血培养病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解血培养阳性标本检出的病原菌分布和耐药性,为临床医师合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法采用BacT/Alert 3D全自动血培养仪进行血培养,VITEK-32全自动细菌鉴定仪进行鉴定,用K-B纸片法进行体外药敏试验。结果从送检的2150份血培养标本中共分离出病原菌266株,阳性率为12.4%;其中革兰阴性杆菌149株,占56.0%,以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,革兰阳性球菌98例,占36.9%,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主,真菌19例,占7.1%;药敏结果显示,主要革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁高度敏感,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南高度敏感。结论血培养病原菌种类复杂,耐药率高,临床应及时监测病原菌的变化及耐药趋势,合理应用抗菌药物,防止抗菌药物的滥用及新耐药菌株的产生。     

血培养阳性标本病原菌分布与药敏性分析

目的了解医院2009-2012年血培养标本培养阳性病原菌分布以及药敏性,为临床合理用药提供实验室依据,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法回顾性分析2009-2012年4 847份血培养标本,采用法国生物梅里埃公司BacT/ALERT3D全自动血培养仪,分离菌株鉴定和药敏试验采用VITEK-60全自动细菌鉴定药敏仪。结果 4 847份血培养标本中检测阳性标本897份,阳性率18.5%;共检出病原菌897株,其中革兰阳性菌343株占38.2%,革兰阴性菌497株占55.4%,真菌57株占6.4%;主要革兰阳性菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素敏感率均为100.0%;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感率为100.0%;而铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌则显示较高的耐药性。结论引起患者血流感染的主要病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,临床医师应高度重视血培养,根据药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物,减少多药耐药菌株的出现,预防控制医院感染。     

泌尿系感染患者病原菌分布及药敏特征分析

目的分析泌尿系统感染病原菌分布及耐药特征,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2011-2012年3 879例尿路感染患者尿培养中分离出的病原菌,采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK-2全自动细菌鉴定药敏仪和GN鉴定卡进行菌株鉴定,AST-GN16药敏卡进行药敏试验,并对产ESBLs耐药表型的菌株用双纸片法进行确证。结果 3 879份尿培养标本检出病原菌1 066株,检出率为27.5%;其中革兰阴性菌765株占71.8%,革兰阳性菌215株占20.2%,真菌86株占8.0%,检出率最高的前4位病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、屎肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和粪肠球菌,分别占51.3%、11.3%、7.6%和5.9%;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率分别为64.4%、64.2%,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南敏感率较高,>99.0%,对其余抗菌药物敏感率较低,<78.0%;肠球菌属耐药增长迅速。结论泌尿系统感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,大肠埃希菌是主要病原菌,产ESBLs菌检出率较高且呈多药耐药特征,临床上应根据药敏结果合理用药。     

成人血流感染的临床特点及病原学分析北大核心CSCD

目的分析血流感染的临床特点及病原菌分布、耐药性特点,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法对医院2006-2015年确诊为血流感染的544例病例资料进行回顾性分析.采用法国生物梅里埃公司BacT/Alert 3D全自动血培养仪对血液标本进行培养,采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK-2全自动细菌鉴定系统对细菌培养阳性标本进行菌株鉴定,药敏测定采用纸片扩散法或稀释法。结果 544例血流感染患者平均(59.6±19.9)岁,男性患者286例占52.6%;社区获得性血流感染279例占51.3%,院内获得性感染265例占48.7%,总病死率26.5%;继发血流感染最常见的原发感染部位分别为肺部、泌尿系统、肝胆系统;血培养共分离出病原菌544株,其中革兰阴性菌328株占60.3%,革兰阳性菌153株占28.1%,真菌51株占9.4%,其他菌12株占2.2%,最常见的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌85株,占全部大肠埃希菌50.9%,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌24株,占40.0%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出34株,占61.8%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出37株,占92.5%;大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星以及亚胺培南的敏感率均>90.0%;未检出耐万古霉素革兰阳性菌;利福平对葡萄球菌属较敏感,链球菌属对苯唑西林及头孢噻肟100.0%敏感。结论成人血流感染病原菌以肠杆菌科细菌为主,多药耐药菌检出率较高,定期开展医疗机构内的血流感染监测工作,对于指导抗菌药物合理应用及医院感染管理十分重要。     

成人血流感染的临床特点及病原学分析

目的分析血流感染的临床特点及病原菌分布、耐药性特点,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法对医院2006-2015年确诊为血流感染的544例病例资料进行回顾性分析.采用法国生物梅里埃公司BacT/Alert 3D全自动血培养仪对血液标本进行培养,采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK-2全自动细菌鉴定系统对细菌培养阳性标本进行菌株鉴定,药敏测定采用纸片扩散法或稀释法。结果 544例血流感染患者平均(59.6±19.9)岁,男性患者286例占52.6%;社区获得性血流感染279例占51.3%,院内获得性感染265例占48.7%,总病死率26.5%;继发血流感染最常见的原发感染部位分别为肺部、泌尿系统、肝胆系统;血培养共分离出病原菌544株,其中革兰阴性菌328株占60.3%,革兰阳性菌153株占28.1%,真菌51株占9.4%,其他菌12株占2.2%,最常见的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌85株,占全部大肠埃希菌50.9%,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌24株,占40.0%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出34株,占61.8%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出37株,占92.5%;大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星以及亚胺培南的敏感率均>90.0%;未检出耐万古霉素革兰阳性菌;利福平对葡萄球菌属较敏感,链球菌属对苯唑西林及头孢噻肟100.0%敏感。结论成人血流感染病原菌以肠杆菌科细菌为主,多药耐药菌检出率较高,定期开展医疗机构内的血流感染监测工作,对于指导抗菌药物合理应用及医院感染管理十分重要。     

下呼吸道感染主要病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的分析医院住院部患者下呼吸道标本病原菌的分布情况及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗生素提供科学依据。方法收集2010-2012年住院患者下呼吸道标本的所有病原菌,采用法国生物梅里埃ATB Expression细菌鉴定/药敏系统进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果共分离出病原菌1 020株,阳性率为29.8%;检出的病原菌中以革兰阴性菌为主,共检出906株占88.8%,排前4位分别为铜绿假单胞菌289株占28.3%、肺炎克雷伯菌239株占23.4%、鲍曼不动杆菌99株占9.7%和大肠埃希菌71株占7.0%;检出革兰阳性菌114株占11.2%,以金黄色葡萄球菌100株占9.8%为主,占分离出病原菌的第3位。肠杆菌科细菌肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南100%敏感,未检出耐药株;非发酵菌铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别占29.0%和24.2%,对多粘菌素E敏感,耐药率仅占0.0%~1.7%;革兰阴性杆菌对其他抗菌药物呈现不同程度的耐药性;金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率占41.0%,对万古霉素、替考拉宁及喹奴普汀/达福普汀敏度性为100%,未检出耐药株。结论该院下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,且呈现不同程度的耐药性,临床应关注病原菌变化及耐药性检测与控制,减少耐药株的产生。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼吸道细菌感染的临床特点研究

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者呼吸道细菌感染的临床特点,为抗感染治疗提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析2008年3月-2013年1月收治的3 057例COPD患者临床资料,其中672例合并呼吸道细菌感染,从中随机抽取103例病情稳定患者,对其进行痰培养及药敏试验,分析病原菌分布及耐药性,采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK-260全自动细菌鉴定仪鉴定菌株,K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果 3 057例COPD患者中合并呼吸道细菌感染672例,感染率22.0%;103例COPD合并呼吸道细菌感染患者临床表现为慢性咳嗽97例、咳痰83例、气短66例、胸闷54例,分别占94.17%、80.58%、64.08%、52.43%;痰液中培养出病原菌192株,其中革兰阴性杆菌134株占69.79%,革兰阳性球菌58株占30.21%,革兰阴性杆菌中铜绿假单胞菌检出最多,占50.74%,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌,分别占19.27%、11.49%,革兰阳性球菌中金黄色葡萄球菌检出最多21株,占10.94%;肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率均明显低于其他常用抗菌药物,分别为0、11.1%、0,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 COPD患者呼吸道细菌感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,其中铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌检出较多,治疗过程中对于难治感染可以选用亚胺培南和美罗培南。     

重症手足口病患儿病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的探究重症手足口病患儿病原菌分布与耐药性,达到合理用药、控制病情的治疗目的。方法随机选取2010年6月-2014年6月医院收治的319例手足口病患儿作为研究对象,其中重症手足口病患儿76例,留取重症手足口病患儿痰液进行病原菌培养,采用法国生物梅里埃公司全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统进行病原菌及其耐药性分析。结果检出病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中大肠埃希菌比例最高,占21.05%,其次是肺炎克雷伯菌17.11%;大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为93.75%,肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为100.00%,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为63.64%。结论儿童重症手足口病患儿体内病原菌分布以革兰阴性菌为主,治疗时要选用合理的抗菌药物治疗,避免盲目用药。     

小儿肺炎病原菌的分布及耐药性调查

目的 了解医院小儿肺炎的病原菌分布和耐药情况. 方法 对598例小儿肺炎患儿痰标本进行培养及药敏试验. 结果 598份标本中检出病原菌272株,分离率45.5%;其中革兰阴性杆菌201株(73.9%),以肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌为主,肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率分别为52.9%、43.8%,对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药性最低;革兰阳性球菌52株(19.1%),以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,对万古霉素和替考拉宁最敏感;真菌19株(7.0%). 结论 小儿肺炎病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,不同菌种对抗菌药物耐药性存在很大差异,及时掌握病原菌分布及药敏动态对临床合理使用抗菌药物有重要意义.     

超广谱β-内酰胺酶阳性革兰阴性杆菌在血培养中的分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解医院住院患者血培养中分离的超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性革兰阴性杆菌的分布及耐药情况.方法 2005年10月-2008年10月住院患者的血液细菌培养标本经BacT/Alert 3D血液细菌培养仪培养,分离所得菌株用法国生物梅里埃公司API系统和德灵的Microscan进行鉴定和K-B法做药敏.结果 在13 766份标本中,1468份标本培养阳性,阳性率为10.6%;其中革兰阴性杆菌734株,占50.0%,革兰阳性球菌476株,占32.4%,真菌233株,占15.9%,其他25株,占1.7%,分离率居前3位的革兰阴性杆菌是大肠埃希菌149株(20.2%)、肺炎克雷伯菌119株(16.2%)和铜绿假单胞菌85株(11.6%),ESBLs阳性的大肠埃希菌80株和肺炎克雷伯菌36株分别占大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的53.7%和30.3%,其药敏结果耐药率较高.结论 3年医院的血液感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中ESBLs阳性革兰阴性杆菌的耐药率严重,对血培养中产ESBLS的革兰阴性杆菌感染及耐药性监测,是防治医院感染的重要手段.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.