全数字化乳腺摄影联合数字乳腺断层摄影对乳腺病变及乳腺钙化的诊断价值

目的 探讨全数字化乳腺摄影(FFDM)、数字乳腺断层摄影(DBT)单独应用及联合应用对乳腺良恶性病变及乳腺钙化的诊断价值.方法 选取280例疑似乳腺病变患者作为研究对象,患者均接受FFDM、DBT检查,比较FFDM、DBT单独应用及联合应用对乳腺良恶性病变、乳腺钙化的诊断准确率,并采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析FFDM、DBT、FFDM联合DBT对乳腺病变的预测价值.结果 FFDM的阳性预测值为63.53％,阴性预测值为85.21％;DBT的阳性预测值为78.75％,阴性预测值为90.80％;DBT联合FFDM的阳性预测值为92.50％,阴性预测值为97.13％.FFDM联合DBT对乳腺良恶性病变、乳腺钙化的诊断准确率高于DBT、FFDM,DBT对乳腺良恶性病变、乳腺钙化的诊断准确率高于FFDM,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).ROC曲线分析结果显示,FFDM、DBT、FFDM联合DBT早期预测乳腺病变的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.753、0.850、0.951.结论 相较于FFDM、DBT单独检查,DBT联合FFDM检查对乳腺病变的诊断价值更高,可有效分辨乳腺良恶性病变,并提高乳腺钙化的检出率.     

99mTc-MIBI乳腺核素显像诊断原发乳腺癌的Meta分析

目的探讨Technetium-99m-MIBI( 99mTc-MIBI)乳腺核素显像诊断原发乳癌及腋窝淋巴结转移的价值.方法检索Cochrane 图书馆、MEDLINE、Springer、Elsevier及中国期刊网中有关99mTc-MIBI乳腺核素显像标准与病理诊断(金标准)比较诊断原发乳癌及腋窝淋巴结转移的前瞻性临床试验,提取并评价各纳入研究的特征性信息及检测敏感度、特异度等指标.根据不同的效应量选择不同的效应模型,并进行加权定量合并,计算汇总敏感度、特异度及其相应的95%CI,绘制汇总受试者工作特征曲线(SROC),计算曲线下面积(AUC)来评价其诊断价值.结果 99mTc-MIBI乳腺核素显像诊断乳腺癌的汇总敏感度和特异度及其相应的95%CI分别为86%[95%CI (82%,89%)]和80%[95%CI(75%,80%)],AUC为90.29%.对于可触之的乳腺包块99mTc-MIBI乳腺核素显像诊断乳腺癌的汇总敏感度和特异度及其相应95%CI分别为86%[95%CI(83%,88%)]和83%[95%CI (77%,86%)], AUC为94.68%.对不可触之乳腺肿块,相应汇总值分别为69%[95%(47%,85%)]和69%[95%CI(52%,82%)], AUC为78.97%.对腋窝淋巴结转移诊断的汇总敏感度和特异度及其相应95%CI分别为75%[95%CI (66%,81%)]和84%[95%CI(75%,91%)], AUC为87.64%.结论对于可触之的乳腺肿块99mTc-MIBI乳腺核素显像诊断原发性乳腺癌的价值较高对腋窝淋巴结转移的特异性也较好,但敏感度尚需提高.然而对于不可触之的乳腺肿块,其诊断价值则有限.     

传统二维超声和自动乳腺全容积扫查对乳腺良恶性肿块诊断价值的Meta分析

目的系统评价传统二维超声(HHUS)和自动乳腺全容积扫查(ABVS)在乳腺良恶性肿块中的诊断价值。方法计算机检索PubMed、The Cochrane Library、EMbase、Web of Science、Biosis Preview、WanFang Data、VIP、SinoMed和CNKI数据库,搜集有关HHUS和ABVS诊断乳腺肿块的研究,检索时限均为建库至2019年5月31日。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用Meta-Disc软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入24个研究。HHUS的合并敏感度(SEN)、特异度(SPE)、诊断比值比(DOR)、阳性似然比(PLR)和阴性似然比(NLR)分别为0.83[95%CI(0.82,0.85)]、0.81[95%CI(0.79,0.82)]、19.71[95%CI(14.93,26.01)]、4.05[95%CI(3.49,4.69)]、0.22[95%CI(0.18,0.26)];ABVS的SEN、SPE、DOR、PLR和NLR分别为0.90[95%CI(0.89,0.92)]、0.88[95%CI(0.87,0.89)]、76.86[95%CI(55.13,107.17)]、7.40[95%CI(6.07,9.04)]、0.11[95%CI(0.09,0.14)]。HHUS和ABVS的工作特征曲线(SROC)下面积(AUC)分别为0.88和0.96。结论当前证据显示,与HHUS相比,ABVS在乳腺肿块的鉴别诊断方面具有更高的临床价值。受纳入研究数量和质量的限制,上述结论尚待更多高质量研究予以验证。     

超声造影对乳腺肿块良恶性鉴别诊断价值的系统评价

目的系统评价超声造影在乳腺良恶性肿块鉴别诊断中的临床价值。方法计算机检索h e Cochrane Library(2013年第2期)、PubMed、CNKI、Wanfang Data、VIP、MedaLink和CBM数据库,检索时限均为建库至2013年5月。由2位研究者根据纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献、提取资料,采用QUADAS条目评价纳入研究的方法学质量后,采用Meta-DiSc 1.4软件对其敏感性(SEN)、特异性(SPE)、阳性似然比(+LR)、阴性似然比(–LR)、诊断比值比(DOR)进行异质性检验和合并分析,绘制受试者工作特征(SROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC)。结果最终共纳入19个研究,1161例研究对象。Meta分析结果显示:SPE合并为0.79[95%CI(0.75,0.82)]、SEN合并为0.86[95%CI(0.83,0.89)]、+LR为3.92[95%CI(2.77,5.56)]、–LR为0.18[95%CI(0.13,0.26)]、DOR合并为25.86[95%CI(13.77,48.55)]、AUC为0.9170。结论现有研究证实,超声造影对乳腺肿瘤良恶性鉴别诊断有较高的敏感性和特异性,可用于乳腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断。     

3.0T MR对乳腺X线摄影表现为单纯微小钙化病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨动态增强MRI（DCE-MRI）联合DWI对乳腺X线摄影表现为单纯微小钙化病变的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析行全视野数字化乳腺X线摄影（FFDM）显示为BI-RADS 3~5类单纯微小钙化病变的患者101例（104个病变）。对患者均行乳腺FFDM和MR检查。计算病灶ADC值与正常腺体ADC值的比值（nADC值）。对病变进行BI-RADS分类。采用ROC曲线计算ADC和nADC鉴别乳腺良、恶性病变的诊断效能;分别计算FFDM、DCE-MRI和DCE-MRI联合nADC值3种方法诊断乳腺良、恶性病变的敏感度和特异度。结果 恶性病变40个,良性病变64个。ADC值及nADC值鉴别乳腺良、恶性病变的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.81和0.89。FFDM归为BI-RADS 3类病变,FFDM、DCE-MRI、DCE-MRI联合nADC值诊断乳腺恶性病变的特异度差异无统计学意义;对BI-RADS 4类病变3种方法诊断的敏感度差异无统计学意义,DCE-MRI诊断的特异度明显高于FFDM ,DCE-MRI联合nADC值诊断的特异度高于DCE-MRI。3种方法均正确诊断BI-RADS 5类病变。结论 对于FFDM检出的微小钙化病变,DCE-MRI联合nADC值有助于检出BI-RADS 4类的恶性病变。     

对比增强能谱乳腺X线摄影诊断乳腺影像报告和数据系统4类钙化

目的 对比分析全视野数字化乳腺X线（FFDM）与对比增强能谱乳腺X线摄影（CESM）对乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）4类钙化的诊断价值。方法 收集常规乳腺X线片中以钙化为唯一征象、且诊断报告定为BI-RADS 4类乳腺病变患者，根据检查方式不同分为FFDM组（n=48）和CESM组（n=31）。FFDM根据钙化分布及形态、CESM根据钙化相应处有无强化为依据作出良恶性诊断，以病理结果为金标准，计算并比较FFDM及CESM对恶性钙化的诊断效能。结果 FFDM诊断恶性钙化的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率分别为69.23%（9/13）、77.14%（27/35）、52.94%（9/17）、87.10%（27/31）和75.00%（36/48），CESM组分别为90.00%（9/10）、95.24%（20/21）、90.00%（9/10）、95.24%（20/21）和93.55%（29/31）。CESM诊断恶性钙化的阳性预测值和准确率高于FFDM，差异有统计学意义（χ²=3.891、4.444，P=0.049、0.035）。结论 与FFDM比较，CESM可提高对BI-RADS 4类钙化的诊断效能。     

全数字化乳腺X线摄影与超声萤火虫技术对乳腺微钙化检出的比较

目的评价超声"萤火虫"技术与全数字化乳腺X线（FFDM）相比在乳腺微钙化检出方面的意义及其临床应用价值。 方法收集山西医科大学第一医院于2016年11月至2017年11月经手术病理证实的乳腺病变患者126例,将其分为肿块伴钙化组、单纯钙化组、无钙化组（单纯肿块、非肿块无钙化）,所有患者于术前均行FFDM及超声"萤火虫"技术检查,比较超声"萤火虫"技术与FFDM对乳腺微钙化的显示情况,并以病理结果为金标准,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评价2种影像学方法对乳腺微钙化检出的效能,同时采用Z检验比较2种影像学方法的曲线下面积,评价其诊断价值。 结果（1）超声"萤火虫"成像显示肿块内微钙化的特异度（83%）较FFDM（91%）低,灵敏度（96%）较FFDM（91%）高,2者的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.894、0.909,但2者对肿块内微钙化的诊断价值差异无统计学意义（Z=0.25,P>0.05）。（2）超声"萤火虫"成像显示单纯微钙化的特异度、灵敏度（25%、79%）均较FFDM（87%、91%）低,2者的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.522、0.893,FFDM对单纯微钙化的诊断价值优于超声"萤火虫"成像技术（Z=3.71,P<0.05）。 结论超声"萤火虫"成像技术对乳腺微钙化检出的特异性不如FFDM,但其对乳腺肿块内微钙化检出的敏感性高,有助于超声科医师判断乳腺病变的良恶性。     

微血管血流成像技术在乳腺良恶性病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨微血管血流成像(MV-Flow)技术联合常规超声(US)在乳腺病变良恶性鉴别中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的68例乳腺病变患者(71个病灶)的常规超声及MV-Flow图像，对所有病灶进行乳腺影像报告与数据系统(BI-RADS)分类，观察病灶在MV-Flow下的血管架构(VA),计算良恶性病变的血管指数(VI)截断值，分析常规超声联合MV-Flow下的VI及VA对乳腺病变良恶性评价的诊断效能。结果 恶性组VI值的中位数[16.8%(7.6%,23.1%)]明显高于良性组[5.6%(1.7%,10.8%)],差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.980,P=0.003)。VI的最佳截断值为7.55%。良恶性病变的VA分型差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。US+VA+VI的曲线下面积(AUC)与VI、VA、US比较差异有统计学意义。US+VA+VI与单独US比较，提高了特异度、准确度、阳性预测值(PPV),且灵敏度、阴性预测值(NPV)未见明显降低。结论 常规超声联合MV-Flow的VA及VI能够提高乳腺病变良恶性鉴别的诊断效能。     

超声造影与超声弹性成像对乳腺良恶性肿块诊断价值的Meta分析

目的系统对比评价超声造影(CEUS)与超声弹性成像(UE)技术在乳腺良恶性肿块鉴别诊断中的临床价值。方法系统检索PubMed、EMBASE、Cochrane Library、CNKI、VIP、CBM及万方等数据库,纳入以CEUS与UE技术分别鉴别诊断同一组乳腺肿块良恶性的研究,由2位研究员独立进行文献筛选、资料提取及方法学质量评价。采用STATA 14.0软件检测异质性;双变量混合效应模型对其敏感性、特异性、阳性似然比、阴性似然比及诊断比值比进行合并分析;绘制汇总受试者工作特征曲线(SROC)图,计算曲线下面积(AUROC);绘制Fagan图和似然比点状图,进行敏感性和漏斗图分析。结果共纳入17篇文献,共计2460个乳腺肿块。CEUS与UE对乳腺恶性肿块诊断的合并敏感性和合并特异性分别为0.85(95%CI:0.81~0.89)、0.83(95%CI:0.79~0.86)和0.87(95%CI:0.83~0.90)、0.86(95%CI:0.81~0.90);SROC曲线下面积分别为0.93(95%CI:0.90~0.95)、0.90(95%CI:0.87~0.93),二者诊断效能比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。各研究稳定性较好,未见明显发表偏倚(P0.05)。结论 CEUS对乳腺肿块良恶性鉴别诊断效能较UE高,但两者对乳腺肿块良恶性的诊断均有重要意义,将成为乳腺超声诊断的重要发展方向。     

数字乳腺断层摄影对乳腺良恶性疾病的诊断价值

目的:探讨数字乳腺断层摄影(digital breast tomosynthesis,DBT)对乳腺良恶性疾病的诊断价值,并与全数字化乳腺X线摄影(full-field digital mammography,FFDM)和乳腺超声结果进行比较。方法:回顾并分析2019年6—7月67例患者的临床资料,患者均接受FFDM、DBT及乳腺超声检查,并接受穿刺活检或手术后病理学检查。依照乳腺影像报告和数据系统(Breast Imaging Report and Data System,BI-RADS)评分分别计算DBT、FFDM和超声检查诊断乳腺良恶性病变的准确率、灵敏度、特异度。用Kappa分析分别评价DBT、FFDM、超声与病理学检查结果的一致性。用Fisher确切检验法,评价DBT、FFDM和超声检查对恶性病变的灵敏度、特异度差异。结果:DBT、FFDM和超声检查对乳腺良恶性病变诊断的准确率分别为85.07%、64.18%和76.12%,灵敏度分别为90.32%、67.74%和83.87%,特异度分别为80.56%、61.11%和69.44%;DBT、FFDM和超声检查与病理学检查结果进行一致性评价,Kappa值分别为0.70、0.28和0.52。不同检查方法对恶性病变检出的灵敏度比较:DBT与FFDM间差异有统计学意义(P0.05),DBT与超声及FFDM与超声间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。不同检查方法对恶性病变检出的特异度比较:DBT的特异度最高,但3种方法的特异度差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:DBT对乳腺良恶性病变诊断的灵敏度、特异度、准确率均高于FFDM及超声检查,与病理学检查结果高度一致,虽然特异度差异无统计学意义,但诊断恶性病变的灵敏度优于FFDM,是乳腺癌筛查、诊断更为敏感的检查方法。     

Local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs) for full-field digital mammography (FFDM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) procedures in Morocco

IntroductionThe objective of this study was to establish local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs) for the full-field digital mammography (FFDM) and tomosynthesis (DBT) in Moroccan health facilities.MethodsData from 146 women were collected from three facilities. The proposed DRLs were defined as the 75th percentile of the mean average glandular dose (AGD) distribution.ResultsThe mean AGD recorded in this study for the three centers was 1.47 mGy for all centers, and 1.42 mGy and 1.64 mGy for the CC and MLO projections, respectively. The mean compressed breast thickness (CBT) values recorded in this current study were 55 mm, the LDRLs reported for all centers was 1.7 mGy, the CC projection was 1.6 mGy, and the MLO projection was 1.8 mGy. In addition, the LDRLs reported in the current study were compared with those from previous studies for other countries, including the United Kingdom, Japan, Ghana, and Sri Lanka.ConclusionThis work provides an assessment of local DRLs for mammography in Morocco and is suggested as a starting point that will allow professionals to evaluate and optimize their practice. Furthermore, the definition of national DRLs is a necessary process in optimizing Moroccan medical exposures.     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.