MELAS综合征和Leigh病患者的影像学观察

目的观察线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸血症和卒中样发作(MELAS)综合征和Leigh病患者的影像学特点。方法对12例MELAS综合征、7例Leigh病和1例MELAS与Leigh病叠加患者的影像学特点进行系统分析。结果 12例MELAS综合征患者脑CT及MRI示病灶多位于枕、颞、顶叶皮质及皮质下,且病灶在左侧占优势;7例leigh病患者病变部位主要在双侧基底节、丘脑及脑干。4例MELAS综合征、4例Leigh病患者、1例叠加的核磁波谱检查示病变区乳酸水平明显增高。DWI仅显示新病灶,FLAIR可观察到所有新旧病灶,较T2像敏感。MELAS可见部分病变侧MRA血管增粗增多,且病情复发时病灶有迁徙,旧病变有萎缩的特点。结论 MELAS和Leigh的影像学特点有显著差异,前者以脑叶皮质及皮质下受累为主,病变范围较大,不符合大脑动脉供血区分布。Leigh患者主要病变部位在脑干、基底节,且病灶发展变化趋势有一定的规律性。FLAIR与DWI是不可缺少的扫描像位。MRS对线粒体脑病和线粒体脑肌病的诊断有重要价值,应作为本病常规扫描序列。     

抗线粒体抗体在线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和脑卒中样发作综合征患者肌纤维中的免疫组织化学表达

目的 探讨抗线粒体抗体(anti-mitochondrial antibody,AMA)在线粒体腩肌病伴高乳酸血症和脑卒巾样发作(MELAS)综合征患者肌肉组织中的免疫组织化学表达特点及其诊断价值.方法 收集经临床、病理以及基因检测确诊的MELAS综合征患者10例,以2名肌肉病理正常者和3例肌肉活体组织检查发现坏死肌纤维的非线粒体病患者作为对照组,对所有15例肌肉冰冻组织标本行AMA免疫组织化学染色.结果 普通光镜下观察发现MELAS患者骨骼肌AMA免疫组织化学染色可见大量不整棕褐色肌纤维(ragged brown fibers,RBF),其形态类似MGT染色下的不整红边纤维(ragged red fibers,RRF).而对照组未发现RBF.结论 AMA免疫组织化学下的RBF是线粒体异常增生的特异性表现,同MGT染色下的RRF类似,可以作为诊断线粒体病异常线粒体的病理学指标.     

MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床、影像学和肌肉病理分析

目的 探讨MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床表现、影像学特点和肌肉组织病理学改变,提高人们对本病的认识.方法 回顾性分析5例MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床表现、脑影像学改变(MRI和CT),以及骨骼肌活检的组织病理学特点.结果 MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的主要临床表现为局灶性或全身性癫NFDCC发作、听觉和视觉障碍、运动不能耐受、认知功能障碍、脑卒中样发作、血乳酸水平升高等.脑影像学检查可见病灶多位于颞、枕、顶叶皮层脑回处,脑MRI表现为长T1、长T2信号,部分患者头颅CT可见基底节钙化.骨骼肌活检5例患者肌肉组织中均可见破碎红边纤维(RRF),2例行电镜检查均可见异常线粒体聚集.结论 MELAS型线粒体脑肌病是一种以高乳酸血症和卒中样发作为特征的脑和肌肉能量代谢障碍综合征.患者临床表现复杂多样,容易造成误诊,其诊断需在临床表现和影像学特点的基础上,结合骨骼肌活检病理检查发现RRF或异常线粒体聚集,可获得临床确诊.     

MELAS综合征的临床、影像、病理及基因研究

目的 探讨线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸血症和脑卒中发作（MELAS综合征）的临床、影像、病理以及基因改变特点。方法 收集海军总医院与北京大学第一医院神经内科1998-2005年确诊的MELAS综合征21例,其中家系患者5例,散发患者16例,发病年龄为2-45岁。所有患者均行头颅影像学检查,18例行骨骼肌病理检查,3例行脑病理检查,17例行线粒体DNA（mtDNA）A3243G点突变检查。结果 21例患者均出现脑卒中样发作,家系患者的母系成员中多出现母系遗传性糖尿病和（或）耳聋。主要临床表现为认知功能障碍及言语障碍,头颅影像学检查示枕叶、颞叶脑回受累为主。18例行肌肉病理检查显示17例存在破碎样红纤维（RRF）,3例行肌肉电镜检查发现线粒体堆积呈停车场样排列,3例脑活检示病变皮层组织呈分层样改变,15例发现mtDNAA3243G点突变。结论 MELAS综合征主要累及中枢神经系统和骨骼肌,认知功能障碍、言语障碍和头痛是其主要临床表现,肌肉病理检查可见RRF,绝大多数为mtDNAA3243G点突变。     

MELAS综合征的临床、影像学及病理研究

目的探讨线粒体脑肌病中MELAS综合征患者的临床表现、影像学、组织病理学特点及诊断方法。方法对5例MELAS综合征患者的临床、影像学及神经电生理、肌肉和脑组织病理学特点进行系统分析,3例行肌活检,其中1例患者行肌肉电镜检查;2例行脑活检。结果 MELAS综合征患者主要临床表现为运动不耐受、脑卒中发作、抽搐发作、偏盲、偏头痛发作、听力下降、视力下降。5例患者中血乳酸增高4例,肌电图提示肌源性损害4例,脑电图检查提示重度异常脑电图5例,头颅MRI检查主要为颞、枕、顶叶的不对称病灶;3例患者肌肉组织有破碎红纤维,1例行肌肉电镜检查发现异常线粒体,2例患者脑组织活检可见皮质组织成分层样改变。结论根据患者的临床及影像学特点,并结合肌肉及脑组织活检可对线粒体脑肌病MELAS综合征进行诊断。     

16例MELAS临床、神经影像与肌肉病理研究

目的探讨线粒体脑肌病并乳酸血症与卒中样发作(MELAS)的临床、影像学及肌肉病理特点。方法对16例MELAS患者的临床表现、影像学及肌肉病理特点进行分析。结果患者主要临床表现为卒中样癫发作(87.5%),其次为头痛、呕吐和智能减退等;头颅MRI提示脑实质片状异常信号,不按血管供应区分布;肌肉活检见破碎红纤维(RRF)。结论MELAS是一种具有特殊临床、影像学表现的线粒体脑肌病,其诊断依赖于肌肉活检病理和基因诊断。     

MELAS综合征八例

目的探讨MELAS综合征(线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸血症和卒中样发作)的临床特征,为早期诊断和治疗提供参考。方法对8例确诊的MELAS综合征患者的临床表现、肌活检病理及影像学资料进行回顾性分析。结果头痛、抽搐、运动耐受差、智能障碍、脑卒中样发作、血乳酸水平升高为本组患者的主要临床表现。8例患者脑内病灶均表现为T1WI低信号、T2WI高信号,病变主要累及额、颞、顶、枕叶皮层、皮层下及基底节,伴有不同程度的脑萎缩,病灶多发且与血管分布区不一致。8例患者行肌肉活检可见破碎红纤维(RRF)、异常线粒体增多。结论 MELAS综合征临床表现复杂多样,确诊依赖于临床特征分析和肌肉活检。磁共振成像在线粒体脑肌病的诊断、鉴别诊断方面具有一定的价值。     

MELAS的研究进展

目的提高临床医师对线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作综合征(mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic academia and stroke-like episodes,MELAS)的认识,以早期诊断及治疗,改善患者预后。方法结合MELAS既往的文献报道,总结MELAS患者的临床表现、实验室及影像学检查、病理特点、基因检测、诊断标准及鉴别诊断、治疗与预后情况。结果MELAS患者主要表现为运动不耐受、卒中样发作、癫痫、失明、眼外肌瘫痪、听力下降、癫痫,肌酸激酶正常或者增高,运动后血乳酸增高。肌肉活检见破碎红纤维(RRF)和SDH染色肌间小血管强染(SSV),ATP酶染色可见肌纤维呈棋盘格样分布,HE染色可见边缘嗜碱性肌纤维。头MRI表现皮层卒中样改变、脑萎缩。结论 MELAS患者主要以脑和肌肉受累为主要临床表现,RRF、SSV、肌纤维呈棋盘格样分布、嗜碱性肌纤维为肌肉活检的主要特点。     

乳酸血症和脑卒中样发作为主要临床表现的线粒体脑肌病(附1例报道)

目的报道线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和脑卒中样发作(MELAS)病1例,进行相关文献复习,探讨其临床表现、生化、影像学和组织病理学检查在该疾病诊断中作用。方法对线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和脑卒中样发作(MELAS)患者的临床表现、辅助检查、影像学、组织病理学、免疫组化等情况进行分析。结果 MELAS患者的主要临床表现为发作性头痛、脑卒中样发作、高乳酸血症;脑MRI示病灶位于顶叶、枕叶、颞叶脑回处;肌肉活检见肌纤维变性、破碎样改变以及异常线粒体。结论血乳酸、影像学及肌肉活检在诊断MELAS时有重要的诊断价值,但都缺乏特异表现,需要结合临床和各种检查结果而确诊。     

线粒体DNA G13513A突变所致线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和脑卒中样发作/Leigh重叠综合征

目的 报道1例线粒体DNA G13513A点突变所致线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和脑卒中样发作(MELAS)/Leigh重叠综合征的临床、影像学、神经病理学改变特点.方法 患者为22岁女性,反复出现头痛、视力下降和肢体抽动11年,因癫疴持续状态而死亡.之前多次MRI检查发现大脑皮质大片长T1长T2异常信号,病灶从枕叶开始,逐渐波及顶叶,疾病后期累及双侧基底节区及脑干灰质核团.对患者进行脑局部尸体解剖检查,取肌肉标本进行线粒体基因检查.结果 各个脑叶皮质以及双侧纹状体和中脑四叠体可见多灶性层样分布的海绵样改变,出现胶质增生、毛细血管内皮细胞增生以及较多单核细胞反应,其中双侧枕叶和顶叶的皮质全层以及皮质下白质被严重累及.基因检查显示线粒体还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶5基因存在G13513A点突变.结论 MELAS/Leigh重叠综合征的临床表现以皮质损害为主,影像学改变提示病变先累及大脑皮质,而后累及脑干和基底节区,出现海绵样改变伴随毛细血管增生.     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Presence and severity of anorexia and bulimia among male and female Omani and non-Omani adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The population of Oman is a heterogeneous mix of nationalities providing a natural setting for studying the cross-cultural differences in the presence and severity of eating disorders as well as an opportunity for evaluating the performance of measurement instruments for these disorders. METHOD: Disordered eating screening instruments (the Eating Attitude Test and the Bulimic Investigatory Test) were administered to Omani teenagers, non-Omani teenagers, and Omani adults. RESULTS: On the Eating Attitude Test, 33% of Omani teenagers (29.4% females and 36.4% males) and 9% of non-Omani teenagers (7.5% of males and 10.6% females) showed a propensity for anorexic-like behavior. On the Bulimic Investigatory Test, 12.3% of Omani teenagers showed a propensity for binge eating or bulimia (13.7% females and 10.9% males). Among the non-Omani teenagers, 18.4% showed a tendency toward bulimia, with females showing a slightly greater tendency than males. In contrast, barely 2% of Omani adults showed either a presence of or a severity of disorderly behavior with food. CONCLUSION: Omani teenagers scored significantly higher than other ethnic groups and Omani adults. This finding is discussed in the light of emerging evidence from many parts of the world suggesting that cultural transition, compounded by demographic constraints, plays a significant role in abnormal eating attitudes.     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

Abstract

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Micro-affirmations and Recovery for Persons with Mental Health and Alcohol and Drug Problems: User and Professional Experience-Based Practice and Knowledge

Recurrent factors contributing to a recovery process from co-occurring mental health and addiction problems mentioned by users and professionals have been analyzed as part of working alliances and helpful relationships. Still, we lack knowledge about how helpful relationships are developed in daily practice. In this article, we focus on the concrete construction of professional helpful relationships. Forty persons in recovery and fifteen professionals were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed according to thematic analysis, resulting in three themes presented as paradoxes (1) My own decision, but with the help of others; (2) The need for structures and going beyond them; and (3) Small trivial things of great importance. Micro-affirmations have a central role in creating helpful relationships by confirming the individuals involved as more than solely users or professionals. More attention and appreciation should be paid to practices involving micro-affirmations.

     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.