颈脊髓损伤早期死亡临床研究

目的分析研究颈脊髓损伤(CSCI)早期死亡情况,探讨颈脊髓损伤早期死亡的主要影响因素及发生机理。方法收集整理2004-02-2012-02入院的131例CSCI患者的临床资料(早期死亡15例),分析CSCI早期死亡者的年龄、性别、受伤原因、脊柱损伤节段、脊髓损伤严重程度、是否手术及气管切开、是否存在低钠血症、是否存在低蛋白血症与CSCI早期死亡的关系,总结CSCI早期死亡的原因。结果 CSCI早期死亡率为8.40%(11/131),多死于呼吸功能衰竭。性别、受伤原因及是否手术统计分析,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);颈髓不同损伤程度、颈髓不同损伤节段、不同年龄段、气管是否切开、是否存在低钠血症及是否存在低蛋白血症统计分析,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.001)。结论呼吸衰竭是CSCI早期死亡的首要原因;颈髓不同损伤程度、颈髓不同损伤节段、不同年龄段、气管是否切开、是否存在低钠血症、是否存在低蛋白血症是CSCI早期死亡的主要影响因素。     

急性创伤性颈髓损伤患者气管切开预测模型

目的:通过易获得的急性创伤性颈髓损伤患者床旁资料建立气管切开预测模型,探讨用其预测颈髓损伤患者气管切开的可行性。方法:回顾性分析我院收治的345例急性创伤性颈脊髓损伤患者临床数据。采集其中219例患者人口学资料,是否行气管切开,既往系统性疾病史(除肺病外)、既往肺病史、吸烟史、治疗过程中是否出现呼吸系统并发症,入院时ASIA运动评分、神经损伤节段、ASIA分级、合并伤情况,是否存在颈椎骨折脱位,术前颈椎MRI显示的颈髓信号改变长度及最高病变节段、椎管最大侵占率、脊髓最大受压率、是否出现髓内出血。分别应用多元逻辑回归分析和分类回归树分析建立气管切开的逻辑回归模型和决策树模型。利用交叉验证方法应用另外126例患者资料对两模型进行外部验证,应用敏感性、特异性、预测准确率及ROC曲线下面积评估两模型预测能力。结果:345例患者中,58例行气管切开。决策树模型显示:入院时ASIA运动评分≤1分的患者气管切开率为66.7%;ASIA运动评分≤22分且出现呼吸系统并发症患者气管切开率为69.0%;入院时ASIA运动评分≥23分、不完全颈髓损伤、术前MRI显示髓内信号改变最高节段位于C3或以下的患者气管切开率为0.8%。逻辑回归模型显示的独立预测因素包括ASIA运动评分≤22分,ASIA A级或B级损伤及治疗过程中出现呼吸系统并发症。决策树模型和逻辑回归模型在敏感性、特异性、预测准确率、ROC曲线下面积的比较分别为73.7%vs 81.8%、89.7%vs 86.4%、87.3%vs 85.7%及0.909 vs 0.889。结论:决策树模型可用于进行气管切开的预测,入院时ASIA运动评分≤22分、ASIA A级颈髓损伤、治疗过程中出现呼吸系统并发症及术前颈椎MRI显示髓内信号改变的最高节段位于C2或以上为患者气管切开的独立预测因素。     

颈髓损伤气管切开影响因素分析

[目的]探讨颈髓损伤患者气管切开的发生率和危险因素。[方法]收集整理1185例颈髓损伤患者的临床资料，统计气管切开率，通过Logistic回归分析评价年龄、性别、工作性质、受伤原因、颈髓损伤程度、颈髓损伤节段、治疗期间营养状态等因素对于患者气管切开率的影响。统计相关因素各分项下的气管切开率。[结果]99例患者被实施气管切开，气管切开率8．35％。年龄、颈髓损伤程度、颈髓损伤节段、受伤原因等因素与气管切开率相关，其他一些因素与气管切开率无显著相关性。随年龄的增长，颈髓损伤患者气管切开率逐渐增加，〈20岁的患者，无1例实施气管切开，〉60岁的患者气管切开率高达38．7％；随颈髓损伤程度的加重和节段的升高，气管切开率不断增加，ASIA分级D级颈髓损伤患者气管切开率为0．5％，而完全性颈髓损伤患者气管切开率高达19．1％；C7～C4节段的颈髓完全性损伤气管切开率分别为4．3％，22．3％，21．6％和32．7％，而c3和c3以上节段的完全性损伤患者，大部分在实施气管切开之前即发生死亡，故气管切开率并不高。高处坠落所致颈髓损伤患者较其他患者有更高的气管切开率。[结论]颈髓严重损伤、颈髓高位损伤和高龄是颈髓损伤患者气管切开的主要危险因素。高位的（c3和c3以上）颈髓完全性损伤患者应尽早实施气管切开。     

颈髓损伤早期死亡影响因素与时间分布

目的探讨颈髓损伤患者的早期死亡率和影响因素，了解颈髓损伤患者早期死亡的时间分布及其影响因素。方法收集整理1991年1月至2005年12月伤后20天内入院的1185例颈髓损伤患者的临床资料，统计早期死亡率，通过logistic回归分析考查年龄、性别、工作性质、受伤原因、颈髓损伤程度、颈髓损伤节段、治疗期间营养状况、手术与否及气管切开等因素对于患者早期死亡率的影响；统计患者早期死亡的时间分布，通过Cox多元逐步回归分析考查影响颈髓损伤患者早期死亡时间分布的因素。结果106例患者发生早期死亡，死亡率为8．95％；男92例，女14例。年龄、颈髓损伤程度、颈髓损伤平面、手术与否、气管切开等因素与早期死亡率明确相关。64例患者在伤后10天内死亡，85例患者在伤后半个月内死亡，颈髓损伤节段对患者早期死亡时间分布有明确影响。结论高龄、颈髓完全性损伤、颈髓高位损伤是颈髓损伤患者早期死亡的危险因素；积极的手术治疗有助于降低颈髓损伤患者的早期死亡率；不适当、不必要的气管切开将增加颈髓损伤患者早期死亡的危险性。伤后3-6天是颈髓损伤患者早期死亡的高峰期，80％早期死亡的患者死于伤后15天内；颈髓损伤节段越高，患者早期死亡的时间越早。     

严重创伤伴颈髓损伤的早期诊治

目的探讨严重创伤伴颈髓损伤的早期诊断和处理方法。方法对53例严重创伤并发颈髓损伤患者的早期诊断及治疗进行分析,分析治疗过程中出现的问题及处理方法。结果严重创伤伴颈髓伤早期易被漏诊,漏诊率为15.09%。抢救中由于认识不足、保护措施不得力易使颈髓伤加重,加重率为21.9%。结论严重创伤伴颈髓损伤,早期抗休克同时尽早应用肾上腺糖皮质激素和脱水剂;及时选择合理术式进行颈椎固定并椎管减压;注意纠正低钠血症。     

急性颈髓损伤气管切开后的颈椎前路手术

[目的]探讨急性颈髓损伤患者在气管切开情况下,及早行手术治疗,争取最大限度的恢复和保存脊髓功能.[方法]27例C3～7,骨折脱位,伴脊髓损伤患者,均在伤后行气管切开,7例未闭管手术(伤后1～3 d,A组),20例闭管后手术(伤后8～20 d,B组),所有患者均行前路脊髓减压、骨折脱位复位植骨内固定术.[结果]所有患者颈前路于术切口均未出现感染;肺内感染A组3例,B组13例;B组1例术后呼吸衰竭死亡,2例闭管后手术患者术后需再次行气管切开.伤后1个月A组运动和感觉神经功能分别改善4.05、6.13分;B组运动和感觉神经功能分别改善3.12、4.25分,差异非常显著(P<0.01).[结论]气管切开带管进行手术并未增加感染、呼吸功能受限等并发症,术后机械辅助通气维持时间亦无明显差异,因能够早期手术,对脊髓损伤的恢复有促进作用,是治疗颈椎外伤致脊髓损伤的积极方法.     

脊髓

脊髓栓系综合征的电生理检测特点及临床评价;跳水致颈髓损伤早期综合治疗的疗效评价;颈髓损伤气管切开影响因素分析;外科减压时间对脊髓损伤的作用研究进展（综述）;骨髓基质细胞移植后在损伤脊髓中的迁移和分布     

颈脊髓损伤后气管切开危险因素和预测模型的研究进展

颈脊髓损伤引起的呼吸系统并发症是导致患者病情加重甚至死亡的重要原因,早期行气管切开可以有效缓解由呼吸功能失常或下呼吸道分泌物潴留所导致的呼吸困难,避免长期气管插管引起的并发症.患者的年龄、吸烟史、美国脊髓损伤学会残损分级、神经损伤平面、创伤严重程度评分、肺功能指标等均可影响颈脊髓损伤患者行气管切开的决策.该文就颈脊髓损...     

急性颈脊髓损伤患者肺部感染的危险因素及病原菌分析

目的:探讨急性颈脊髓损伤患者肺部感染的危险因素与病原菌分布特点及耐药性。方法:2010年1月~2014年12月收治急性颈脊髓损伤患者527例,发生肺部感染83例,应用Logistic回归方法分析肺部感染与颈脊髓损伤部位(C1~C4为高位损伤,C5~C7为低位损伤)、ASIA分级、气管切开及机械通气的相关性,并分析肺部感染患者痰细菌培养的细菌种类、株数及耐药率。结果:ASIA分级A级患者158例(30.0%),其中高位损伤43例(8.2%),均行气管切开、呼吸机辅助呼吸,发生肺部感染39例(90.7%);低位损伤115例(21.8%),52例行气管切开,21例行呼吸机辅助呼吸患者中肺部感染16例(76.2%),31例未行呼吸机辅助呼吸患者中肺部感染7例(22.6%)。B级103例(19.5%),其中高位损伤27例(5.1%),19例气管切开、呼吸机辅助呼吸,肺部感染12例(63.2%);低位损伤76例(14.4%),27例气管切开,18例呼吸机辅助呼吸患者中肺部感染2例(11.1%),9例未行呼吸机辅助呼吸患者未发生肺部感染。C级83例、D级183例,均未行气管切开及呼吸机辅助呼吸,均未发生肺部感染。Logistic回归分析显示高位颈髓损伤、ASIA A级损伤及机械通气均是急性颈脊髓损伤患者肺部感染发生的危险因素(P≤0.001),气管切开对肺部感染的发生率无显著性影响(P=0.07)。83例肺部感染患者痰标本培养出细菌117株,其中多重耐药菌75株(64.1%);其中非发酵G-菌(铜绿假单胞菌、洛菲不动杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、臭鼻克雷伯菌、液化沙雷菌、苯丙酮酸莫拉菌、产碱假单胞菌)76株(65.0%),其中59株(77.6%)多重耐药;金黄色葡萄球菌23株(13.8%),其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)7株(30.4%);肠杆菌(产气肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌)12株(10.3%),其中5株(41.7%)多重耐药。结论:高位、完全性颈髓损伤及机械通气是急性颈脊髓损伤患者肺部感染发生的相关危险因素,肺部感染的病原菌主要是多重耐药非发酵G-菌,MRSA及多重耐药肠杆菌亦占有一定比例。     

急性颈椎间盘损伤合并脊髓损伤的机制和预后

[目的]探讨急性颈椎间盘损伤合并脊髓损伤的临床特点、损伤机制、手术方法和预后.[方法]临床资料回顾性分析,2000～2008年收治急性颈椎间盘损伤合并脊髓损伤患者25例,伤后X线平片均显示无骨折脱位,MRI均有不同程度的颈椎间盘损伤和脊髓损伤异常信号.颈椎屈曲型损伤16例.按美国脊髓损伤学会脊髓神经功能分级(ASIA标准):A级1例,B级9例,C级12例,D级3例.23例行颈前路间盘切除减压与固定手术,2例合并椎管狭窄者行前后路联合手术.早期介入康复治疗.术前、后ASIA运动评分和日常生活动作能力评分,评价神经功能,动力位X线片评价颈椎稳定性,MRI评价脊髓状况.[结果]颈椎屈曲型损伤占64%,术前颈椎生理前凸减小占84%.随访平均38个月.植骨全部融合,动力位X线片测量均显示颈椎稳定性良好.伤后1周内MRI表现单纯脊髓水肿者85%获得提高1～2个级别的恢复;髓内出血信号长度<4 mm者60%获得提高1个级别的恢复;髓内出血信号长度>4 mm者2例均无恢复.平均ASIA运动评分由45.52±16.05增至85.74±9.36,日常生活动作能力评分由36.32±11.47增至82.54±9.81,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).[结论] 急性颈椎间盘损伤是无骨折脱位刑脊髓损伤的原因之一,颈椎损伤多为屈曲型,颈椎生理曲度减小是损伤前置因素,脊髓损伤多为不完全性,预后相对较好.颈前路减压与固定手术可为脊髓损伤修复创造有利条件.     

Factors associated with early mortality after cervical spinal cord injury

Abstract

Background

A relatively high early mortality rate (<30 days post-injury) for cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) has been observed.

Objective

To investigate this early mortality rate observed after cervical SCI and analyze the associated influential factors.

Methods

Medical records for 1163 patients with cervical SCI were reviewed, and the number of patients with early mortality was documented. Through logistic regression analysis, the effects of age, gender, occupation, cause of injury, severity of injury, highest involved spinal cord segment, nutritional condition during hospitalization, surgical treatment, tracheotomy, etc., on early mortality were assessed. Implementation of early treatment (i.e. surgery, tracheotomy, and nutritional support) and its effect on patient prognosis were also analyzed.

Results

Early mortality occurred in 109 of 1163 patients (9.4%). Four factors affected the early mortality rate, including level and severity of SCI, whether or not surgery was performed, the time interval between SCI and surgery, malnutrition, and tracheotomy. Patients with an American Spinal Injury Association grade of A, a high cervical SCI (C1–C3), and/or no surgical intervention were statistically more likely to have early mortality (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Severe cervical SCI, upper-level cervical cord injury, malnutrition, and inappropriate tracheotomy are risk factors for early mortality in patients with cervical SCI. Surgery can reduce early mortality. Early tracheotomy should be performed in patients with complete upper-level cervical SCI, but patients with incomplete cervical SCI or complete low-level cervical SCI should initially be treated surgically to maintain smooth airway flow.     

Factors associated with early mortality after cervical spinal cord injury

Background

A relatively high early mortality rate (<30 days post-injury) for cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) has been observed.

Objective

To investigate this early mortality rate observed after cervical SCI and analyze the associated influential factors.

Methods

Medical records for 1163 patients with cervical SCI were reviewed, and the number of patients with early mortality was documented. Through logistic regression analysis, the effects of age, gender, occupation, cause of injury, severity of injury, highest involved spinal cord segment, nutritional condition during hospitalization, surgical treatment, tracheotomy, etc., on early mortality were assessed. Implementation of early treatment (i.e. surgery, tracheotomy, and nutritional support) and its effect on patient prognosis were also analyzed.

Results

Early mortality occurred in 109 of 1163 patients (9.4%). Four factors affected the early mortality rate, including level and severity of SCI, whether or not surgery was performed, the time interval between SCI and surgery, malnutrition, and tracheotomy. Patients with an American Spinal Injury Association grade of A, a high cervical SCI (C1–C3), and/or no surgical intervention were statistically more likely to have early mortality (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Severe cervical SCI, upper-level cervical cord injury, malnutrition, and inappropriate tracheotomy are risk factors for early mortality in patients with cervical SCI. Surgery can reduce early mortality. Early tracheotomy should be performed in patients with complete upper-level cervical SCI, but patients with incomplete cervical SCI or complete low-level cervical SCI should initially be treated surgically to maintain smooth airway flow.     

急性重度颈脊髓损伤患者早期死亡影响因素的初步分析

目的探讨导致急性重度颈脊髓损伤患者早期死亡的影响因素。方法回顾性分析2003年1月-2007年12月78例急性重度颈脊髓损伤（ASIA A级和ASIA B级）的临床资料。按照患者是否于受伤后30天内死亡分为早期死亡组和早期存活组。分析患者年龄、损伤节段、损伤至入院时间、减压内固定手术、损伤至手术时间、神经源性休克、中枢性高热、低钠血症、血白蛋白、血淋巴细胞百分比、气管切开、肺部感染12项指标。结果死亡组高损伤节段（C1-C4）患者比例（8/9）高于存活组（49/69）（χ^2=18.086,P=0.000）,死亡组受伤至手术时间（1-12 d,中位数2 d）少于存活组（1-39 d,中位数3 d）（Z=-2.664,P=0.008）,死亡组出现神经源性休克比例（4/9）高于存活组（6/69）（χ^2=12.392,P=0.000）,死亡组出现低钠血症比例（4/9）高于存活组（19/69）（χ^2=4.526,P=0.033）,死亡组入院时血淋巴细胞百分比（11.84±5.80）%低于存活组（19.17±16.64）%（t=-4.006,P=0.000）,死亡组气管切开患者比例（7/9）高于存活组（10/69）（χ^2=29.749,P=0.000）,死亡组并发肺部感染患者比例（8/9）高于存活组（15/69）（χ^2=17.266,P=0.000）。结论影响急性重度颈脊髓损伤患者早期死亡的因素是多方面的,患者损伤节段高（C1-C4）、并发神经源性休克、肺部感染、行气管切开术可能是导致患者早期死亡的影响因素。     

严重颈椎脱位手术治疗策略探讨

目的探讨严重颈椎骨折脱位前路手术的复位率及手术策略。方法回顾性分析2001年3月至2006年3月,手术治疗颈椎骨折移位程度在1／2以上的92例患者的临床资料。所有患者术前均行小重量颅骨牵引（1～3ks）。手术时,先行损伤节段椎间盘摘除,以Caspar撑开器撑开复位;不能复位者,行脱位椎体次全切除,再次复位;仍不能复位者,则同时行后路手术。记录患者前路手术复位成功率,气管切开率,评价植骨融合率、Frankel评分、VAS疼痛评分（10分法）。结果单纯椎间隙减压复位者38例,椎体次全切除减压复位者44例,前路-后路-前路手术解剖复位者7例,仍未完全复位者3例。行气管切开29例。末次随访时Frankel评分平均提高0．5级,VAS疼痛评分平均2分。结论严重颈椎脱位前路手术复位率可达89．2％,需联合后路手术再前路手术者占10．8％。C4以上脱位伴完全性瘫痪者以及C5以下脱位但脊髓水肿平面高于C4水平的完全性瘫痪者,应积极行气管切开,待病情稳定后再行手术治疗;而对于脊髓水肿平面低于C4水平或水肿平面高于C4水平但为不完全性瘫痪的患者,可考虑尽早手术。     

颈椎颈髓损伤早期手术治疗疗效评价（附37例报告）

目的：探讨早期手术对颈脊髓神经功能恢复方面的作用。方法：通过脊髓神经功能评价方法,分析总结一组伤后3d内实施手术减压和／或固定的颈椎脊髓损伤患者的预后。结果：术后第15d,23例脊髓不完全性损伤者运动和感觉神经功能分别改善（ASIA神经功能评分法）9．12和9．30分,相差显著,14例脊髓完全性损伤者运动和感觉功能分别改善0．43和1．43分,有改善。术后12个月随访,9例脊髓不完全性损伤者运动和感觉神经功能分别改善4．00和18．33分,相差显著,6例脊髓完全性损伤运动和感觉神经功能分别改善0．50和1．00分,无显著改善。结论：伤后3d内实施手术脊髓减压和颈椎内固定术,可促进不完全性颈髓损伤神经功能恢复。     

Association of head trauma with cervical spine injury, spinal cord injury, or both

BACKGROUND: Links between cervical spine and/or spinal cord injuries and head trauma have not been reported in detail. METHODS: 188 patients with cervical spine and/or spinal cord injury were divided into two groups, i.e., with upper cervical and mid-lower cervical injury, and compared for head injury. RESULTS: Associated head trauma was investigated in 188 patients with cervical spine and/or spinal cord injuries; 35% had moderate or severe injuries. Brain damage was more frequently observed in patients with upper cervical injury than in those with mid to lower cervical injury. Those patients with upper cervical injury appeared to have an elevated risk of suffering skull base fractures, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, and contusional hemotoma. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one third of patients with cervical spine and/or spinal cord injuries had moderate or severe head injuries. Brain damage was more frequently associated with upper cervical injury. Those patients with upper cervical injury are at greater risk of suffering from skull base fractures and severe intracranial hematomas than those with mid to lower cervical injury.     

急性脊髓损伤、脊髓型颈椎病患者和正常成人外周血白细胞糖皮质激素受体的比较研究

目的　比较急性脊髓损伤患者和脊髓型颈椎病患者及正常成人外周血白细胞糖皮质激素受体的结合位点数并探讨其意义。方法　采用放射配体结合法测定 2 0例急性脊髓损伤患者、 11例脊髓型颈椎病患者和 12例正常成人外周血白细胞上糖皮质激素受体结合位点数。结果　急性脊髓损伤患者受体结合位点数明显低于正常成人组和脊髓型颈椎病组 ,脊髓型颈椎病患者和正常成人相比没有明显差异。结论　急性脊髓损伤患者外周血白细胞上糖皮质激素受体结合位点数明显减少 ,提示该受体可能在大剂量糖皮质激素治疗过程中起一定作用 ,脊髓型颈椎病患者予以大剂量糖皮质激素治疗无疗效     

老年颈椎间盘损伤相关的脊髓损伤

目的探讨老年颈椎间盘损伤相关脊髓损伤的临床特点、治疗选择和预后。方法回顾1997年1月~2004年1月间收治的60岁以上有完整随访的82例患者资料,对其临床特点、治疗选择和预后进行分析。结果老年颈椎间盘损伤相关的脊髓损伤伤后JOA评分较低,多合并颈椎不稳,并发症多。MRI图像上72%患者脊髓信号改变为2~4个节段,脊髓信号改变平面多于椎间盘损伤平面,且脊髓信号改变的平面高于椎间盘损伤的平面,非手术治疗3个月与手术治疗术后3个月的JOA改善率卡方检验P<0.05,有显著性差异,根据患者伤后至手术时间隔的不同分组计算术后JOA改善率并行卡方检验显示,伤后24h内手术效果最好,与其余各组比较P<0.01,24h~2周组与2~12周组术后JOA改善率P>0.05,12周以后组与其他各组比较术后JOA改善率P<0.01。结论老年颈椎间盘损伤相关的脊髓损伤症状较重,脊髓损伤平面高于椎间盘损伤的平面,易并发呼吸衰竭。手术治疗效果相对较好,且手术治疗时间越早术后JOA改善率越高。     

Developmental stenosis of the cervical spinal canal hyperextension injury]

Sixteen cases of cervical spinal cord injury with developmental stenosis of cervical spinal canal were treated. The numbness and quadriplegia of the patients were caused by hyperextension X-ray of the cervical spine showed no fracture or dislocation but the sagittal diameter of the canal and that of the corresponding cervical vertebral body was less than 0.75. All of the patients were treated by operation including laminoplasty on 12 cases. The numbness and quadriplegia in most of the patients were improved obviously after operation. The mechanism of hyperextension injury on the cervical spinal cord was discussed. When spinal column was extended, annulus fibrosus of disk and ligamentum flavum would enfold into the spinal canal and only a slight force would do severe on the cord. Laminoplasty is the recommended treatment for this kind of lesions.