of the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME‐MD) was administered to screen an opportunistic sample of COPD patients admitted to a general hospital for the abovementioned psychiatric disorders. The Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36) was utilized to assess quality of life. Results: Fifty‐one patients were analyzed. The prevalence of major depressive disorder in this sample on screening was 7.8% (95% CI 2.2–18.9) and that of anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder) was 5.9% (95% CI 1.2–16.2). The quality of life of COPD patients with psychiatric comorbidities in the present study was severely impaired in seven of the eight domains measured by the SF‐36. Discussion: Despite the small sample size of COPD patients, the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities was not insignificant. The present study showed that the quality of life of hospitalized COPD patients with psychiatric illnesses was significantly lowered. Treatment of COPD should include addressing psychosocial issues.     

文拉法辛对慢性阻塞性肺病合并抑郁焦虑患者的治疗作用

目的：研究文拉法辛对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并抑郁焦虑患者生活质量的影响。方法：采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）及汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）（17项）测量心理状况,将存在轻中度焦虑、抑郁症状的48例COPD患者随机分为文拉法辛组（26例）及对照组（22例）,治疗4周。治疗前后检测患者COPD的各项肺功能指标并用圣乔治呼吸问卷（SGRQ）评价生活质量,应用治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定不良反应。结果：文拉法辛组治疗4周时有效率100%,HAMA及HAMD评分显著降低（P〈0.05）,肺功能均有明显改善（P〈0.05）。结论：文拉法辛能改善COPD患者的焦虑及抑郁症状,提高生活质量。     

Depression and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Impact on survival

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the presence of depression in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) would have an independent impact on mortality. METHOD: Prospective evaluation of the impact of depression according to the ICD-10 criteria for depression. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the independent impact of depression after controlling for significant univariate clinical predictors in the data set. Consenting out-patients (n = 49) who meet the criteria for COPD between September 1997 and September 1998. There were no age limits (range: 53-90 years). The sample was 67% female. Survival status at follow-up after a mean of 803 days was measured. RESULTS: At follow-up, 16 patients had died. Depression significantly reduced the mortality risk at follow-up (hazard ratio, 0.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.93; P = 0.037). The impact of depression remained after control for forced expiratory volume during the first second (FEV1), the only multivariate significant predictor of mortality in the data set (hazard ratio, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.09-0.84; P = 0.024). CONCLUSION: Depression in out-patients suffering from COPD appears to be an independent protector for mortality. Additional studies in larger samples are needed to replicate this finding and to determine possible underlying pathogenetic mechanisms.     

Effect of desipramine on control of ventilation and depression scores in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Decreased ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide (CO2) correlate with elevated scores on tests for depression in normal subjects and with episodes of endogenous depression in psychiatric patients. Patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently develop resting hypercapnia due to impaired ventilatory mechanics or drive, and may also have elevated scores on tests for depression. Tricyclic antidepressant drugs can improve ventilatory mechanics and possibly drive. We hypothesized that antidepressant drugs might enhance ventilatory drive and improve arterial blood gases in patients with severe COPD and that these improvements might correlate with improvement in depression scores. Therefore, we studied the effects of desipramine versus placebo on spirometry, resting arterial blood gases, hypercapnic ventilatory and mouth occlusion pressure responses, and scores on the Beck and Zung self-rated depression scales. In our patients the resting arterial CO2 (PaCO2) was found to depend almost equally on ventilatory mechanics and drive. In addition, patients with higher depression scores tended to have a lower PaCO2 when the severity of airways obstruction was taken into consideration. In a 16-week, double-blind, crossover comparison of desipramine with placebo, both treatments led to significant improvement in depression scores. Desipramine had no effects on resting PaCO2, spirometry, or ventilatory control.     

Prevalence of depressive symptoms in Japanese male patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Aim: The objective of this study was to utilize commonly applied tools, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Depression subscale (HADS‐D) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D), to screen for depressive symptoms in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Furthermore, we sought to identify whether differences existed in the prevalence of depressive symptoms as assessed by CES‐D and HADS‐D, and predictors of depressive symptoms. Methods: The presence of depressive symptoms in 80 outpatients and 51 inpatients with stable COPD was assessed using the CES‐D and HADS‐D. Data regarding sex, educational level, body mass index, smoking index and pulmonary function were obtained to evaluate their independent contribution as predictors of depressive symptoms. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 29.8% based on CES‐D and 40.5% based on HADS‐D. A MacNemar test of COPD severity and analysis of the results of depressive symptoms based on CES‐D and HADS‐D revealed significant differences. Logistic regression analysis suggested that ‘severity’ is a predictor of depressive symptoms as assessed by CES‐D, whereas ‘body mass index’, ‘education level’ and ‘setting’ were predictors of depressive symptoms as assessed by HADS‐D. Conclusions: The prevalence of depressive symptoms differed when assessed with CES‐D and HADS‐D. The reasons behind this difference include the fact that HADS‐D frequently detected depressive symptoms in patients with mild COPD as well as a tendency for HADS‐D to be strongly influenced by education levels. In contrast, the severity of COPD was reflected in CES‐D. It is possible that prevalence of depressive symptoms differs in accordance with the applied screening tool.     

Polyneuropathy associated with chronic hypoxaemia: prevalence in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary The prevalence of clinical and electrophysiological signs of peripheral nerve disease was evaluated in 151 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Patients with concomitant disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system were excluded. Thirty patients had clinical signs of a mild sensorimotor and distal neuropathy and 13 additional patients had only electrophysiological abnormalities. The rate and the severity of the neuropathy correlated with the severity of chronic hypoxaemia. Three out of 20 patients with mild hypoxaemia (PaO₂ less than 15 mm Hg below normal) had polyneuropathy as compared with 15 out of 36 with severe hypoxaemia (PaO₂ more than 30 mm Hg below normal (rates different at the 10% level)). PaO₂ and age were the only variables discriminating between patients with and without peripheral neuropathy.Supported by the Insitut de Recherches Internationales Servier 92202 Neuilly, France. Presented in part at the inaugural meeting of the European Neurological Society, Nice, France, June 1988     

Depressive disorders in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Hong Kong: a controlled study

Objective: There have been few studies examining the relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and psychiatric morbidity in Hong Kong. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of depressive disorders (major depression, dysthymia and adjustment disorder with depressed mood) in Chinese patients with COPD and explore their demographic and clinical correlates.Method: A total of 146 patients aged 50 years and above with COPD and 220 age and gender matched control subjects without COPD formed the study sample. Data of demographic and clinical characteristics were collected by a form designed for this study. Activity of daily living was assessed by the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale and life events were evaluated by the Life Event Scale. Depressive disorders were determined using the Chinese version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.Results: The point prevalence of DSM-IV depressive disorders in patients with COPD and controls were 15.1% and 3.6%, respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed that female sex and severe impairment in daily activity functioning were independently associated with depressive disorders. Only 22.7% of the depressed COPD patients had consulted psychiatrists in the past three months.Conclusion: Depressive disorders are significantly higher in COPD patients than controls. The low percentage of depressed patients with COPD seeking psychiatric treatment suggests that there is an unmet need in the psychiatric care of COPD patients.     

Psychological characteristics of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review research on psychological characteristics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and to summarize the findings of associations between psychological variables and various aspects of life, illness, and health in COPD patients. METHODS: The following databases were searched: Medline, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library. RESULTS: A total of 81 studies, published between 1968 and 2004, was identified. The reviewed studies indicated that patients suffering from COPD have a high prevalence of psychological disorders and may function at a reduced level of efficiency due to neuropsychological impairments. Psychological characteristics also seemed to be associated with functional disability and reduced quality of life. CONCLUSION: Psychological characteristics are important variables that interact with physical symptoms, and they should be taken into account when treating COPD patients. More studies with rigorous methodological designs are needed to describe the role of psychological variables in COPD accurately and reliably.     

Relationship between the frequency of autonomic dysfunction and the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between the frequency of autonomic dysfunction (AD) and the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not been exactly known, despite its importance in the pathogenesis of COPD. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the clinical stage severity of the disease and the frequency of AD in COPD patients. METHODS: The frequency and type of AD were determined according to the clinical severity of 35 stable COPD patients. The results were compared between the mild and moderate-severe COPD groups. Sympathetic system (SS) was evaluated with sympathetic skin response (SSR), QT and QTc intervals (ms) analyses. Parasympathetic system was evaluated with the heart rate interval variations (RRIV). RESULTS: For the total group, an AD was detected in 20 patients (57%), a parasympathetic dysfunction (PD) in 14 (40%), a mixed-type dysfunction in five (14%) and a sympathetic dysfunction (SD) in only one patient (3%). For the 12 mildly affected patients, there were cases of isolated SD in only one patient (8.5%), isolated PD in five (42%) and AD in six patients (50%). For the 23 moderate-severe COPD patients, mixed AD was detected in five patients (22%), isolated PD in nine (39%) and AD in 14 patients (61%). There were no significant differences between the two patient groups, neither for isolated parasympathetic and sympathetic, mixed form nor for total AD (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that PD was dominant in patients with COPD. However, the frequencies of autonomic parasympathetic and sympathetic dysfunction did not increase significantly with the severity of COPD. The severity of hypoxemia and/or airflow limitation may not be the only unique or definite reason for AD in COPD, as there was not an exact correlation between the presence of AD and the severity of airflow limitation and hypoxemia.     

Prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression

Objective

This meta-analysis was aimed to evaluate the differences in aggregated prevalence of depressive symptoms among people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as compared to controls without COPD and to determine underlying moderators to explain potential heterogeneity of prevalence.

Methods

A meta-analysis of published work was performed using the random effect model. A total of eight studies were identified. We calculated the differences in prevalence proportion of depressive symptoms in patients with COPD versus controls. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were performed to identify factors that may contribute to heterogeneity.

Results

The prevalence proportion of depressive symptoms was found to be significantly higher (pooled odds ratio: 2.81; 95% CI: 1.69-4.66) among 39587 individuals with COPD as compared to 39,431 controls (24.6%, 95% CI: 20.0-28.6% vs. 11.7%, 95% CI: 9-15.1%). Meta-regression was conducted to account for the heterogeneity of the prevalence proportion, but moderators like mean age, gender, mean FEV₁ and proportion of current smokers among COPD patients were nonsignificant and could not explain heterogeneity in prevalence of depressive symptoms. Subgroup analyses showed no significant differences based on different methods of assessment of depressive symptoms and countries sampled.

Conclusion

This meta-analytical review identified higher prevalence of depressive symptoms among COPD patients, and meta-regression showed that demographic and clinical factors were not the determinants of heterogeneity in prevalence of depressive symptoms.     

Assessment of muscle fatigue during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Contractile fatigue is associated with exercise intolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Contractile fatigue may be assessed by quantifying the decline in strength after a fatiguing protocol but this may pose practical problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the decline in quadriceps strength, quadriceps electrical activity, perception of leg fatigue, and arterial lactate level in patients with COPD during constant work-rate cycling exercise. The decline in quadriceps strength was significantly associated with the decrease in electromyographic median frequency (r = 0.606), leg fatigue perception (r = 0.453), and arterial lactate level (r = 0.384). Using the receiver-operating-characteristic curve, it was found that a 4% decline in electromyographic median frequency had a 94% sensitivity and a 75% specificity to predict contractile fatigue. We conclude that contractile fatigue commonly occurs during cycling exercise in COPD. The electromyographic median frequency appears to be a valuable indirect marker to predict contractile leg fatigue.     

团体正念减压疗法对慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期合并抑郁状态患者的影响

背景 慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是常见的慢性呼吸系统疾病,COPD患者多伴有焦虑抑郁等负性情绪,对预后存在不良影响。团体正念减压疗法（MBSR）是一种逐渐受到关注的非药物治疗方法,该方法在COPD合并情绪问题中的研究较少。目的 探讨团体MBSR对COPD稳定期患者抑郁状况、正念水平及肺功能等的影响,为团体MBSR在COPD患者中的应用提供参考。方法 连续选取2019年1月-10月在绵阳市第三人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科门诊随访的97例COPD稳定期患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为研究组（n=50）和对照组（n=47）。两组均接受药物治疗和为期8周的常规健康教育,研究组在此基础上接受8周团体MBSR干预。于干预前、干预4周和8周后进行抑郁自评量表（SDS）、五因素正念量表（FFMQ）以及慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试表（CAT）评定,并测定肺功能情况。结果 研究组共41例完成研究,对照组为42例。两组SDS、FFMQ以及CAT评分组别×时间的交互作用均有统计学意义（F=54.858、86.161、69.862,P均<0.01）。干预前,两组SDS、FFMQ和CAT评分均无统计学意义（...     

米氮平辅助治疗对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者负性情绪及肺功能的影响

目的 探讨米氮平辅助治疗对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的焦虑抑郁情绪及肺功能的影响.方法 选取我院2017年6月～2019年10月期间收治的129例COPD患者作为研究对象,按随机数字表法将研究对象随机分为观察组和对照组.对照组64例患者给予常规对症支持治疗,观察组65例患者在对照组基础上增加米氮平治疗.观察比较两...     

Mortality prediction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea

BackgroundWe aimed to assess mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and overlap syndrome, and evaluate which polysomnographic indices—apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) or hypoxemic load measurements—better predict mortality within 10 years.MethodsAdults with symptoms suggestive of sleep apnea and airway disease who underwent both polysomnography and spirometry plus bronchodilator response tests between 2000 and 2018 were included and divided into four groups according to presence of COPD and moderate-to-severe OSA (AHI ≥15/h). We estimated mortality using a Cox model adjusted for demographic/anthropometric covariates and comorbidities; this was called clinical model. To evaluate prognostic performance, we compared the concordance index (C-index) between clinical model and extended models, which incorporated one of polysomnographic indices—AHI, sleep time spent with SpO₂ < 90% (TS90), and mean and lowest SpO₂.ResultsAmong 355 participants, patients with COPD alone (57/355, 16.1%) and COPD–OSA overlap syndrome (37/355, 10.4%) had increased all-cause mortality than those who had neither disease (152/355, 42.8%) (adjusted HR, 2.98 and 3.19, respectively). The C-indices of extended models with TS90 (%) and mean SpO₂ were significantly higher than that of clinical model (0.765 vs. 0.737 and 0.756 vs. 0.737, respectively; all P < 0.05); however, the C-index of extended model with AHI was not (0.739 vs. 0.737; P = 0.15).ConclusionsIn this cohort with symptoms of sleep apnea and airway disease, patients with overlap syndrome had increased mortality, but not higher than in those with COPD alone. The measurement of hypoxemic load, not AHI, better predicted mortality.