Real-Time Motor Cortex Mapping for the Safe Resection of Glioma: An Intraoperative Resting-State fMRI Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Resting-state functional MR imaging has been used for motor mapping in presurgical planning but never used intraoperatively. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of applying intraoperative resting-state functional MR imaging for the safe resection of gliomas using real-time motor cortex mapping during an operation.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Using interventional MR imaging, we conducted preoperative and intraoperative resting-state intrinsic functional connectivity analyses of the motor cortex in 30 patients with brain tumors. Factors that may influence intraoperative imaging quality, including anesthesia type (general or awake anesthesia) and tumor cavity (filled with normal saline or not), were studied to investigate image quality. Additionally, direct cortical stimulation was used to validate the accuracy of intraoperative resting-state fMRI in mapping the motor cortex.RESULTS:Preoperative and intraoperative resting-state fMRI scans were acquired for all patients. Fourteen patients who successfully completed both sufficient intraoperative resting-state fMRI and direct cortical stimulation were used for further analysis of sensitivity and specificity. Compared with those subjected to direct cortical stimulation, the sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative resting-state fMRI in localizing the motor area were 61.7% and 93.7%, respectively. The image quality of intraoperative resting-state fMRI was better when the tumor cavity was filled with normal saline (P = .049). However, no significant difference between the anesthesia types was observed (P = .102).CONCLUSIONS:This study demonstrates the feasibility of using intraoperative resting-state fMRI for real-time localization of functional areas during a neurologic operation. The findings suggest that using intraoperative resting-state fMRI can avoid the risk of intraoperative seizures due to direct cortical stimulation and may provide neurosurgeons with valuable information to facilitate the safe resection of gliomas.

Mapping the motor cortex before and during tumor resection is of great importance to minimize the risks of postoperative neurologic sequelae. Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) is an invasive procedure to locate the function of specific brain regions. Due to its simplicity, DCS is considered the clinical criterion standard for mapping brain function and has demonstrated efficacy in optimizing glioma resection.^1,2 However, as an invasive approach, DCS requires a surgical team with rich experience. DCS also has the risk of after discharges, which can induce seizures and result in the inaccurate localization of cortical areas.³Blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) functional MR imaging, a task-based brain functional mapping method, has been well-established for localizing the brain functional area for presurgical planning. BOLD fMRI is of great importance in helping decrease morbidity due to a neurologic operation⁴ and has been integrated into neuronavigation systems to localize the motor area during an operation.⁵ Nonetheless, brain shifting during an operation might reduce the accuracy of preoperative imaging and affect the clinical consequences.⁶The emergence of intraoperative MR imaging (iMRI) has ushered in a new era in brain tumor neurosurgery.⁷ Real-time structural imaging and diffusion tensor imaging have provided neurosurgeons with valuable information regarding whether and where tumor residues persist after resection and even the relationship between the tumor/tumor cavity and peritumoral tracts.^8,9 The use of an iMRI navigation system can reliably compensate for the effects of brain shifting.⁶ We have recently reported intraoperative motor mapping with fMRI for the first time; in this procedure, awake intraoperative fMRI was used to localize the sensorimotor areas during awake craniotomy.¹⁰ Cooperation of the patient under specific tasks and complicated surgical procedures is essential for successful mapping. Therefore, task-induced brain mapping cannot be achieved with the patient under general anesthesia.Resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI) has recently been used to identify the motor cortex without a task stimulus.¹¹ This technique has been used in preoperative motor mapping in patients with brain tumors.^12–14 Our previous study demonstrated the accuracy of preoperative R-fMRI (pR-fMRI) for motor area localization by DCS before tumor resection.¹³ However, the study was based on pR-fMRI and lacked real-time information regarding the relationship between the tumor cavity/residual and the motor cortex, which might have affected the conclusion of whether further resection is safe.To our knowledge, functional connectivity based on intraoperative resting-state fMRI (iR-fMRI) has not been applied to real-time motor cortex mapping during an operation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and validity of applying iR-fMRI to neurosurgical mapping. The sensitivity and specificity of iR-fMRI in mapping the motor cortex were assessed and compared with those of DCS. The optimum iR-fMRI protocol for better intraoperative imaging quality was also studied.     

磁共振脑功能成像方法的初步研究

探讨磁共振功能成像的方法，本文应用血氧合水平磁共振成像法，通过单次激发回波平面成像技术检测脑功能活动时的功能区信号变化。对８例右利手健康男性进行右手指随意运动的磁共振功能成像实验。实验采用静止－运动－静止三个阶段，运动又有简单复杂之分。此外，亦将梯度回波与平面回波技术同时应用在磁共振功能成像中以便进行比较。结果表明功能图像上可见左侧初级运动皮层区的信号变化，而在本实验中梯度回波图像上结果为阴性。平面回波成像技术在平面回波磁共振功能成像中磁敏感性高，稳定性好，有良好的时间分辨率，而梯度回波序列则较为不敏感。     

功能磁共振成像在脑膜瘤患者运动功能区的应用

目的：探讨血氧水平依赖功能磁共振技术(BOLD-fMRI)在脑膜瘤患者运动功能区术前定位的价值。方法收集10例经术后病理证实的靠近运动区的大脑凸面脑膜瘤患者,采用概率独立成分分析(PICA),进行 ICA 分析。术前术后行远期生活质量评估(KPS)生活状态评分来评价患者的状态。结果双侧主要运动皮层及辅助运动皮层均出现运动功能激活簇,其中患侧激活区与对侧激活区相比较为对称的有6例,出现明显推压移位的有4例,患者运动功能激活区均被肿瘤挤压导致功能区向前或向后移位,并且出现拉伸变形。结论 BOLD-fMRI 能够有效对脑肿瘤患者进行术前运动功能区定位,对脑膜瘤患者术前手术计划的制定能够提供帮助。     

HIV相关脑痴呆BOLD fMRI运动功能成像

目的:应用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)研究正常健康受试者及HIV相关脑痴呆患者的右手运动功能区并且探讨其应用价值.方法:10例HIV相关脑痴呆患者和8例健康受试者,设计右手相关运动功能实验,采取右手抓握运动方法,结合患者情况分析早期认知运动功能损伤的皮质位置区域和激活情况.结果:正常健康受试者右手运动功能区多位于左侧(对...     

The effect of tumour type and distance on activation in the motor cortex

Functional MRI has been widely used to identify the eloquent cortex in neurosurgical/radiosurgical planning and treatment of CNS neoplasms and malformations. In this study we examined the effect of CNS tumours on the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activation maps in the primary and supplementary motor cortex. A total of 33 tumour patients and five healthy right-handed adults were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into four groups based on tumour type and distance from primary motor cortex: (1) intra-axial, near, (2) extra-axial, near, (3) intra-axial, far and (4) extra-axial, far. The intra-axial groups consisted of patients with astrocytomas, glioblastomas and metastatic tumours of mixed histology; all the extra-axial tumours were meningiomas. The motor task was a bilateral, self-paced, finger-tapping paradigm. Anatomical and functional data were acquired with a 1.5 T GE Echospeed scanner. Maps of the motor areas were derived from the BOLD images, using SPM99 software. For each subject we first determined the activation volume in the primary motor area and the supplementary motor area (SMA) and then calculated the percentage difference between the hemispheres. Two factors influenced the activation volumes: tumour type (P<0.04) and distance from the eloquent cortex (P<0.06). Patients in group 1 (intra-axial, near) had the smallest activation area in the primary motor cortex, the greatest percentage difference in the activation volume between the hemispheres, and the largest activation volume in the SMA. Patients in group 4 (extra-axial, far) had the largest activation volume in the primary motor cortex, the least percentage difference in volume between the hemispheres, and the smallest activation volume in the SMA. There was no significant change in the volume of the SMA in any group, compared with controls, suggesting that, although there is a gradual decrease in SMA volume with distance from the primary motor area, the effect on motor reorganisation is minimal. All the tumour patients showed a net loss in total activation volumes (both hemispheres plus SMA) compared with controls. The effect of the tumours on interhemispheric volume differences was: group 1>group 3>group 2>group 4. Within the intra-axial tumours, there was no significant effect of tumour type on the results. We conclude that BOLD–imaged activation volume is affected at least by the interplay of two factors: tumour type and distance from the motor cortex. Further, all tumours may be expected to cause some loss of activation volumes in motor areas. We suggest that, with proper precautions and planning, BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) maps can be useful in minimising damage to the functional areas.     

Localisation of motor areas in brain tumour patients: a comparison of preoperative [18F]FDG-PET and intraoperative cortical electrostimulation

Assessment of the exact spatial relation between tumour and adjacent functionally relevant brain areas is a primary tool in the presurgical planning in brain tumour patients. The purpose of this study was to compare a preoperative fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([¹⁸F]FDG PET) activation protocol in patients with tumours near the central area with the results of intraoperative direct cortical electrostimulation, and to determine whether non-invasive preoperative PET imaging can provide results equivalent to those achieved with the invasive neurosurgical "gold standard". In this prospective study, we examined 20 patients with various tumours of the central area, performing two PET scans (each 30 min after i.v. injection of 134-341 MBq [¹⁸F]FDG) in each patient: (1) a resting baseline scan and (2) an activation scan using a standardised motor task (finger tapping, foot stretching). Following PET/MRI realignment and normalisation to the whole brain counts, parametric images of the activation versus the rest study were calculated and pixels above categorical threshold values were projected to the individual MRI for bimodal assessment of morphology and function (PET/MRI overlay). Intraoperative direct cortical electrostimulation was performed using a Viking IV probe (5 pulses, each of 100 µs) and documented using a dedicated neuro navigation system. Results were compared with the preoperative PET findings. PET revealed significant activation of the contralateral primary motor cortex in 95% (19/20) of the brain tumour patients (hand activation 13/13, foot activation 6/7), showing a mean increase in normalised [¹⁸F]FDG uptake of 20.5%LJ.2% (hand activation task) and 17.2%DŽ.5% (foot activation task). Additionally detected activation of the ipsilateral primary motor cortex was interpreted as a metabolic indication for interhemispheric compensational processes. Evaluation of the PET findings by cortical stimulation yielded a 94% sensitivity and a 95% specificity for identification of motor-associated brain areas. In conclusion, the findings indicate that a relatively simple and clinically available [¹⁸F]FDG PET activation protocol enables a sufficiently precise assessment of the local relation between the intracranial tumour and the adjacent motor cortex areas and may facilitate the presurgical planning of tumour resection.     

Clinical Applications of [(15)O] H(2)O PET Activation Studies

Localization of eloquent cortical regions is an important aspect of neurosurgical practice. When lesions lie close to or within areas such as somatosensory, motor or language cortex, the goal of surgical treatment is maximal resection without causing neurological deficit. Hence precise functional mapping combined with accurate delineation of the extent of pathology is important for deciding whether surgery is feasible at all and defining the safe limit of resection and the optimal operative approach. In addition, when the electroclinical pattern of intractable seizures suggests a specific localization in sensorimotor cortex (e.g., seizures originating in the face area), functional mapping may be of use in directing the surgical treatment at the seizure focus. Activation studies using positron emission tomography (PET) and the tracer [(15)O] labeled water ([(15)O]H(2)O) can be used in presurgical planning and in intraoperative surgical guidance in individual patients. The use of PET technology for these purposes is critically dependent on advances in registration or alignment of images acquired using different modalities; the development of neurosurgical guidance devices; and the development of methods of statistical analysis suitable for use in single subjects.     

Funktionelle Neuroanatomie: Sensomotorisches System

The sensorimotor flow of information can be divided in three steps: perception, processing and reaction. Environmental impulses are conducted through receptors to the central nervous system (CNS). The impulses arriving in the somatosensory cortex are processed through complex interactions between sensory and motor areas. The motor action in response to the environmental changes is transferred from the motor cortex via the pyramidal tract, spinal tracts and motor neurons to the respective muscles. With functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) it is possible to assess somatosensory and motor activation in the different cortical areas involved. Clinically, this information is used to assess the local relationship between brain tumors and functionally important areas. This is important to ensure an optimal individual therapeutic approach with the aim of an as radical as possible tumor resection with preservation of the motor and somatosensory functions. Furthermore, fMRI enables the evaluation of pathological changes of cerebral activation. This review describes the functional somatosensory and motor systems and gives an insight into the potential of fMRI.     

运动皮层区域病变的功能磁共振成像研究及应用

功能磁共振成像是近年来新兴的脑功能成像技术。对运动皮层区域病变的研究是其主要临床应用之处,尤其在该区域占位性病变的术前定位,病变与脑功能区的内在联系及运动皮层的可塑性研究等方面得到了较大的发展。本文就fMRI在运动区域病变中的临床应用及进展方面作一综述。     

Klinischer Einsatz der funktionellen MRT bei chronischer Epilepsie

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is frequently used in the presurgical diagnostic procedure of epilepsy patients, in particular for lateralization of speech and memory and for localization of the primary motor cortex to delineate the epileptogenic lesion from eloquent brain areas. fMRI is one of the non-invasive procedures in the presurgical diagnostic process, together with medical history, seizure semiology, neurological examination, interictal and ictal EEG, structural MRI, video EEG monitoring and neuropsychology. This diagnostic sequence leads either to the decision for or against elective epilepsy surgery or to the decision to proceed with invasive diagnostic techniques (Wada test, intra-operative or extra-operative cortical stimulation). It is difficult to evaluate the contribution of the fMRI test in isolation to the validity of the entire diagnostic sequence. Complications such as memory loss and aphasia in temporal lobe resections or paresis after frontal lobe resections are rare and rarely of disastrous extent. This further complicates the evaluation of the clinical relevance of fMRI as a predictive tool. In this article studies which investigated the concordance between fMRI and other diagnostic gold standards will be presented as well as the association between presurgical fMRI and postsurgical morbidity.     

Localisation of motor areas in brain tumour patients: a comparison of preoperative [18F]FDG-PET and intraoperative cortical electrostimulation

Assessment of the exact spatial relation between tumour and adjacent functionally relevant brain areas is a primary tool in the presurgical planning in brain tumour patients. The purpose of this study was to compare a preoperative fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG PET) activation protocol in patients with tumours near the central area with the results of intraoperative direct cortical electrostimulation, and to determine whether non-invasive preoperative PET imaging can provide results equivalent to those achieved with the invasive neurosurgical "gold standard". In this prospective study, we examined 20 patients with various tumours of the central area, performing two PET scans (each 30 min after i.v. injection of 134-341 MBq [18F]FDG) in each patient: (1) a resting baseline scan and (2) an activation scan using a standardised motor task (finger tapping, foot stretching). Following PET/MRI realignment and normalisation to the whole brain counts, parametric images of the activation versus the rest study were calculated and pixels above categorical threshold values were projected to the individual MRI for bimodal assessment of morphology and function (PET/MRI overlay). Intraoperative direct cortical electrostimulation was performed using a Viking IV probe (5 pulses, each of 100 micros) and documented using a dedicated neuro navigation system. Results were compared with the preoperative PET findings. PET revealed significant activation of the contralateral primary motor cortex in 95% (19/20) of the brain tumour patients (hand activation 13/13, foot activation 6/7), showing a mean increase in normalised [18F]FDG uptake of 20.5% +/- 5.2% (hand activation task) and 17.2% +/- 2.5% (foot activation task). Additionally detected activation of the ipsilateral primary motor cortex was interpreted as a metabolic indication for interhemispheric compensational processes. Evaluation of the PET findings by cortical stimulation yielded a 94% sensitivity and a 95% specificity for identification of motor-associated brain areas. In conclusion, the findings indicate that a relatively simple and clinically available [18F]FDG PET activation protocol enables a sufficiently precise assessment of the local relation between the intracranial tumour and the adjacent motor cortex areas and may facilitate the presurgical planning of tumour resection.     

The effect of brain tumors on BOLD functional MR imaging activation in the adjacent motor cortex: implications for image-guided neurosurgery

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Functional MR (fMR) imaging data coregistered to a neurosurgical navigation system have been proposed as guides for the resection of brain tumor in or adjacent to eloquent cortices. The purpose of this study was to compare data obtained from the side of the brain affected by tumor with the contralateral side and to determine if there are physiological limitations of fMR imaging in accurately determining the location of the primary motor cortex. METHODS: Ten patients with tumors in or directly adjacent to the motor cortex were studied with fMR imaging (finger-tapping paradigm). fMR imaging data were analyzed using multiple R values. These data were coregistered to a real-time intraoperative neurosurgical navigation system. RESULTS: Significant variability of motor cortex activation patterns was noted among individual patients. The activation volumes on the side of the tumor were significantly smaller compared with the contralateral side for all tumors not previously resected (0.66+/-0.47). This was most pronounced in glioblastomas (0.27+/-0.21). We propose that these differences were caused by a loss of autoregulation in the tumor vasculature of glioblastomas and venous effects. CONCLUSION: Notwithstanding the differences noted, the motor cortex was identified successfully in all patients. This was confirmed by intraoperative physiological identification of the motor cortex and a lack of postoperative neurologic deficit.     

屈光参差性弱视皮层功能损害fMRI视网膜脑图研究

目的 利用血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像(BOLD fMRI)视网膜脑图技术(retinotopic mapping),研究屈光参差性弱视皮层功能损害的发生机制. 资料与方法 以1.5T MRI系统采集8例单眼屈光参差性弱视患者枕叶视觉皮层对于视网膜脑图刺激和6 cpd空间频率黑白光点刺激的功能数据,比较弱视眼和健眼在初、高级视觉皮层功能区功能反应;对初、高级皮层间功能损害进行回归分析. 结果 弱视眼在V1、V2、V3、VP、V7区反应T值低于健眼( P＜0.05 ),在V3a、V4、V8区弱视眼与健眼T值无统计学差异;V1区与V2、V3、VP、V7区之间反应减低相关分析无统计学意义( P＞0.05 ). 结论 弱视患者初、高级视觉皮层均存在功能损害,两者之间无明显因果关系;在高级视觉皮层,背、腹侧传导通路均有功能损害;fMRI视网膜脑图技术为深入研究弱视初、高级视觉皮层功能损害的发病机制提供了新的方法.     

Presurgical and intraoperative mapping of the motor system in congenital truncation of the precentral gyrus

A 43-year-old man presented with a grade II astrocytoma in the left postcentral gyrus and superior parietal lobule. Preoperative functional MR imaging and diffusion tensor imaging mapped distal upper-extremity primary motor cortex and white matter, respectively, adjacent to the tumor, within a congenitally truncated precentral gyrus. Because of the congenital anomaly, this region of primary motor cortex was inaccessible to direct visualization or intraoperative electrocortical stimulation. The integration of preoperative and intraoperative mapping data facilitated resection of the tumor while avoiding a postoperative motor deficit.     

Comparison of functional MR imaging guidance to electrical cortical mapping for targeting selective motor cortex areas in neuropathic pain: a study based on intraoperative stereotactic navigation

PURPOSE: To assess the concordance between data from functional MR imaging (fMRI) guidance and the intraoperative electrical cortical mapping (iCM) in targeting selective motor cortex areas in refractory neuropathic pain. METHODS: Twenty-one patients (11 women and 10 men; mean age, 55.6 years) with refractory central (ischemic, 8 cases) and neuropathic pain (trigeminal neuropathy, 6 cases; syrinx/amputation/plexus trauma, 7 cases) underwent surgery for the implantation of an epidural electrode for chronic motor cortex stimulation (MCS) with general anesthesia and a frameless neuronavigation system used for the image-guided targeting procedure. All patients were studied by preoperative fMRI and epidural iCM with somatosensory evoked potentials and motor cortex stimulodetection. fMRI investigated systematically motor tasks of both hands and that related to the somatic area (foot or tongue) affected by pain. fMRI data were analyzed with the Statistical Parametric Mapping99 software (initial analysis threshold [AT] corresponding to P < .001), registered in the neuronavigation system and correlated intraoperatively with iCM. Matching of fMRI and iCM was specifically examined, focusing the study on hand mapping. RESULTS: Concordance between contours of fMRI activation area and iCM in precentral gyrus (mean distance, 3.8 mm) was found in 20/21 patients (95%). Because precision of iCM was suboptimal in 7 patients, concordance for more restrictive values of the AT (P < .0001) was found in only 13 of these 20 patients. Concordance was not found in one patient, as result of image distortion and residual motion artifact. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, fMRI guidance provides information that matches those of an independent functional method. These data illustrate the functional accuracy of fMRI guidance for the operative targeting of selective motor cortex areas in neuropathic pain.     

Real time fMRI: a tool for the routine presurgical localisation of the motor cortex

In patients with brain lesions adjacent to the central area, exact preoperative knowledge of the spatial relation of the tumour to the motor cortex is of major importance. Many studies have shown that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a reliable tool to identify the motor cortex. However, fMRI data acquisition and data processing are time-consuming procedures, and this prevents general routine clinical application. We report a new application of real time fMRI that allows immediate access to fMRI results by automatic on-line data processing. Prior to surgery we examined ten patients with a brain tumour adjacent to the central area. Three measurements were performed at a 1.5-T Magnetom Vision Scanner (Siemens, Forchheim, Germany) on seven patients and at a 1.5-T Intera Scanner (Philips, Best, The Netherlands) on three patients using a sequential finger-tapping paradigm for motor cortex activation versus at rest condition. Blood oxygen level-dependant (BOLD) images were acquired using a multislice EPI sequence (16 slices, TE 60, TR 6000, FOV 210×210, matrix 64×64). The central sulcus of the left hemisphere could be clearly identified by a maximum of cortical activity after finger tapping of the right hand in all investigated patients. In eight of ten patients the right central sulcus was localised by a signal maximum, whereas in two patients the central sulcus could not be identified due to a hemiparesis in one and strong motion artefacts in the second patient. Finger tapping with one side versus rest condition seems to result in more motion artefacts, while finger tapping of the right versus the left hand yielded the strongest signal in the central area. Real time fMRI is a quick and reliable method to identify the central sulcus and has the potential to become a clinical tool to assess patients non-invasively before neurosurgical treatment.     

Assessment of the corticospinal tract alterations before and after resection of brainstem lesions using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and tractography at 3 T

The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and Diffusion Tensor Tractography (DTT) on the corticospinal tract alterations due to space occupying lesions in the brainstem before and after surgical resection. Pre- and post-surgical DTI data were acquired in 14 patients undergoing surgical resection of brainstem lesions. Patterns of corticospinal tract (CST) alteration on DTT were compared with the neurological exams of the patients pre- and post-operatively. DTT, especially in 3D movie format, seemed very helpful for evaluating the relationship of the lesions with the corticospinal tracts for surgical approach. None of the patients developed additional motor deficit related to surgery except one patient who presented with cerebellar ataxia after surgery. All of the patients with normal CST on DTT presented without motor deficit on neurological exam. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values of DTT before surgery were 100%, 63.6%, 42.9% and 100%, and the corresponding values after surgery were 100%, 96%, 75% and 100% respectively. Although it has low specificity before surgery, DTT is a potentially useful technique in evaluating the effects of brainstem lesions and surgical resection on the relevant corticospinal tracts with high negative predictive value and higher specificity after surgery.     

Somatomotor fMRI in the pre-surgical evaluation of a case of focal epilepsy.

A child with intractable partial epilepsy who was found to have a focal lesion in the motor cortex underwent detailed pre-surgical and intraoperative investigations which enabled curative surgery without morbidity by minimizing a targeted resection. The pre-surgical assessment included mapping motor cortical function with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This was subsequently correlated with the results of pre-surgical and intraoperative invasive corticography.     

累及大脑皮层运动区的颅内病变手术前后磁共振功能成像

目的：作者利用功能性磁共振成像原理,对颅内病变累及运动皮层的病人进行了术前、术后的成像检查。即对患者进行手指运动功能区的皮层定位检查,分辨这些重要的功能皮层区与病变的相邻关系。方法：３１例需进行手术治疗的病人,采用血氧依赖水平（ＢＯＬＤ）原理进行扫描,并经过计算机后处理获得脑功能区的影像表现。结果：所有的病例均能在脑功能成像检查中表现出局部脑功能活动区（相应的手指运动支配功能区）规律的信号－时间变化曲线。以及由于病变造成的皮层功能区的移位和缩小等形态学改变。结论：在常规的ＭＲ成像后进行功能性ＭＲ成像研究,对需实施颅内占位病变、特别是对有累及运动皮层焦行切除术者有十分重要的临床指导意义。     

Cortical mapping by functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with brain tumors

The aim of our study was to establish the effectiveness of the functional MRI (fMRI) technique in comparison with intraoperative cortical stimulation (ICS) in planning cortex-saving neurosurgical interventions. The combination of sensory and motor stimulation during fMRI experiments was used to improve the exactness of central sulcus localization. The study subjects were 30 volunteers and 33 patients with brain tumors in the rolandic area. Detailed topographical relations of activated areas in fMRI and intraoperative techniques were compared. The agreement in the location defined by the two methods for motor centers was found to be 84%; for sensory centers it was 83%. When both kinds of activation are taken into account this agreement increases to 98%. A significant relation was found between fMRI and ICS for the agreement of the distance both for motor and sensory centers (p=0.0021–0.0024). Also a strong dependence was found between the agreement of the location and the agreement of the distance for both kinds of stimulation. The spatial correlation between fMRI and ICS methods for the sensorimotor cortex is very high. fMRI combining functional and structural information is very helpful for preoperative neurosurgical planning. The sensitivity of the fMRI technique in brain mapping increases when using both motor and sensory paradigms in the same patient.