小儿内科多药耐药菌感染监测分析与护理对策

目的 监测分析小儿内科多药耐药菌感染情况,并提出护理对策.方法 从2011年1-12月小儿内科住院患儿中收集多药耐药菌感染病例进行监测分析.结果 2011年1-12月小儿内科共有208例多药耐药菌感染,其中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌共123株,占59.13％;产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌共54株,占25.98％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌共30株,占14.42％;耐亚胺培南恶臭假单胞菌1株,占0.48％;社区感染202例占97.12％,医院感染6例占2.88％.结论 加强多药耐药菌知识培训教育、落实消毒隔离措施、加强手卫生管理、注重标准预防、合理使用抗菌药物、加强健康宣教等管理,是有效控制和减少医院多药耐药菌发生、防止多药耐药菌医院传播的重要措施.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的目标性监控与分析

目的 了解临床耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分离及耐药性,探索耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染病例的监控措施.方法 对2010年医院临床分离的病原菌进行目标性监测,统计出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的株数以及耐药性,并对临床耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染病例实施监控.结果 全年检测结果发现,共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌334株,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌50株,检出率为14.97％;对抗菌药物耐药率较高;全院未发生耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的暴发和流行.结论 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株数较多,耐药率较高,应该加强临床合理使用抗菌药物的管理,并对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染病例实施监控,预防和减少多药耐药菌的产生,控制医院感染.     

医院多药耐药菌目标监测的调查与干预措施

目的了解医院常见多药耐药菌种类及分布,为控制医院感染提供科学依据,以便采取干预措施。方法回顾性分析医院2009年1-12月送检标本检出的123例铜绿假单胞菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌等耐药菌检测资料。结果 3种耐药菌以下呼吸道感染为主,主要分布老年病科(16.3%)、ICU(15.5%)、呼吸内科(14.6%)、神经外科(12.2%)等科室,以铜绿假单胞菌感染居多占46.0%,其次为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌占30.0%,鲍氏不动杆菌占23.6%,并对大多数抗菌药物敏感率较低。结论合理使用抗菌药物,采取隔离措施,加强医务人员手的清洁消毒等干预措施,多药耐药菌是可以防范的。     

多药耐药菌医院感染的动态分析研究

目的动态观察并分析2006-2009年,多药耐药菌的检出率及耐药性,促进临床合理应用抗菌药物。方法采用NCCLS推荐的纸片扩散确证法检测ESBLs和耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS),MIC法做药敏试验,WHO-NET5.4分析软件对药敏试验进行统计。结果 4年来产ESBLs阳性大肠埃希菌从59.2%上升至72.0%;克雷伯菌属从20.0%上升至46.4%;奇异变形菌阳性率较低,产ESBLs株仅对碳青霉烯类、阿米卡星、β-内酰胺酶抑剂类的耐药率较低;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)阳性率从53.3%下降至29.8%;耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)阳性率从55.0%降至56.5%;但MRS呈现多药耐药性,对MRS的治疗应首选糖肽类药物;多药耐药非发酵菌的检出率处于上升趋势。结论 4年来,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs阳性率逐年升高;MRSA阳性率呈下降趋势,MRCNS阳性率变化不大;多药耐药非发酵菌的检出率呈上升趋势,应引起关注。     

神经外科病房多药耐药菌感染流行趋势及控制措施

目的 分析神经外科病房感染病原菌分布及多药耐药菌耐药特征,探讨多药耐药菌感染预防和控制策略.方法 对2010年1月-2010年12月神经外科病房分离出的病原菌及其药敏结果进行分析.结果 2010年神经外科病房医院感染发生率为12.0％,感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,占88.7％;革兰阳性菌占11.3％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌11株,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌6株,未检出耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌及耐万古霉素肠球菌;肠杆菌科中大肠埃希菌产ESBLs株检出8株、肺炎克雷伯菌检出9株;多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌18株、铜绿假单胞菌10株,多药耐药菌株分离率呈上升趋势.结论 神经外科病房分离的多药耐药菌出现的频率增加,加强耐药性监测,合理应用抗菌药物,并落实及时有效的消毒隔离措施,避免多药耐药菌在医院的暴发流行.     

665株多药耐药菌的监测与分析

目的 了解医院感染多药耐药菌分布及耐药状况,促进合理用药及医院感染的预防控制.方法 对医院2009年1月—2010年12月发生的医院感染送检标本所分离的多药耐药菌株进行回顾性分析.结果 665株多药耐药菌株,其中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的细菌居第一位,占31.7％,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占29.6％,多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌占14.6％ ;ICU共分离出126株多药耐药菌,其中多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌居第一位,占38.9％％.结论 医院感染多药耐药菌株以产ESBLs的细菌为主,ICU感染以多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌为主,医院感染预防控制压力大,应加强多药耐药菌医院感染控制工作,实施目标性监测,预防和控制多药耐药菌的传播,并加强抗菌药物的合理应用.     

住院患者多药耐药菌感染的监测分析

目的 调查住院患者多药耐药菌感染的情况,为预防控制医院感染提供依据.方法 对2009年1月-2010年12月检出的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)、耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌和泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌进行统计分析.结果 多药耐药菌感染部位以呼吸系统为主,占73.1％；神经外科、ICU多药耐药菌感染较严重,分别占总感染数的30.0％、27.0％；MRSA、泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌,已成为医院多药耐药菌感染的主要致病菌.结论 加强对多药耐药菌的监测,合理使用抗菌药物,做好消毒隔离及手卫生,可有效防止耐药菌株的流行和传播.     

多药耐药菌在医院感染中的控制与预防

多药耐药菌感染应用抗菌药物,主要包括耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌与耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌、耐万古霉素肠球菌等.加强对多药耐药菌的医院感染管理,能有效预防和控制多药耐药菌在医院内的传播,保证患者的安全.1加强抗菌药物的合理使用首先要加强抗菌药物药物的合理使用,认真落实和执行抗菌药物临床应用的指导原则,根据细菌培养和药敏试验结果,正确合理使用抗感染的药物.特别是联合用药如使用万古霉素、广谱头孢菌素、碳青霉烯类等,必须严格执行用药指征,避免由于抗菌药物的滥用而导致耐药菌的产生.     

ICU患者多药耐药菌感染的监测与控制

目的加强ICU患者多药耐药菌(MDROs)感染分布及耐药性的监测与控制,使多药耐药菌医院感染控制工作规范有序。方法收集2012年1月-2013年12月医院ICU 1 735例患者送检的临床标本分离的病原菌,采用全自动微生物分析仪进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验,开展多药耐药菌目标性监测,采取干预措施控制多药耐药菌医院感染。结果 ICU 1 735例患者发生医院感染189例,医院感染率为10.9%;其中多药耐药菌感染169例,感染率9.7%;痰液、咽拭子及支气管痰液吸取物标本中分离的MDROs最多,占69.7%;380株MDROs中耐碳青霉烯类鲍氏不动杆菌最多占30.5%,其次为产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌(ECO)、产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌(KPN)61株,分别占23.4%、16.1%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、利福平和四环素等抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS),耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性极强,对阿米卡星和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率均较低。结论多药耐药菌是ICU医院感染的主要病原菌,加强ICU患者多药耐药菌监测以及采取积极的干预措施,可有效预防与控制其产生和传播。     

三级综合医院多药耐药菌感染监测分析

目的了解多药耐药菌感染在三级综合医院分布特征及规律,为有效预防控制多药耐药菌医院感染提供依据。方法采用Phonenix100全自动细菌鉴定仪进行病原菌菌种鉴定,回顾性调查2013年全年医院多药耐药菌感染患者的临床资料,应用WHONET5.4软件进行统计描述和分析。结果全年共检出目标菌3 115株,多药耐药菌为541株,占17.37%,以多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌感染最为多见,其次为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌;其中,男性患者明显多于女性,并且以高龄和低龄患者居多,年龄≥60岁老年患者占36.78%,而年龄≤1岁婴儿占10.17%;多药耐药菌前3位标本来源分别为呼吸道、创面分泌物和尿标本,其中呼吸道标本占56.56%;呼吸道标本和尿标本中均以多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌最多,创面分泌物中则以耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌最多;多药耐药菌感染患者多数分布在ICU中,占全部菌株的34.38%。结论多药耐药菌感染分布较广,应高度重视多药耐药菌感染的预防控制工作,从整体上预防、控制耐药菌的产生和传播。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.