米格列奈钙片在健康人体内的药代动力学

目的 研究米格列奈钙片(治疗2型糖尿病药)的人体药代动力学特点.方法 30名健康受试者(男女各半)随机分为3组,分别单剂量口服米格列奈钙片5,10和20 mg,LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中米格列奈的浓度.DAS 2.0计算药代动力学参数.结果 5,10,20mg剂量组的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(0.44±0.22),(0.57±0.33)和(1.50±0.53)h;Cmax分别为(578.96±119.30),(834.98±202.02)和(1337.93±542.13)μg·L-1;AUC0-t分别为(815.97±196.21),(1535.78±403.10)和(3624.79±1053.75)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(827.54±204.97),(1560.56±41 8.55)和(3710.05±1066.10)μg·h·L-1;t1/2分别为(1.15±0.25),(1.32±0.09)和(1.29±0.25)h.结论 单次口服米格列奈钙片在5～20 mg内,体内符合线性药代动力学特征.     

甲硝唑结肠定位肠溶片在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的评价甲硝唑结肠定位肠溶片(抗厌氧菌感染药)在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法20名男性健康志愿者分别单剂、多剂交叉口服甲硝唑结肠定位肠溶片(受试制剂)和甲硝唑普通片(参比制剂)200mg,HPLC法测定甲硝唑浓度,DAS2.1软件计算主要药代动力学参数。结果主要药代动力学参数如下。单剂量:Cmax分别为(3.05±0.63),(4.44±0.56)μg·mL-1;tmax分别为(9.10±1.90),(1.50±0.60)h;t1/2分别为(9.93±2.14),(9.36±2.40)h;AUC0-48h分别为(48.74±11.56),(53.79±9.25)μg·h·mL-1;F为(91.30±18.60)%。多剂量:Cmax分别为(7.75±2.57),(10.27±2.08)μg·mL-1;Cmin(6.86±2.36),(6.34±1.48)μg·mL-1;Cav分别为(4.83±1.66),(7.65±1.59)μg·mL-1;DF分别为(0.31±1.26),(0.52±0.10);t1/2分别为(10.51±2.39),(9.97±2.40)h,AUCss分别为(38.65±13.30),(61.23±12.71)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0-48h分别为(158.23±66.84),(144.39±48.50)μg·h·mL-1,F为(110.10±25.20)%。结论2制剂吸收等效;但在胃肠道的吸收部位与速度不同;有良好的靶向结肠定位效果。     

尼莫地平缓释片在中国健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究尼莫地平(抗缺血性脑损伤药)缓释片的相对生物利用度,并评价其生物等效性.方法 采用随机交叉试验设计,20名中国健康男性志愿者分别单次和多次口服尼莫地平缓释片受试制剂与参比制剂,用液相色谱一串联质谱法测定血浆中尼莫地平的血药浓度,计算药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度.结果 单次口服2种尼莫地平缓释片,受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(2.63±0.71),(2.88±0.79)h;Cmax分别为(13.18±5.21),(13.05±5.11)μg·L-1;t1/2分别为(3.15±0.79),(3.34 ±1.10)h;MRT0-1分别为(5.58±0.93),(5.78 ±1.06)h;MRT0-∞分别为(5.93±0.89),(6.24 ±1.14)h;AUC0-t分别为(73.84±28.09),(76.85±30.09)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞.分别为(75.24±28.18),(78.58±30.08)μg·h·L-1;F为(97.70±12.10)%.连续多次口服2种尼莫地平缓释片,给药第3 d血药浓度达稳态后,受试制剂和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(2.43±0.37),(2.40±0.38)h;C-max分别为(17.51±4.22),(16.52 ±4.16)μg·L-1;C-min分别为(3.58±1.92),(2.96 ±1.67)±μg·L-1;Cav分别为(7.29±1.97),(7.23±2.15)μg·L-1;t1/2分别为(4.10±1.42),(3.78±1.09)h;MRT0-t分别为(5.63 ±0.82),(5.71±0.92)h;MRT0-t分别为(6.65 ±1.47),(6.37±o.96)h;AUCss 分别为(87.44±23.69),(86.74±25.75)μg·h·L-1;DF分别为(1.99±0.72),(1.96±0.68);F为(102.20±10.70)%.结论 受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

注射用鼠抗人T淋巴细胞CD25抗原单克隆抗体在健康受试者体内药代动力学与药效学

目的 研究注射用鼠抗人T淋巴细胞CD25抗原单克隆抗体(WuTac)单次给药在中国健康受试者体内的药代动力学特征和药效学效应.方法 36名健康受试者,男女各半,随机分配到高,中,低(0.20,0.10,0.05 mg·kg-1)3个剂量组,通过酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)检测受试者血清中WuTac和人抗鼠抗体(HAMA)的浓度,评估该药物的药代动力学行为特征.通过流式细胞仪检测全血中T淋巴细胞表面CD25结合位点,计算白介-2受体(IL-2R)饱和度,对本品的药效学做出评判.结果 高,中,低3个剂量组的主要药代动力学参数如下:t1/2分别为(54.15±16.50),(54.39 ±21.17),(43.99±13.07)h;tmax分别为(2.50±2.02),(2.75 ±2.01),(2.08±2.06)h;Cmax分别为(2950.82±560.94),(1461.20±370.70),(608.95±81.66)μg·L-1;AUC0-t分别为(8881.90±2188.10),(3711.00±1146.10),(1158.20±306.20)μg·L-1·d;AUC0-∞分别为(9458.80±2547.80),(4115.40±1208.40),(1269.70±310.40)μg·L-1·d.高,中,低3个剂量组单次恒速滴注停药1 h后,均能饱和T细胞白介2受体(IL-2R)相应结合位点,饱和度达96%以上,维持饱和3 d以上.结论 本品在中国健康人体起效迅速,疗效持久.单次给药耐受性良好,呈线性药代动力学特征.     

氟康唑胶囊在健康人体的药代动力学及生物等效性

目的建立人血浆氟康唑(抗真菌药)HPLC测定法,比较氟康唑2种制剂在健康志愿者体内的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法用随机开放交叉试验设计,20名健康志愿者分别单剂量口服试验和参比制剂氟康唑胶囊300mg,用高效液相色谱法法测定血药浓度,计算2制剂的药代动力学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果试验和参比制剂氟康唑胶囊的主要药代动力学参数t1/2分别为(31.20±3.98),(31.51±3.26)h;tmax分别为(2.83±0.37),(2.65±0.24)h;Cmax分别为(6.20±1.08),(6.11±1.01)μg·mL-1;AUC0-96分别为(208.42±21.77),(200.27±18.27)μg·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(234.00±24.56),(227.14±20.91)μg·h·mL-1。各药代动力学参数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。试验制剂氟康唑胶囊相对生物利用度F为(104.3±8.5)%。结论2制剂具有生物等效性。     

多沙普仑在中国朝鲜族和汉族健康人体的药代动力学

目的 研究盐酸多沙普仑注射液(呼吸兴奋药)在中国朝鲜族和汉族健康人体的药代动力学.方法 10名朝鲜族和10名汉族健康受试者,单剂量静脉滴注盐酸多沙普仑注射液50 mg,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中多沙普仑的浓度,用DAS 2.0药代动力学程序计算药代动力学参数.结果 盐酸多沙普仑注射液在朝鲜族和汉族健康受试者的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(1.31±0.47),(1.55±0.52)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(0.39±0.27),(0.33±0.24)h;t1/2β 分别为(4.06±3.06),(3.87±2.17)h;Vc分别为(0.34±0.15),(0.35±0.20)L·kg-1;Vd分别为(1.52±1.19),(1.35±0.96)L·kg-1;CL分别为(0.27±0·07),(0.25±0.11)L·h-1·Kg-1;AUC0-12.5分别为(2.64±0.46),(3.51±1.26)Mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(3.01±0.63),(4.06±1.44)mg·h·L-1.结论 朝鲜族和汉族健康受试者单剂量静脉滴注多沙普仑药代动力学参数的差异无统计学意义.     

国产与进口盐酸沙格雷酯片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究国产与进口盐酸沙格雷酯片(抗血栓药)的相对生物利用度,评价2者的生物等效性.方法 采用双周期自身交叉试验设计,单剂量口服给药.24名健康男性受试者分别单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂,血浆样品采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测.结果 受试制剂及参比制剂盐酸沙格雷酯片的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(710.25±305.79),(653.33±311.06)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.39±0.23),(0.38±0.19)h;t1/2分别为(0.72±0.10),(0.67±0.10)h;AUC0-tn分别为(473.80±216.83),(440.17±440.17)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(479.88±224.77),(443.79±144.70)μg·h·L-1;受试制剂盐酸沙格雷酯片的相对生物利用度F0-tn、F0-∞分别为(110.24±38.24)%,(110.64±39.07)%.结论 受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

左舒必利注射液在中国健康受试者的药代动力学

目的 研究左舒必利注射液在中国健康受试者单次及多次给药的药代动力学。方法 用开放、随机、平行的试验设计。30名受试者,男女各半,分为3个剂量组,分别接受单次及多次肌内注射不同剂量左舒必利,采集不同时间的血样,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC/MS/MS)测定血浆中左舒必利的浓度。用DAS 3.0软件计算药代动力学参数。结果 单次肌内注射25,50,75 mg左舒必利的主要药代动力学参数:cmax分别为(724.70±248.91),(949.60±234.80),(1619.00±366.80)μg·L-1;t1/2分别为(7.65±1.32),(7.58±0.89),(8.01±0.88)h,AUC0-t分别为(2874.17±1093.71),(4481.75±913.09),(7559.33±1428.87)μg·L-1·h。连续给药组t1/2为(7.41±0.79)h;AUC0-t为(4658.33±909.51)μg·L-1·h。结论 中国健康受试者单次肌内注射给药左舒必利在25~75 mg内呈线性药代动力学特征,多次给药没有蓄积倾向,男、女间比较,差异无统计学意义。     

复方法莫替丁咀嚼片人体药动学研究

目的:进行健康志愿者复方法莫替丁咀嚼片单剂和多剂给药的药动学试验,为复方法莫替丁咀嚼片临床应用提供试验依据.方法:采用单剂和多剂口服给药设计,采用高效液相色谱法测定法莫替丁经时血浓度,计算法莫替丁的药动学参数.结果:单剂和多剂口服复方法莫替丁咀嚼片后t1/2分别为(3.7±0.8)h和(4.5±0.9)h,Tmx分别为(2.15±0.24)h和(2.10±0.21)h,Cmax分男别为(65.9±9.1)μg·L-1和(72.0±10.1)μg·L-1,AUC0～15分男别为(365.9±64.9)μg·L-1·h和(362.6±44.8)μg·L-1·h,AUC0～∞分别为(401.1±65.5)μg·L-1·h和(416.8±42.0)μg·L-1·h,Ke分别为(0.19±0.04)h-1和(0.20±0.01)h-1,MRT为(7.1±0.7)h和(7.9±0.7)h.多剂口服Cmin为(6.3±0.6)μg·L-1.结论:复方法莫替丁咀嚼片中法莫替丁主要药动学参数单剂给药与多剂给药无显著改变,多剂给药体内无蓄积,制剂中其他成分不影响法莫替丁的体内过程.     

阿莫达非尼片在健康受试者体内的药代动力学研究北大核心CSCD

目的研究单剂量口服阿莫达非尼片在中国健康受试者体内的药代动力学和安全性。方法用单中心、随机、开放、三剂量、三周期自身交叉的试验设计,筛选12例健康受试者并随机分组,分别接受单剂量空腹口服阿莫达非尼片100,200,400 mg。用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中药物浓度,药代动力学参数用DAS 2.1.1软件。结果阿莫达非尼片100,200,400 mg剂量组的主要药代动力学参数如下:t1/2分别为(11.96±1.37),(12.66±1.56),(13.13±1.05)h,tmax分别为(2.41±1.43),(2.50±1.28),(3.00±1.37)h,Cmax分别为(3117±715.80),(5952±1183),(11522±2821)μg·L^(-1)。AUC0-t分别为(535.49±126.21)×10~2,(1081.53±241.91)×10~2,(2268.71±564.30)×10~2h·μg·L^(-1),AUC0-∞分别为(553.66±124.27)×10~2,(1105.26±250.90)×102,(2293.59±565.52)×10~2h·μg·L^(-1)。结论口服阿莫达非尼100~400 mg在人体内的药代动力学过程符合线性药代动力学特征。12例受试者服药后较安全。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.