山东省东营市综合医院肺结核病转诊工作分析

目的分析综合医院肺结核病患者转诊情况，提高转诊到位率。方法对山东省东营市综合医院转诊机制和转诊情况进行调查，并对资料分析。结果抽查肺结核患者200例，其中网络报告177例，网络漏报率11.5％；转诊166例，漏转34例，漏转率17％，转诊到位133例，转诊到位率67.9％。结论各综合医院转诊工作存在漏转和转诊不到位情况，指定专门科室负责转诊工作的医院转诊率较高。     

Analysis of tuberculosis mortality in a general hospital of a large city

In thanatogenesis of tuberculosis in emergency cases admitted to general hospitals in 1998-2000 predominated acute destructive prigressive forms which are most unfavourable epidemiologically. At autopsies tuberculosis is encountered 3 times more frequently. The diagnosis of tuberculosis is missed because of critical condition of the patients and their short stay in hospital due to early lethal outcome which doesn't allow adequate examination for tuberculosis.     

Errors in diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in general hospitals and results of treating the disease

AIM: To specify diagnostic approaches to rapidly progressive destructive pulmonary tuberculosis (RPDPT) in general hospitals and effects of the time of the diagnosis on treatment results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: History, diagnostic techniques and treatment of 162 patients with RPDPT (98 cases with cheesy pneumonia, 37 cases with rapidly progressive infiltrative tuberculosis, 27 cases with rapidly progressive disseminated tuberculosis) were studied. RESULTS: The diagnosis of tuberculosis was verified for 7 days in 56% patients, in 33% of them the diagnosis took more than 14 days. Tuberculosis was hidden under the mask of inflammatory pulmonary diseases in 60% patients, concomitant pathology--in 19%. Masks were also due to severe intoxication, multiorgan insufficiency, complications, tuberculosis of other organs. RPDPT was diagnosed primarily by x-ray examination, bacteriological test for M. tuberculosis was used in 14%. Lethal outcomes in the group of patients diagnosed for 14 days and longer occurred 2.6 times more frequently than in those diagnosed within 7 days. CONCLUSION: The analysis of the diagnostic errors resulted in design of the scheme of the diagnosis of RPDPT including cheesy pneumonia intended for use in general practice with account for possible "masks" of the disease. Basic criteria of the diagnosis are stepwise development of the disease and infiltrative-alterative changes on x-ray picture. Phthisiological alertness of general practitioners in relation to RPDPT must direct the physicians to active detection of M. tuberculosis in the sputum and close cooperation with phthisiologist in complicated diagnostic cases.     

2005-2011年网络直报系统和结核病专报系统报告肺结核患者比较分析

目的 了解网络直报系统和结核病专报系统登记报告肺结核患者情况的特征,比较两者之间的差异并探讨原因。 方法 对2005-2011年两大监测系统报告的肺结核患者进行描述和比较分析。 结果 2005-2011年两大监测系统登记报告肺结核患者和涂阳患者呈下降趋势,网络直报系统报告的涂阳比例有所下降,涂阴比例有所上升,未痰检比例明显下降但仍高于结核病专报系统;网络直报系统报告的肺结核患者数高于结核病专报系统,但是涂阳患者数低于结核病专报系统。 结论 由于监测系统的覆盖面,监测病例的定义和监测数据的统计时间不同,两大监测系统报告的肺结核患者数不完全一致。应进一步规范综合性医疗机构对结核病患者的诊断和报告工作,加强医防合作以及结核病的归口管理工作,两大监测系统报告数据的差异会逐步缩小。     

吉林省长春市朝阳区结核病人发现模式初探

目的抓住提高就诊率、确诊率和网络直报追踪到位率三个环节,提高肺结核病人发现率。方法通过全面推行结核病控制策略(DOTS),充分发挥结防所作用,与综合性医院配合协作,政府职能部门督导,三位一体,各尽其责,做好病人发现工作。结果朝阳区自项目实施以来,发现新发涂阳登记率2002年20.48/10万、2003年24.75/10万、2004年42.65/10万。2004年实施朝阳区结核病人发现模式研究项目以来,新发现涂阳274例,项目任务数254例,完成率107.87%。结论加强结防所、综合性医院、卫生行政部门三位一体协作,采取综合性措施后,切实有效地提高了病人的发现率,因此,充分发挥各自职能,共享医院资源,有效提高就诊率,提高确诊率和网络直报追踪到位率是做好结核病控制工作最为有效途径。     

Inpatients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex: economic inpact on hospitals in North Carolina

To determine the economic impact of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC) cases on North Carolina hospitals, we collected inpatient data from all North Carolina hospitals on charges and number of patients discharged with these diagnoses. More than 97% of the state's hospitals responded to the survey for the study year (1987-1988). There were 540 AIDS/ARC discharges from 58 North Carolina general hospitals and 125 AIDS/ARC discharges from 13 other types of hospitals, for a statewide total of 665 patients. The total general hospital charges for AIDS/ARC inpatients in North Carolina were approximately $7.7 million per year, and almost $2 million of these charges were uncompensated by any insurance. The greatest burden of cost for this care was borne disproportionately by 15 of the 58 general hospitals, accounting for 82% of the discharges.     

2016－2020年贵州省贵阳市不同类型医疗卫生机构诊断和报告肺结核患者的特征分析

  目的  通过分析2016—2020年贵州省贵阳市医疗卫生机构报告的肺结核患者报告卡,了解患者的就诊分布和诊断报告情况,为规范医疗机构肺结核患者的诊断、报告及管理提供依据。  方法  通过“结核病管理信息系统”收集2016—2020年贵阳市医疗卫生机构报告的肺结核患者报告卡资料,采用描述性方法对其分布特征进行分析,各组间的比较采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。  结果   2016—2020年,贵阳市共有177家医疗卫生机构报告了73 661张肺结核报告卡,其中28 085例确诊为肺结核,报告确诊肺结核患者的比例为38.13%。 定点医疗机构、非定点医疗机构及综合医院报告确诊肺结核患者的比例分别为48.32%、27.10%及28.10%,定点与非定点医疗机构确诊患者占报告数比例,以及定点医疗机构与综合医院确诊患者占报告数的比例,差异均有统计学意义（χ2=3 510.620,P<0.001;χ2 =2 671.605,P<0.001）。定点医疗机构报告确诊的患者数呈增加趋势（趋势χ2=41.917,P<0.001）,而非定点医疗机构及综合医院报告确诊肺结核患者的比例均呈下降趋势（趋势χ2=1 099.635,P<0.001;趋势χ2=748.328,P<0.001）。 报告常住地患者49 345例（66.98%）,非常住地患者24 316例（33.01%）。 常住地患者主要就诊于县级定点医院（17 113例,34.68%） 及综合医院（15 713例,30.75%）;非常住地患者主要就诊于综合医院（11 403例,46.90%）及市级定点医院（9 747例,40.08%）;与2016年比较,2020年常住地及非住地患者就诊于综合医院的比例分别增加了100.42%及261.44%。 常住地患者的登记管理率为75.57%,非常住患者的为47.23%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=2 098.567,P<0.001）;贵阳市远城区登记管理率最高（82.81%）,其次是近城区（70.66%）,主城区最低（66.66%）;2016—2020年主城区登记管理率提高明显（趋势χ2=572.661,P<0.001）,近城区则呈降低趋势（趋势χ2=65.287,P<0.001）,远城区较平稳。  结论  各级医疗卫生机构应加强结核病诊断能力建设,强化技术培训,提高医务人员肺结核诊疗水平;同时,应持续进行结核病防治知识的健康宣传,提高患者医从性,规范肺结核患者的治疗和管理。     

Detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in adolescents in institutions of the general medical network and efficacy of its treatment

Altogether 100 adolescents with TB detected on referral to general medical institutions were followed up. 30 patients with a clear-cut TB clinicoroentgenological pictures were referred to special hospitals. The rest 70 adolescents were followed up in general outpatients departments. The chief method of prehospital diagnosis verification was inefficacy of previous antiinflammatory therapy. 51 patients were not examined for tuberculosis (tuberculin test, chest x-ray, sputum investigation for tubercle bacilli, phthisiologist's consultation, etc.). Clinical evaluation showed that 47% had had previous contacts with tuberculosis patients, 33% demonstrated hyperergic sensitivity to tuberculin, in 21% the disease coincided with intensification of tuberculin reactions, 55% isolated tubercle bacilli. Initiated antituberculosis therapy alleviated the disease course in most of the patients. However, late diagnosis resulted in the formation of noticeable residual changes in a considerable proportion of patients. The results obtained indicate the necessity of close contacts between antituberculosis service and general health service to improve the effectiveness of adolescents therapy.     

住院结核病患者佩戴口罩现状调查

目的:对住院结核病患者佩戴口罩的比例、口罩种类和来源进行调查,以探讨有效的管理方法。方法:自行设计问卷,对14个省、市20家医院的结核病房护士长或医院护理部主任进行调查。结果:调查范围共涵盖32个病区,其中15个(46.9%)病区患者不佩戴口罩,16个(50.0%)病区部分患者佩戴口罩,1个(3.1%)病区所有患者均佩戴口罩;84.4%的病区患者佩戴普通一次性口罩和纱布口罩,15.6%的病区患者佩戴外科口罩;53.1%的病区口罩由患者自己随意购买;46.9%的病区免费或收费为患者提供;综合医院结核病区为患者提供口罩的比例和患者佩戴率均高于结核病专科医院,差异有统计学意义;为患者提供口罩的病区和患者自己购买口罩病区患者佩戴率没有统计学差异。结论:目前国内医院对肺结核患者佩戴口罩的管理欠规范,佩戴比例较低,口罩种类不尽合理。提示结核病医院应加强对患者佩戴口罩行为的干预管理,降低医院感染风险。     

北京市朝阳区肺结核病实验室痰涂片镜检室间质控结果分析

目的对2006-2008所辖范围内的12家肺结核病防治站和12家开展抗酸杆菌（AFB）镜检的二级以上综合医院结核病实验室的痰涂片AFB镜检的质控结果进行评估。方法按照《中国结核病防治规划-痰涂片镜检质量保证手册》（EQA）的要求,对结核病实验室进行现场评价和盲法复检。结果2006-2008年痰涂片盲法复检总涂片数1671份,复检定性符合率为95.2 %、阳性定量符合率为70.2%,综合医院定性符合率95.6%、阳性定量符合率64.9%;肺结核防治站定性符合率为94.7%、阳性定量符合率为75.0%。痰涂片质量指标: 痰细胞、大小、厚薄、染色、脱落合格率分别为93.4%、66.1 %、75.4 %、91.0 %、97.1 %。结论在现场评估中,肺结核病防治站痰检人员固定,经培训后上岗,肺结核病防治站在实验室面积、仪器设备优于综合医院。综合医院痰检人员的学历和职称高于肺结核防治站。肺结核防治站的涂阳患者检出率高于综合医院。     

2019年度安徽省三级中医院和其他三级综合医院超声质量控制调查比较

目的调查分析安徽省三级中医院超声质量控制工作的现状和可能存在的问题。 方法安徽省超声医学质量控制中心下发2019年超声质量控制调查表,调查对象为安徽省10家公立三级中医院和38家三级综合医院,调查内容包括《超声医学专业质量管理控制指标专家共识（2018年版）》提出的7个超声质量控制指标以及各调查医院超声亚专业学组开设情况。 结果安徽省三级中医院超声科平均每日超声检查人次、年度危急值通报例数明显少于同级别综合医院（210.9人次/d vs 482.5人次/d;12例 vs 44例）。超声科亚专业学组开展方面,中医院与综合医院之间在超声介入学组、肌肉骨骼学组的开展方面相比（30.0% vs 89.4%;10.0% vs 63.2%）,存在一定不足。 结论安徽省三级中医院在超声亚专业开展以及超声新技术开展方面与同级别综合性医院间存在较大差距。充分开展超声新技术,加强中医院校的超声医学教育,在缩小中医院、综合医院超声质量控制差距中有一定作用。     

成人支原体肺炎58例误诊为肺结核临床探讨

目的探讨成人支原体肺炎（mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,MPP）与肺结核的临床鉴别要点,避免误诊误治。方法对我院收治的58例误诊为肺结核的支原体肺炎患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果2009--2010年经血清学证实的MPP124例,其中58例误诊为肺结核,误诊率46．77％。本组17～50岁47例,有类结核感染中毒症状31例。胸部CT均表现为斑片状影和网织条索影的混合病灶,病变累及双肺21例,双叶29例,上叶尖后段25例,下叶14例,合并胸腔积液4例。结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物（PPD）试验阴性41例,阳性17例。病程第1周行血MP-IgM检测21例,阳性6例;第2周及以后检测52例,均阳性。本院首诊误诊10例,外院误诊48例;误诊时间在2周内者占总数的63．79％。确诊后均治愈。结论成人MPP临床特点与肺结核相似,尤其病变累及肺结核好发部位时,易误诊为肺结核,成人及青少年PPD试验阴性时,临床诊断肺结核应慎重。     

The role of hospital profit status in pediatric spleen injury management

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that over 90% of pediatric splenic injuries can be successfully managed nonoperatively. Although pediatric hospitals have rapidly adopted nonoperative management, variability exists among other types of hospitals. OBJECTIVES: We tested 2 a priori hypotheses: (1) spleen-injured children are more likely to receive splenectomy in for-profit hospitals than in not-for-profit hospitals; and (2) hospital charges for spleen cases are greater in for-profit hospital than in not-for-profit hospitals. RESEARCH DESIGN: Multivariable regression was performed with data from the Kid's Inpatient Database (KID) for years 2000 and 2003, controlling for patient and hospital characteristics. Children (0-18 years) hospitalized with a blunt traumatic (noniatrogenic) spleen injury in any of the states participating in KID (N = 5061), including adult and pediatric hospitals. Main outcome measures were splenectomy and hospital charges. RESULTS: A total of 756 children (14.9%) received splenectomies within 1 day of arrival. Splenectomy was found to be more likely among children treated at for-profit hospitals [odds ratio (OR), 1.75; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.14-2.67] than among children treated in not-for-profit general hospitals. Splenectomies were much less common in children's hospitals (OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.05-0.41) than in not-for-profit general hospitals. Hospital charges for all spleen-injured children (regardless of treatment) were significantly greater in for-profit hospitals than in not-for-profit hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: For-profit hospitals seem to be trailing not-for-profit hospitals in the adoption of spleen-conserving management practices. The cost of caring for a child with a splenic injury also seems greater at for-profit hospitals, regardless of management path (ie, splenectomy vs. nonoperative management).     

结核分枝杆菌的耐药性研究

目的研究临床分离结核分枝杆菌耐药性,为科学选择抗结核药物提供依据。方法采用病人标本分离培养和药敏试验方法,对617例结核分枝杆菌临床分离株进行耐药性调查。结果本医院2011年度从住院结核患者痰标本中分离到617株结核分枝杆菌,均进行了临床常用抗结核药物敏感试验。所分离的临床株结核分枝杆菌对异烟肼和利福喷叮的耐药率均超过31%;对利福平和链霉素的耐药率超过27%,对利福布叮、丁胺卡那霉素耐药率超过15%。结论该医院临床分离的结核分枝杆菌耐药率处于较高的水平,提示临床应根据药敏试验结果选择抗结核药物,控制耐药结核菌株的产生。     

Intracranial tuberculosis: manifestations on computerized tomography

Intracranial tuberculosis is often insidious, may be difficult to diagnose clinically, and is neurologically devastating if untreated. The advent of computerized tomography has permitted earlier detection of the structural abnormalities associated with intracranial tuberculosis than was possible with older techniques. Correct radiologic interpretation can heighten the index of suspicion for what is often an overlooked diagnosis and can lead to earlier treatment, with decreased morbidity and mortality. We present four cases that cover the spectrum of abnormalities of intracranial tuberculosis shown by CT.     

2019年湖北省肺结核漏登抽样调查及影响因素分析

  目的  了解2019年湖北省肺结核漏登情况的影响因素及原因。  方法  采用分层随机抽样抽取湖北省（县、市）具有肺结核诊断能力的定点及非定点医疗机构,对其2019年诊断为肺结核和疑似肺结核病例进行调查,评估漏登情况。  结果  共收集6家医疗机构21 591条信息,最终核查分析肺结核患者3 285例。 2019年湖北省肺结核漏登率为10.23%。 不同诊疗机构属性（χ2=42.933,P<0.001）、机构类型（χ2=6.747,P=0.009）、诊断分类（χ2=18.266,P<0.001）、地区疫情程度（χ2=21.989,P<0.001）及年均门诊量（χ2=24.053,P<0.001）的漏登率不同,差异有统计学意义。 市级漏登风险较高（与县级相比,OR=2.27,95%CI:1.77～2.92）,结核性胸膜炎漏登风险较高（相较于利福平耐药肺结核,OR=6.71,95%CI:1.90～23.74）。 追踪未到位和一次性就诊是主要漏登原因。   结论  关注湖北省肺结核漏登问题,继续提升结核病防治体系服务能力,强化各级医院的规范诊疗服务水平。     

A study of long-term oxygen therapy in Japan and other Asian countries.

In order to investigate the use of long-term oxygen therapy in Japan, I sent questionnaires to the national chronic disease hospitals and general hospitals that are known to frequently treat respiratory diseases. I found that 61% of the chronic disease hospitals that responded had patients receiving long-term oxygen therapy in the hospital, and 12% had patients receiving it at home. Of the general hospitals answering the questionnaire, 77% had inpatients on long-term oxygen and 39% had home patients receiving oxygen therapy. The majority of patients were on oxygen for treatment of tuberculosis, its sequelae, or obstructive lung diseases. The mean PaO2 for inpatients and outpatients on oxygen was 69 mm Hg and 65 mm Hg, respectively. The cannula is the most frequently used oxygen delivery appliance. Hospital piping systems are used for inpatients, and cylinders and concentrators are used by outpatients. Health insurance covers the cost of oxygen and equipment for hospitalized patients. Home oxygen and equipment are paid for by the patient himself, or at public expense. According to the results of my questionnaire, in Hong Kong long-term oxygen is administered in the hospital only. In Korea it is administered in the hospital and on rare occasion in the home. In Taiwan oxygen is not administered on a long-term basis.     

2010-2014年浙江省绍兴市涂阳肺结核患者耐药特征分析

目的 了解绍兴市肺结核病患者耐药状况及影响因素,为制定耐药结核病防制策略提供科学依据。方法 对2010-2014年期间在绍兴市就诊的涂阳肺结核病患者的痰标本进行培养,经鉴定为结核分枝杆菌的菌株进行异烟肼（isoniazid,INH）、利福平（rifampicin,RFP）、链霉素（streptomycin,SM）和乙胺丁醇（ethambutal,EMB）4种一线抗结核药物的敏感性测试。结果 检测的3042份结核分枝杆菌阳性标本总耐药率为11.28%,其中,初治患者耐药率9.11%,复治患者耐药率26.60%,耐药顺位由高到低依次为INH、SM、RFP和EMB;耐多药率为5.33%,初治患者耐多药率2.96%,复治患者耐多药率22.07%。结论 绍兴市肺结核耐药率总体低于全国水平,但复治患者耐多药率较高,应加大耐多药结核病防控措施。     

选择性支气管动脉栓塞术治疗肺结核咯血的有效性及安全性分析

目的评价选择性支气管动脉栓塞术(SBAE)治疗肺结核咯血的有效性和安全性、远期疗效以及影响因素。方法分析近10年来接受SBAE治疗的肺结核咯血患者326例,与同期一般止血药物治疗的124例肺结核咯血做对照,跟踪随访。结果治疗组总有效率达92.02%,10年内总复发率为11.04%,而对照组总有效率为70.16%,复发率26.61%,两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=35.66～16.77,P<0.01)。并发症发生率治疗组为3.68%,对照组为1.61%,两组差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.42,P>0.05)。随访5～8年远期疗效差异有统计学意义(χ2=36.25～65.82,P<0.01)。结论 SBAE治疗肺结核咯血不良反应发生率和复发率较低,远期疗效显著,安全性高。复治患者、肺部有空洞或合并支气管扩张者易复发。     

Diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis in general and specialized healthcare facilities

The aim of this work was to study clinical manifestations of abdominal tuberculosis (AT) and its diagnosis. It included 142 patients examined in Ulyanovsk region in 1990-2006. 88.7% of them first applied to general practitioners who diagnosed AT in 69.7% of the cases (half of them postmortem). AT was found in one third (30.3%) of the patients attending tuberculosis dispensaries (86.1% during urgent laparatomy). AT manifests itself as clinical conditions requiring therapeutic, surgical, anti-infectious, and anti-tumour treatment. The most informative diagnostic tool is histological study of tissue biopsies obtained during endoscopic and videolaparoscopic procedures. Medical histories also provide materials for early diagnosis and treatment of AT by evidence-based methods; they include data on refractory gastrointestinal ulcers and infiltrates, calcinates located in mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and spleen by X-ray, hypersensitivity to tuberculin.