骨性Ⅱ类错(牙合)畸形患者侧貌相关分析及正畸正颌联合治疗后组织变化

目的 通过研究颌面部软硬组织变化情况来了解正畸-正颌联合治疗对骨性Ⅱ类错(牙合)畸形患者的疗效,并分析患者软硬组织之间的相关性,为联合治疗技术提供参考和指导.方法 选择23例骨性Ⅱ类错(牙合)畸形患者,分别在正畸-正颌联合治疗前后影像学资料中选取21项能够反映颌面部软硬组织、侧貌形态的参数进行对照分析,并对治疗前患者软硬组织进行相关性分析.结果 骨性Ⅱ类错(牙合)畸形患者治疗后相比治疗前所有参数中除ANS-Me/N-Me(%)、Pg-Pg′(mm)外,余下19项参数差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);通过将患者治疗前的硬组织指标及其软组织侧貌美学指标进行相关性分析,可发现侧貌美学受很多硬组织参数影响.结论 正畸-正颌联合技术对于骨性Ⅱ类错(牙合)畸形的改善成效明显,骨性Ⅱ类错(牙合)畸形患者硬组织面型构成软组织面型的基础和支架,同时软组织也具有一定的独立性.     

Soft tissue changes associated with incisor decompensation prior to orthognathic surgery

A retrospective cephalometric study employing angular and linear measurements was undertaken to examine soft tissue changes associated with incisor decompensation prior to orthognathic surgery. Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the presenting malocclusion, and radiographs for each subject were traced and subsequently digitized. The results showed that incisor decompensation was achieved more markedly in Class II division 2 and Class III patients. In Class II division 1 subjects, changes in the mandibular incisor inclination were contrary to what was anticipated. The soft tissue change/dental change ratio following incisor decompensation showed that the soft tissues were least affected in the Class II division 2 group. This may be due to the increased tone of the soft tissues in this group, which resisted the effects of the incisor change. Alternatively, it may indicate that the soft tissue "drape" is not in close approximation to the dentition and therefore dental changes are not transmitted to the soft tissues.     

Oral soft tissues in hereditary epidermolysis bullosa

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is associated with diverse oral manifestations, which can potentially involve both hard and soft tissues, depending on the specific EB subtype. This study determined the frequency and extent of oral soft tissue involvement in the inherited forms of EB. Examination of 216 affected persons revealed significant differences in the oral soft tissue involvement among the various types of EB. The frequency of oral involvement was greater in the dominant dystrophic (81.1%) and simplex (generalized, 58.6%; localized, 34.7%) types than previously reported. The marked frequency of oral blistering was similar in both major subtypes of junctional (Herlitz, 83.3%; non-Herlitz, 91.6%) and recessive dystrophic EB (generalized, 100%; localized, 92.3%). Obliteration of the oral vestibule, ankyloglossia, and microstomia were consistent findings in generalized recessive dystrophic EB. Oral milia were present in all major EB categories, most prevalently in the dystrophic forms, but were not seen in all the distinct EB subtypes. These findings indicate that although there are no pathognomonic intraoral soft tissue manifestations in the various forms of inherited EB, there are predictable patterns of involvement associated with specific subtypes of this disease. Understanding the oral involvement associated with EB may aid clinicians in the development of more advanced therapeutic approaches that are compatible with and directed at the unique characteristics of each EB subtype.     

Class II functional orthopaedic treatment: a systematic review of systematic reviews

This Systematic Review (SR) aims to assess the quality of SRs and Meta‐Analyses (MAs) on functional orthopaedic treatment of Class II malocclusion and to summarise and rate the reported effects. Electronic and manual searches were conducted until June 2014. SRs and MAs focusing on the effects of functional orthopaedic treatment of Class II malocclusion in growing patients were included. The methodological quality of the included papers was assessed using the AMSTAR (Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews). The design of the primary studies included in each SR was assessed with Level of Research Design scoring. The evidence of the main outcomes was summarised and rated according to a scale of statements. 14 SRs fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The appliances evaluated were as follows: Activator (2 studies), Twin Block (4 studies), headgear (3 studies), Herbst (2 studies), Jasper Jumper (1 study), Bionator (1 study) and Fränkel‐2 (1 study). Four studies reviewed several functional appliances, as a group. The mean AMSTAR score was 6 (ranged 2–10). Six SRs included only controlled clinical trials (CCTs), three SRs included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs), four SRs included both CCTs and RCTs and one SR included also expert opinions. There was some evidence of reduction of the overjet, with different appliances except from headgear; there was some evidence of small maxillary growth restrain with Twin Block and headgear; there was some evidence of elongation of mandibular length, but the clinical relevance of this results is still questionable; there was insufficient evidence to determine an effect on soft tissues.     

Orthodontics. Part 6: Risks in orthodontic treatment

Orthodontics has the potential to cause significant damage to hard and soft tissues. The most important aspect of orthodontic care is to have an extremely high standard of oral hygiene before and during orthodontic treatment. It is also essential that any carious lesions are dealt with before any active treatment starts. Root resorption is a common complication during orthodontic treatment but there is some evidence that once appliances are removed this resorption stops. Some of the risk pointers for root resorption are summarised. Soft tissue damage includes that caused by archwires but also the more harrowing potential for headgears to cause damage to eyes. It is essential that adequate safety measures are included with this type of treatment.     

Malocclusion associated with abnormal posture

Growth and development of maxillofacial morphology and oral function are closely interrelated. Oral function is comprised of articulation, swallowing, and chewing. Malocclusion may be caused by abnormal functions such as mouth breathing, tongue thrust swallowing, and unilateral chewing and by abnormal postures of oral circumferential muscles such as forward tongue thrust, tongue biting, and low tongue at rest. Forces from unintentional and habitual behaviors constantly acting on the maxillofacial and alveolar regions can cause the bony structures to generally deform, resulting in jaw deformity and malocclusion. Oral function also plays a vital role in maintaining body posture. In this study, clinical observations of oral postures examined maxillary protrusion and open bite, anterior crossbite and facial asymmetry. The unstable forces induced by abnormal posture were correlated with the varieties of malocclusion. Morphology, function, and posture were shown to be closely interrelated and to influence each other.     

T4K矫治器治疗替牙早期安氏Ⅱ类1分类错的软、硬组织改变及稳定性

目的 探讨T4K矫治器治疗替牙早期安氏Ⅱ类1分类错畸形后患者软、硬组织改变及稳定性。方法 选择20例安氏II类1分类错畸形患者,男11例,女9例;年龄9~14岁,平均11.05岁。所有患者均行T4K矫治器治疗12个月。观察矫治前、矫治后12个月、36个月软、硬组织变化,评价T4K矫治器治疗安氏Ⅱ类1分类错畸形的稳定性。采用SPSS 25.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果 矫治后12个月,硬组织指标U1-NA、U1-NA、L1-NB、L1-NB 显著减小（P<0.05）,U1-L1显著增大（P<0.05）;软组织指标UL-U1、LL-L1显著增大（P<0.05）,覆盖、覆、上唇突点至E 线的垂直距离、下唇突点至E 线的垂直距离显著减小（P<0.05）,鼻唇角、颏沟倾角、颏软组织厚度显著增加（P<0.05）。矫治后36个月,上述指标与术后12个月相比无统计学差异（P>0.0.5）。结论 T4K矫治器治疗替牙早期安氏Ⅱ类1分类错畸形可纠正患者不良口腔习惯,改善口颌以及面部软、硬组织关系,远期效果好,疗效稳定。     

Soft tissue remodeling technique as a non-invasive alternative to second implant surgery

It is currently accepted that success in implant-supported restorations is based not only on osseointegration, but also on achieving the esthetic outcome of natural teeth and healthy soft tissues. The socalled "pink esthetic" has become the main challenge with implant-supported rehabilitations in the anterior area. This is especially difficult in the cases with two adjacent implants. Two components affect the final periimplant gingiva: a correct bone support, and a sufficient quantity and quality of soft tissues. Several papers have emphasized the need to regenerate and preserve the bone after extractions, or after the exposure of the implants to the oral environment. The classical implantation protocol entails entering the working area several times and always involves the surgical manipulation of peri-implant tissues. Careful surgical handling of the soft tissues when exposing the implants and placing the healing abutments (second surgery) helps the clinician to obtain the best possible results, but even so there is a loss of volume of the tissues as they become weaker and more rigid after each procedure. The present study proposes a new protocol that includes the connective tissue graft placement and the soft tissues remodeling technique, which is based on the use of the ovoid pontics. This technique may help to minimize the logical scar reaction after the second surgery and to improve the final emergence profile.     

Lipids in preventive dentistry

Objectives

There is still a great demand for the improvement of oral prophylaxis methods. One repeatedly described approach is rinsing with edible oils. The aim of the present review paper was to analyze the role of lipids in bioadhesion and preventive dentistry.

Materials and methods

Despite limited sound scientific data, extensive literature search was performed to illustrate possible effects of lipids in the oral cavity.

Results

It is to be assumed that lipophilic components modulate the process of bioadhesion to the oral hard tissues as well as the composition and ultrastructure of the initial oral biofilm or the pellicle, respectively. Thereby, lipids could add hydrophobic characteristics to the tooth surface hampering bacterial colonization and eventually decreasing caries susceptibility. Also, a lipid-enriched pellicle might be more resistant in case of acid exposure and could therefore reduce the erosive mineral loss. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory effects on the oral soft tissues were described. However, there is only limited evidence for these beneficial impacts. Neither the lipid composition of saliva and pellicle nor the interactions of lipids with the initial oral biofilm and the pellicle layer have been investigated adequately until now.

Conclusion

Edible oils might qualify as mild supplements to conventional strategies for the prevention of caries, erosion, and periodontal diseases but further research is necessary.

Clinical relevance

Against the background of current scientific and empirical knowledge, edible oils might be used as oral hygiene supplements but a decisive benefit for the oral health status is questionable.     

Lower anterior face height and lip incompetence do not predict nasal airway obstruction

The controversy regarding nasal obstruction and malocclusion has been largely due to the inability to quantitate nasal airway function and hence objectively determine the mode of breathing. The purpose of this study was to measure the nasal airway resistance of patients before and after rapid maxillary expansion (RME), to compare them to a control group of subjects not receiving RME, and to measure oral/nasal airflow ratios (respiratory mode). An evaluation of the statistical associations between anterior facial height, lip posture, oral/nasal airflow ratios, and nasal resistance was undertaken. The effects of RME on nasal resistance have been reported elsewhere. We found that variation, for resistance values, was very high, and thus the median response for the group was not an adequate estimation of individual response. In this paper we describe associations between lip posture, lower anterior facial height, and nasal resistance. No significant correlations could be established between respiratory and morphologic features. Lower anterior facial height was greater in the lips apart posture group. However, there was no significant correlation between percent nasality and lower anterior facial height. A small negative correlation (r = -0.47) existed between nasal resistance and percent nasality, but this relationship was not linear. Thus, it was not possible to predict percent nasality from nasal resistance data. Furthermore, no correlation was found between the amount of expansion and changes in nasal resistance. This paper was originally submitted June 1986, and revised October 1988.     

Treatment of self-inflicted oral trauma in a comatose patient: a case report

Trauma to oral soft tissues in comatose patients may be more widespread than reported, as no extensive study of this problem has been conducted. Various appliances for the prevention of self-inflicted injuries to oral tissues particularly in children and the physically and mentally challenged have been documented, but there is little information on their use in adult comatose patients. Because comatose patients lack cerebral control of the masticatory cycle, they can easily injure themselves. Although it is not uncommon for patients with a decreased level of consciousness and in need of intensive care to be restrained to prevent injury due to involuntary movement of the limbs, head and neck restraint is often difficult and may be dangerous to the patient. This case report presents a simple solution to the problem of self-inflicted trauma to oral tissues.     

Iontophoresis in the Diagnosis of Facial Pain

Recently many postural diseases have been classified among occlusal-functional alterations, mostly on a clinical basis. However some anatomic and physiologic aspects are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to review the literature and to support the correlations by means of a balance platform on a group of 50 patients (30 males and 20 females, mean age 25.8 years) belonging to every Angle classification of malocclusion. The subjects were asked to stand on the balance platform and perform five different tests. The results showed that subjects with a Class II malocclusion exhibit an anteriorly displaced posture, whereas subjects with a Class III malocclusion exhibit a posteriorly displaced posture.     

伴有或不伴有下颌偏斜的成人骨性Ⅲ类患者的颈椎姿势差异的研究

目的：比较伴有或不伴有下颌偏斜的成人骨性Ⅲ类患者颈椎姿势的差异。方法：选择伴有和不伴有下颌偏斜的成人骨性Ⅲ类患者各20例作为实验组1和实验组2,20例正常牙合者作为对照组,对其自然头位时拍摄的头颅侧位片进行颈椎姿势的测量及统计学分析。结果：实验组1和实验组2的SN-CP、SN-OPT及SN-CVT明显小于对照组,HOR-CVT、HOR-OPT明显大于对照组（P〈0.05）;CVT-OPT大于对照组,但差异不显著。实验组1、2之间的各测量结果差异均不显著。结论：伴有或不伴有下颌偏斜的成人骨性Ⅲ类患者的颈椎姿势均存在异常,颈椎成前倾位。应提高对无下颌偏斜的单纯成人骨性Ⅲ类患者颈椎姿势的关注。     

Implant site development: clinical realities of today and the prospects of tissue engineering

The success of dental implants depends on their placement in bone of adequate density and volume in order to achieve primary stability. Optimal esthetics of implants requires their placement in a position approximating that of the natural teeth they replace. However, there is generally at least some degree of atrophy in the sites where implants are to be placed. This atrophy may occur either before or after tooth extraction. Following extraction of teeth, there is commonly alveolar ridge resorption in horizontal and vertical dimensions. Alternatively, some of the oral hard and soft tissues may be destroyed by pathologic conditions such as periodontitis, endodontic infections, or trauma. All of these conditions may potentially compromise the final esthetics and function of implant-supported restorations. During the initial years of the development of the osseointegration protocol, implants were placed with little or no modification of implant sites. Though osseointegration was successfully achieved, esthetic outcome was not a primary objective of therapy at that time. A gradual paradigm shift has occurred in implant dentistry from merely achieving successful osseointegration to achieving final restorative outcomes that mimic natural dentition and their surrounding oral tissues. These objectives have been materialized by advancements in surgical techniques, as well as availability of biomaterials to enable predictable regeneration of oral hard and soft tissues. The objective of the present review is to briefly discuss some of the techniques that are currently available for implant site development.     

混合牙列期间隙管理的专家共识

混合牙列期是乳牙列向恒牙列转化的过渡期,生物学过程复杂多变,伴随颌骨生长、继承恒牙胚发育、乳牙牙根的生理性吸收、周围牙槽骨的改建及软组织的生长和功能的建立。混合牙列期的乳恒牙是否正常替换,对颌骨的正常发育、良好咬合关系的建立和软组织的发育及其功能发挥起着十分重要的影响。而乳恒牙的正常替换与恒牙萌出间隙密切相关。混合牙列间隙异常不仅直接关系此期错畸形的发生、发展,甚至影响、颌及面的正常生长发育。因此,混合牙列期的间隙管理是预防、降低错畸形发生率及严重程度的重要手段。本文从混合牙列期可能出现的间隙问题、影响间隙大小的原因、混合牙列期间隙管理需要评估的内容和间隙管理的方法等方面进行讨论和分析,以期为规范化混合牙列期间隙管理提供参考。     

骨性安氏Ⅲ类错[牙合]伴偏颌及与颞下颌关节紊乱病的关联研究进展

骨性安氏Ⅲ类错[牙合]畸形伴偏颌会导致颅骨、下颌骨、上颌骨的旋转和移位,并常伴有口颌面部软组织的不对称改变,影响美观和功能,其常用治疗手段(正畸和正颌手术)存在美学效果的局限性,正确评估形态改变对治疗方案的选择意义重大。骨性安氏Ⅲ类错[牙合]伴偏颌与颞下颌关节形态、功能变化及颞下颌关节紊乱病(temporomandibular disorder,TMD)的发生相关,但因果关系尚存争议。本文就骨性安氏Ⅲ类错[牙合]畸形伴偏颌患者的病因、软硬组织的改变、治疗手段以及其与TMD的关联进行综述。目前研究结果表明,偏颌是一种病因不明确,涉及到颅底、上颌骨、下颌骨形态变化、软组织形态变化、咬合改变以及颌骨旋转移位的复杂疾病,对颞下颌关节及下颌功能运动也会产生影响。偏颌患者中常见骨性安氏Ⅲ类错[牙合]畸形,需要早期治疗;其治疗手段多样,正确评估导致面部不对称的软硬组织形态变化是治疗的前提。正畸?正颌联合治疗(必要时合并软组织的修整)是治疗骨性安氏Ⅲ类错[牙合]伴偏颌的有效手段。此外,偏颌与TMD之间也有紧密的联系,设计治疗方案时需要充分考虑。     

Salivary function of persons with hereditary epidermolysis bullosa

Oral alterations of the hard and/or soft tissues are commonly associated with the different types of epidermolysis bullosa (EB). The relationship of oral soft and hard tissue changes to the disease mechanisms in different EB types remains to be elucidated. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate selected aspects of salivary function in a healthy control population and in persons affected with different types of EB. Sixty-one patients with EB, representing all the major types of EB, and 36 unaffected persons were examined to measure their stimulated salivary flow rates and salivary levels of IgA, albumin, and total protein. Our results show that none of the types of EB demonstrated a decreased salivary flow rate. However, patients with recessive dystrophic EB had significantly elevated salivary IgA, albumin, and total protein levels. The increased IgA level seen in this form of EB appears most likely to be related to the high prevalence of oral blistering rather than the result of altered mucosal immune function. Despite severe cutaneous and extracutaneous involvement associated with inherited EB, we found no evidence to support the hypothesis of abnormal salivary function or mucosal immunity in this disease. Taken together, these findings suggest that the rampant dental caries seen in the severe forms of EB are likely attributable to nonsalivary factors such as enamel involvement, soft tissue alterations, and/or diet. Alternatively, there may be mucosal immunity or salivary enzyme alterations that influence oral disease in these patients, but these were not evaluated in this investigation.     

American Academy of Periodontology Best Evidence Consensus Statement on Selected Oral Applications for Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography

Background: The American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) recently embarked on a Best Evidence Consensus (BEC) model of scientific inquiry to address questions of clinical importance in periodontology for which there is insufficient evidence to arrive at a definitive conclusion. This review addresses oral indications for use of cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: To develop the BEC, the AAP convened a panel of experts with knowledge of CBCT and substantial experience in applying CBCT to a broad range of clinical scenarios that involve critical structures in the oral cavity. The panel examined a clinical scenario or treatment decision that would likely benefit from additional evidence and interpretation of evidence, performed a systematic review on the individual, debated the merits of published data and experiential information, developed a consensus report, and provided a clinical bottom line based on the best evidence available. Results: This BEC addressed the potential value and limitations of CBCT relative to specific applications in the management of patients requiring or being considered for the following clinical therapies: 1) placement of dental implants; 2) interdisciplinary dentofacial therapy involving orthodontic tooth movement in the management of malocclusion with associated risk on the supporting periodontal tissues (namely, dentoalveolar bone); and 3) management of periodontitis. Conclusion: For each specific question addressed, there is a critical mass of evidence, but insufficient evidence to support broad conclusions or definitive clinical practice guidelines.     

Craniofacial asymmetry in non-syndromic orthodontic subjects: clinical and postural evaluation

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible influence of a malocclusion pattern on a patient’s posture.

Methods: Patients affected by symmetric malocclusion or malocclusion with mild to moderate non-syndromic craniofacial asymmetry were submitted to a clinical and X-ray evaluation. Subjects with symmetric skeletal class I were used as the control group. Evaluation of differences in postural pattern was performed using rasterstereography.

Results: Statistical analysis (t-test) was performed on 61 patients divided in homogeneous subgroups. The results show a pelvic torsion angle of 1.08° + 3.00° (P = 0.0023) (normal value (NV) = 0.0–1.9°) in subjects presenting skeletal class II z asymmetry (control group: 1.17° ± 1.25°, not significant (NS)).

Conclusions: The present study shows evidence of a relationship between malocclusion and spinal posture. A better understanding of the relationship between malocclusion and posture may help in planning a multidisciplinary approach that could involve other specialists.