吡格列酮和拜糖平治疗2型糖尿病的疗效比较

目的:比较吡格列酮和拜糖平对2型糖尿病的临床疗效。方法:将单纯饮食控制或加用磺脲类药物治疗不满意的2型糖尿病患者80例,随机分为吡格列酮组42例和拜糖平组38例进行治疗,12周后评价两组病人空服及餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂犤总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)犦、体重指数及胰岛素分泌变化情况。结果:吡格列酮组降低空腹血糖较拜糖平组明显(P<0.05),而拜糖平组降低餐后2h血糖较吡格列酮组明显(P<0.01),两组均能降低HbA1c,两组对降低HbA1c幅度的比较差异无统计学意义;拜糖平组血总胆固醇较吡格列酮组下降,而吡格列酮组甘油三酯较拜糖平组下降,且HDL-C较拜糖平组升高(P<0.05);吡格列酮组胰岛素分泌较拜糖平组减少(P<0.05)。结论:吡格列酮降低空腹血糖优于拜糖平,而拜糖平降低餐后2h血糖优于吡格列酮,两药均能不同程度改善2型糖尿病患者脂代谢紊乱,而且吡格列酮能减轻胰岛β细胞负荷,改善胰岛β细胞功能。     

门冬胰岛素与精蛋白重组人胰岛素联合吡格列酮治疗2型糖尿病疗效比较研究

目的比较门冬胰岛素与精蛋白重组人胰岛素联合吡格列酮治疗2型糖尿病(T2DM)疗效及对患者血脂代谢和胰岛素用量的影响,为临床T2DM治疗提供一定依据。方法 78例符合纳入标准的T2DM患者随机分为对照组(n=37)和观察组(n=41)。常规治疗基础上,观察组给予门冬胰岛素联合吡格列酮治疗,对照组给予精蛋白重组人胰岛素联合吡格列酮治疗,观察比较两组患者血糖指标、胰岛素用量、住院时间、血脂水平及不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后,两组患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白A1c(HbA1c)水平均显著降低(P0.05)。观察组治疗后FPG、2hPG与HbA1c水平均显著低于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组胰岛素用量显著低于对照组患者,住院时间显著短于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者三酰甘油(TG)与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平均显著降低,观察组TG与LDL-C水平均显著低于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗过程中,观察组和对照组不良反应发生率分别为4.9%和18.9%。结论门冬胰岛素联合吡格列酮是初诊T2DM的有效治疗方案,能够显著改善患者血糖与血脂指标,且不良反应轻微,临床上值得进一步研究。     

吡格列酮联用二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的：观察毗格列酮联用二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病（T2DM）的疗效和安全性。方法：120例T2DM患者随机分为吡格列酮组（40例）、二甲双胍组（40例）及联合治疗组（40例）,观察治疗前后空腹血糖（FPG）及餐后2h血糖（2hPG）,糖化血红蛋白（HbAlC）及胰岛素（INS）的变化。结果：连续服吡格列酮3个月后其FPG、2h-PG、HbAlC及空腹胰岛素（FINS）与试验前比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,与二甲双胍组比较差异也有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,对肝肾功能等无影响。结论：吡格列酮能显著降低血糖并改善胰岛素的敏感性。     

盐酸吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能和高敏C反应蛋白的影响

目的探讨盐酸吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能和高敏C反应蛋白的影响。方法 65例2型糖尿病患者,口服给予盐酸吡格列酮15 mg,1次/d。观察治疗前后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(HBALC)、内皮细胞蛋白C受体(EPCR)、血栓调节蛋白(TM)、血管性假血友病因子(vWF)和高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平。结果患者治疗12周后,FBG2、h PG和HbA1水平明显降低(P<0.05),胰岛素抵抗指数和胰岛素敏感指数均明显改善(P<0.01)。血浆vWF、TM、EPCR和hs-CRP均明显下降(P<0.05)。结论盐酸吡格列酮能改善患者的血管内皮功能,降低高敏C反应蛋白水平。     

吡格列酮联合胰岛素强化治疗2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的观察吡格列酮加胰岛素治疗磺脲类药物继发性失效2型糖尿病的疗效和安全性。方法将60例磺脲类继发失效的2型糖尿病患者随机分为两组，单纯使用胰岛素组仅予胰岛素治疗，胰岛素＋吡格列酮组予胰岛素和吡格列酮治疗，疗程均为12周，记录患者体重、血糖控制、糖化血红蛋白、血脂的变化。结果12周后60例患者空腹血糖及餐后2h血糖，糖化血红蛋白水平均比治疗前明显降低，有显著性差异。吡格列酮＋胰岛素组胰岛素用量平均减少14．8％（P〈0．001），胰岛素治疗组平均胰岛素剂量增加剂量18．6％。结论吡格列酮与胰岛素联合使用安全可靠，可减少胰岛素用量，缩短达标时间，有利于平稳控制血糖，磺脲类药物继发性失效2型糖尿病患者选用胰岛素加吡格列酮联合治疗优于单用胰岛素治疗。     

吡格列酮和二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病疗效分析

目的评价吡格列酮联用二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的临床疗效。方法将240例2型糖尿病患者随机分为两组,治疗组采用吡格列酮联用二甲双胍治疗,对照组单用二甲双胍治疗,比较两组血糖和胰岛素等指标的变化。结果连用6个月后两组空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(P2hBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、餐后2 h胰岛素(P2hlNS)水平均明显降低,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论吡格列酮联用二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病,能够明显降低血糖水平,改善胰岛素状态。     

胰岛素加吡格列酮联合治疗磺脲类继发性失效2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的比较胰岛素加吡格列酮联合治疗和单用胰岛素治疗磺脲类继发性失效2型糖尿病患者的疗效.方法将磺脲类继发性失效2型糖尿病患者62例随机分为两组,治疗组32例,每日早餐及晚餐前皮下注射人胰岛素诺和灵50R及服吡格列酮15～30 mg;对照组30例,每日单用人胰岛素诺和灵50R于早餐及晚餐前皮下注射,12周后评价两组患者空服及餐后2小时血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胰岛素用量、体质量指数、血压、胰岛素分泌及血脂[总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)]变化情况.结果两组患者治疗后血糖均得到良好控制,但治疗组胰岛素日需求量明显低于对照组(P<0.01);治疗组血TG较对照组下降,而HDL-C较对照组升高(P<0.05);治疗组空腹及餐后2小时胰岛素分泌较对照组减少(P<0.05).结论磺脲类继发性失效2型糖尿病患者选用胰岛素加吡格列酮联合治疗优于单用胰岛素治疗.     

吡格列酮对合并代谢综合征的2型糖尿病患者血清炎症因子及胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的:观察吡格列酮对合并代谢综合征(MS)的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者炎症反应及胰岛素抵抗(IR)的影响,探讨在其干预下T2DM患者血清炎症因子与IR及MS的关系.指导噻唑烷二酮类药物的临床应用.方法:将内分泌科门诊及住院80例患者随机分为吡格列酮组与对照组,吡格列酮组患者在应用磺脲类和双胍类降糖药物的基础上,于早餐前15 min口服盐酸吡格列酮:对照组患者继续原有磺脲类和双胍类降糖药物治疗,各组分别连续服药12周,测定治疗前后患者C反应蛋白(CRP)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(PAI-1)、脂联素及其它生化指标,评价吡格列酮对患者血清炎症因子及胰岛素抵抗的影响.结果:吡格列酮组患者治疗12周后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2hPG)、糖红血红蛋白(HbAlc)、空腹胰岛素(Flns)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)较治疗前均有下降:(P<0.05或P<0.01).对照组治疗前后各指标变化不明显.吡格列酮组治疗12周后PAI-1、CRP下降(P<0.05),脂联素变化不明显(P>0.05);对照组治疗前后各项指标均无明显变化(P>0.05).治疗后吡格列酮组与对照组比较,PAI-1、CRP差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),脂联素差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:吡咯列酮与其他口服降糖药联合治疗不仅能显著降低血糖,同时通过调节炎症因子进一步稳定血管内皮功能,防止β细胞功能衰退及改善胰岛素抵抗.     

利格列汀对二甲双胍联合吡格列酮控制不佳的2型糖尿病治疗效果

目的观察利格列汀联合吡格列酮及二甲双胍对2型糖尿病的临床疗效。方法选择32例服用二甲双胍(500mg/次、3次/d)和吡格列酮(30mg/次、1次/d)6周后病情控制不佳的患者,并随机分成两组,每组16例,观察组加给利格列汀(5mg/次、1次/d),对照组则加给安慰剂,持续12周后检测相关指标。结果利格列汀联合二甲双胍及吡格列酮对空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、餐后2h血糖及体质量指数(BMI)均显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论利格列汀联合二甲双胍及吡格列酮在血糖控制,体质量减少方面均优于二甲双胍联合吡格列酮。     

吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白的影响

目的探讨吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)的影响。方法 90例2型糖尿病患者分为观察组和对照组各45例。观察组在糖尿病常规治疗的基础上加用吡格列酮,对照组则采用糖尿病常规治疗。比较2组患者FBG、2 h PG的临床疗效,比较2组不良反应发生比例,比较2组治疗前后FBG、2 h PG、Hb A1c以及脂联素、血清炎症因子的变化。结果观察组患者FBG、2 h PG的治疗有效率显著高于对照组患者(P0.05);2组不良反应的患者例数无显著差异(P0.05);治疗后,2组FBG、2 h PG、Hb A1c均显著低于治疗前,且观察组患者的FBG、2 h PG、Hb A1c下降幅度显著大于对照组(P0.05);2组治疗后脂联素水平较治疗前显著增加,TNF-α、IL-6等血清炎症因子的指标显著低于治疗前,观察组患者的脂联素升高幅度以及血清炎症因子指标下降幅度显著大于对照组(P0.05)。结论吡格列酮治疗2型糖尿病疗效显著,可以降低血清炎症因子、FBG、2 h PG、Hb A1c指标。     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.