输精管结扎后小鼠睾丸热休克蛋白表达

目的 :探讨热休克蛋白 70 ( HSP70 )在输精管结扎术前后小鼠睾丸中的表达。方法 :60只昆明小鼠行双侧输精管结扎术 ,并设 3 0只假手术小鼠为对照组。分别于术后 1、2、3个月观察。睾丸组织行常规制片后进行免疫组化染色检测 HSP70的表达 ,小鼠血清采用精子凝集和精子制动试验进行抗精子抗体检测。结果 :在结扎组及对照组睾丸生精细胞中均有 HSP70表达。对照组与结扎术后 2个月组 HSP70表达水平均较低 ,两者之间无显著差异 ;结扎术后 2个月组及 3个月组与对照组及结扎术后 1个月组相比 ,HSP70表达水平显著上升 ( P<0 .0 1 )。结论 :输精管结扎术后一段时间内 ,睾丸的生精过程经历从抑制到恢复正常的变化。这一变化可能与 HSP70相关。     

热休克蛋白70-2基因沉默对大鼠精子附睾成熟的影响

目的 观察热休克蛋白(HSP)70-2基因沉默对大鼠附睾中精子成熟的影响.方法 构建HSP70-2特异的短发夹RNA(shRNA)质粒载体,注入大鼠附睾中,1周后处死大鼠,无菌切取附睾,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法 检测附睾中HSP70-2 mRNA表达,Western blot观察HSP70-2蛋白表达,应用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色检测附睾管内精子密度.结果 空白对照组HSP70-2蛋白表达量为1.31±0.10,附睾管内成熟精子密度为(63.46±14.43)%.基因沉默组HSP70-2蛋白表达量为0.93±0.13,附睾管内成熟精子密度为(31.51±10.67)%,与对照组比较均显著减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 HSP70-2基因沉默影响附睾中精子成熟.     

血管内皮生长因子和其受体Flt-1在青春期大鼠睾丸、附睾及附睾内精子上的表达研究

目的:通过对血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体Flt-1在大鼠睾丸、附睾及附睾内精子上表达的研究,探讨其在雄性生殖系统中的作用。方法:免疫组化SP法和免疫荧光法检测20只青春期SD大鼠睾丸、附睾及精子上VEGF和Flt-1蛋白的表达情况。结果:VEGF和Flt-1在大鼠睾丸和附睾组织及精子上均有特征性表达。睾丸内VEGF蛋白表达于生精细胞、精子细胞发育中的顶体、Sertoli和Leydig细胞胞质内;Flt-1只见于精子细胞发育中的顶体及Leydig细胞胞质中。附睾中VEGF表达于各段上皮主细胞胞质内,而Flt-1表达于头、尾段上皮主细胞胞质内,体部免疫染色阴性;两者在附睾上皮亮细胞、晕细胞和基细胞中均为阴性表达。免疫荧光染色显示,VEGF和Flt-1共同定位于附睾内精子头部的顶体,尾部的颈、中和主段。结论:VEGF和Flt-1蛋白在大鼠睾丸、附睾及精子中的特异性表达提示,他们可由不同生精上皮细胞、间质细胞和附睾主细胞产生,可能以自分泌或旁分泌的形式单独或共同作用于睾丸和附睾的生殖细胞或Leydig细胞,直接或间接地影响精子的发生、发育和成熟过程,并与精子的活动和受精能力有关。     

KIFC1在精子顶体形成过程中的时空表达特征及其功能研究

目的:探讨C末端驱动蛋白1(KIFC1)在精子顶体形成过程中的时空表达特征及其功能。方法:利用流式分选及免疫荧光技术,分析KIFC1在精子顶体形成过程中的表达和定位。运用体外GC2-spd细胞系筛选出具有高干扰效率的KIFC1的小干扰RNA(RNAi1),将混有0.5%台盼蓝的KIFC1 RNAi1,显微注射至3周龄Balb/c小鼠的睾丸生精小管内,同一只对侧睾丸注射阴性Con-RNAi;在注射后3周后,取附睾尾部精子进行形态学分析。结果:精子变形早期,KIFC1蛋白主要表达于精子细胞的细胞质中;变形中期,KIFC1蛋白表达于顶体泡及顶体;变形晚期,KIFC1蛋白主要表达于残余体内;成熟期,KIFC1蛋白在精子表达消失。RNAi1组的精子头部畸形率明显高于对照[(32.12±0.25)%vs(7.06±1.25)%,P0.01]。结论:KIFC1在精子顶体形成过程中可能发挥重要作用,主要影响精子顶体的形成。     

淫羊藿苷对酒精致雄性小鼠生殖损伤的影响

目的探讨淫羊藿苷对酒精致雄性小鼠生殖损伤的保护作用,为临床治疗酒精致男性不育提供理论依据。方法成年雄性小鼠随机分为正常组(蒸馏水)、模型组(酒精组)和给药组(酒精+淫羊藿苷组),灌胃5周后处死并制备附睾精子悬液,分别测定精子密度、精子活动率、存活率、精子畸形率;JC-1染色法检测线粒体膜电位改变;制备睾丸组织切片,观察睾丸组织病理改变。结果模型组小鼠精子密度、精子活动率和存活率明显低于正常组,精子畸形率明显增加;给药组精子密度、精子活动率和存活率较模型组明显升高,精子畸形率明显降低。线粒体膜电位分析,模型组去极化细胞(凋亡细胞)比例明显高于正常组;给药组去极化细胞(凋亡细胞)比例低于模型组。睾丸组织切片观察发现,与正常组比较,模型组生精细胞层数减少,结构紊乱稀疏;给药组生精小管结构明显改善。结论淫羊藿苷对酒精致雄性小鼠生殖损伤有一定保护作用。     

大鼠精子发生过程中热休克蛋白70-2特异表达的研究

目的运用蛋白质组学方法,寻找大鼠精子发生相关蛋白质,找到目标蛋白质后,进一步用免疫组织化学方法做定位研究。方法用重力沉降法(STAPUT法)从9 d龄雄性大鼠睾丸中分离出A型精原细胞,从成年的雄性大鼠睾丸中分离出粗线期精母细胞、圆形精子细胞。分别提取这3种细胞的总蛋白质,进行双向电泳。对所得双向电泳凝胶扫描,分析并找出差异蛋白质。对挑选出的差异蛋白质做质谱分析,发现在这3种不同细胞的表达上有明显差异的蛋白。进一步做睾丸免疫组织化学组织定位、定量研究。结果双向电泳结果显示,HSP70-2在粗线期精母细胞、圆形精子细胞中表达量较高, 在A型精原细胞则表达量极少。HSP70—2在粗线期精母细胞中表达量最大。用HSP70—2抗体对大鼠睾丸组织切片行免疫组织化学研究,发现粗线期精母细胞、Sertoli细胞、Leydig细胞有阳性颗粒反应。HSP70—2主要表达于细胞质。结论 HSP70—2在精子发生过程中有明显的差异表达,推测其对精子发生起重要调节作用。     

自身免疫性睾丸炎对精子特异性酶和生育功能的影响

目的 :研究自身免疫性睾丸炎对精子特异性酶和生育功能的影响。　方法 :复制豚鼠实验性变态反应性睾丸炎 (EAO)模型 ,采用酶动力学分光光度法和明胶固定底物薄膜法 ,观察EAO状态下精子顶体蛋白酶、透明质酸酶、精子胞质乳酸脱氢酶、附睾尾部精子和睾丸组织形态的变化。　结果 :EAO造成附睾精子顶体酶系中顶体蛋白酶、透明质酸酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性下降、附睾尾部精子质量下降、睾丸生精细胞发生退行性病变。　结论 :EAO明显影响雄性豚鼠生育力 ,睾丸生精细胞和附睾精子可能是主要作用环节。     

纳米二氧化钛对雄性小鼠生殖系统的影响

目的:研究纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)对雄性小鼠的在体作用,主要观察其对雄性小鼠生殖系统的影响。方法:45只6周龄的雄性ICR小鼠随机均分3组,实验组隔日腹腔注射纳米TiO2(200mg/kg或500mg/kg),对照组注射等体积生理盐水,共给药5次。停药1周后,测量心脏、肝、肾、脾、睾丸和附睾的脏器系数,血清生化指标、睾酮和雌二醇水平;显微镜下观察附睾精子数量、活率、畸形率和睾丸内精子计数;主要脏器作病理切片和HE染色,TUNEL法检测睾丸生殖细胞凋亡。结果:与对照组相比,给药200mg/kg纳米TiO2组上述指标均无明显改变(P>0.05);给药500mg/kg组小鼠的心、肝和肾质量系数显著降低(P<0.05);丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶/天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT/AST)、尿素氮(BUN)均显著升高(P均<0.05);附睾精子数、精子活率以及睾丸内精子计数均显著降低,精子畸形率增高,睾丸生殖细胞凋亡明显增多(P均<0.05)。肝、肾、脾、睾丸和附睾的病理切片观察未见明显改变。结论:小剂量的纳米TiO2对雄性小鼠无明显影响,较大剂量的纳米TiO2对雄性小鼠肝、肾功能有轻度影响,对小鼠精子生成和精子功能有明显影响,并诱导睾丸生殖细胞凋亡。     

Ccdc70基因在小鼠睾丸精子发生过程中的表达特征

目的:探讨Ccdc70(Coiled-coil domain containing 70)基因在小鼠睾丸中的表达特征并分析其在生精过程中的潜在功能。方法:经表达谱芯片筛选出小鼠睾丸特异性基因Ccdc70,通过RT-PCR、real-time PCR、Western印迹及免疫组化检测Ccdc70基因在成年小鼠睾丸中表达特征,并对该蛋白做相关的生物信息学分析。结果:RT-PCR、real-time PCR和Western印迹结果表明Ccdc70基因在小鼠睾丸中高表达,在附睾中低表达;免疫组化结果表明Ccdc70蛋白在睾丸中主要表达于小鼠精母细胞和圆形精子胞质,在附睾中主要表达在附睾管上皮细胞。生物信息学分析显示该蛋白存在一个CCDC结构域,并在哺乳动物进化过程中高度保守。结论:Ccdc70为小鼠睾丸高表达基因,且主要表达于精母细胞、圆形精子及附睾管上皮细胞,提示其可能参与调控小鼠精子发生过程及附睾精子的进一步成熟。     

pH2AX蛋白在单次热应激致小鼠睾丸生殖功能可逆性中的表达变化

目的:探讨pH2AX在单次热应激致小鼠睾丸生殖功能可逆性中的表达变化。方法:C57雄性小鼠24只,随机按1、7、14 d分为对照组(n=6)和热应激组(n=6)。热应激组和对照组小鼠下腹部分别置于43℃和25℃水浴中干预15 min,于处理后1、7、14 d取睾丸组织。TUNEL检测睾丸细胞凋亡情况,免疫组化染色检测pH2AX蛋白定位及表达,Western印迹检测pH2AX蛋白表达水平。结果:TUNEL结果显示,在热应激后的第1天生精小管中的凋亡细胞数量最多,第7、14天细胞凋亡基本消失。免疫组化显示,pH2AX蛋白在睾丸生精小管基底膜处细胞核表达。Western印迹检测显示,与对照组相比,热应激后的第1天,pH2AX蛋白表达明显增加(0.47±0.02 vs 1.61±0.04,P0.01);第7天(0.85±0.03)与热应激处理第1天相比pH2AX蛋白表达显著减少(P0.01);第14天(1.72±0.02)与热应激处理第1、7天及对照组相比pH2AX蛋白表达显著增加(P均0.01)。结论:小鼠睾丸热应激处理后pH2AX蛋白表达量在睾丸中出现动态变化,这种变化与热应激后睾丸生精细胞的增殖分裂相关。     

Differential expression and regulation of integral membrane protein 2b in rat male reproductive tissues

Aim： To examine the expression and regulation of integral membrane protein 2b （Itm2b） in rat male reproductive tissues during sexual maturation and under different treatments by in situ hybridization. Methods： Testis, epididymis, and vas deferens were collected on days 1-70 to examine Itm2b expression during sexual maturation. To further examine the regulation of Itm2b, adult rats underwent surgical castration and cryptorchidism. Ethylene dimethane sulfonate and busulfan treatments were carried out to test the regulation of Itm2b after destruction of Leydig cells and germ cells. Results： In testis, Itm2b expression was moderately detected in the adluminal area of seminiferous cords on days 1-10, and detected at a low level in the spermatogonia on days 20 and 30. The Itm2b level was markedly increased in Leydig cells from day 20 to day 70. In epididymis and vas deferens, Itm2b was detected from neonate to adults, and the signal gradually increased in accordance with sexual maturation. Itm2b expression was significantly downregulated in epididymis and vas deferens of castrated rats, and strongly stimulated when castrated rats were treated with testosterone. Cryptorchidism led to a significant decline of Itm2b expression in testis and caput epididymis. Itm2b expression in epididymis and vas deferens was significantly decreased after the Leydig ceils were destroyed by ethylene dimethane sulfonate. Busulfan treatment produced no obvious change in Itm2b expression in epididymis or vas deferens. Conelusion： Our data suggested that Itm2b expression is upregulated by testosterone and might play a role in rat male reproduction.     

5α-还原酶I型同功酶基因在人睾丸、附睾和输精管组织中的表达

我们对人５α－还原酶Ｉ型同功酶基因在正常人睾丸、附睾及输精管组织细胞内的定位表达进行了初步的研究。采用非同位素地高辛标记ｃＲＮＡ探针对人睾丸、附睾和输精管组织冰冻切片进行原位杂交。结果：人睾丸Ｓｅｒｔｏｌｉ和Ｌｅｙｄｉｇ细胞胞浆、附睾和输精管上皮的主细胞及假复层柱状上皮细胞的胞浆中均有较强的杂交信号；细胞核中未见杂交信号；睾丸生精细胞及基底膜、附睾和输精管上皮的基底膜、间质和肌层也未见杂交信号。证明人与灵长类和大鼠的５α－还原酶基因表达及其分布基本一致。本结果对深入研究５α－还原酶及其产物在人类生殖中的作用具重要意义。     

壬基酚和镉离子在体外对小鼠精子顶体反应的影响

目的:研究壬基酚和镉离子在体外对小鼠精子顶体反应(AR)的影响。方法:从小鼠的输精管获得精子,体外培养使精子获能,加30μmol/L的A23187诱导精子顶体反应,然后使用不同浓度的壬基酚(10、20、30、60、100μmol/L),或者镉离子(500、2500、5000μmol/L)处理,对照组使用相应的载体溶剂处理。用FITC-PSA荧光染色法分析精子顶体反应。结果:当壬基酚浓度<30μmol/L时,小鼠精子顶体反应率与对照组比较没有显著差异(P>0.05),而当壬基酚浓度>60μmol/L时能够显著地抑制小鼠精子顶体反应发生率(P<0.01),并且观察到精子存活率随着壬基酚浓度增加而降低。与壬基酚作用不同,用镉离子对小鼠精子进行处理,在所选浓度内(500~5 000μmol/L)均对精子顶体反应无显著影响(P>0.05),且精子存活率与镉离子浓度变化无关。结论:壬基酚与镉离子对小鼠精子发生的作用是通过不同的途径来实现的,前者可以直接抑制顶体反应,而后者则与精子顶体反应无关。     

NADPH-diaphorase in glandular cells and nerves and its relation to acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves in the male reproductive tract of man and guinea-pig

The presence of NADPH-diaphorase activity and acetylcholinesterase in the testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, pelvic plexus, prostate and urethra of man and guinea-pig was investigated with the nitro blue NADPH technique and the thiocholine method, respectively. In human material NADPH-diaphorase activity was found in the Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and the epithelial linings of the rete testis, the excretory ducts, seminal vesicle, prostate and urethra. The guinea-pig material showed staining of the Leydig cells and spermatozoa and similar epithelial staining of the tract as man. Nerves beneath the epithelium and in the muscle layers of cauda epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate and urethra were also stained. NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve cells were seen in the pelvic plexus. Some cells also displayed acetylcholinesterase activity but others showed activity for only one of the enzymes or no activity for either enzyme. In the cauda epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate and urethra acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibres formed a plexus beneath the secretory cells. It is concluded that NADPH-diaphorase, generally accepted as a nitric oxide synthase, is present in glandular cells of the male genital tract. The enzyme is also present in nerves, where it is partly co-localized with acetylcholinesterase. Received: 15 January 1997 / Accepted: 18 September 1997     

Immunolocalisation of ghrelin and obestatin in human testis,seminal vesicles,prostate and spermatozoa

The role of ghrelin and obestatin in male reproduction has not completely been clarified. We explored ghrelin and obestatin localisation in the male reproductive system. Polyclonal antibodies anti‐ghrelin and anti‐obestatin were used to detect the expression of these hormones in human testis, prostate and seminal vesicles by immunocytochemistry, while in ejaculated and swim up selected spermatozoa by immunofluorescence. Sertoli cells were positive for both peptides and Leydig cells for ghrelin; germ cells were negative for both hormones. Mild signals for ghrelin and obestatin were observed in rete testis; efferent ductules were the most immune reactive region for both peptides. Epididymis was moderately positive for ghrelin; vas deferens and seminal vesicles showed intense obestatin and moderate ghrelin labelling; prostate tissue expressed obestatin alone. Ejaculated and selected spermatozoa were positive for both peptides in different head and tail regions. This study confirms ghrelin localisation in Leydig and Sertoli cells; the finding that ghrelin is expressed in rete testis, epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles is novel, as well as the localisation of obestatin in almost all tracts of the male reproductive system. This research could offer insights for stimulating other studies, particularly on the role of obestatin in sperm physiology, which is still obscure.     

一氧化氮对精子的调节作用及影响

一氧化氮 (NO)是一种不稳定的小分子有害气体 ,又是一种生物活性物质 ,参与了多种疾病的病理生理过程。NO在体内由L 精氨酸在一氧化氮合酶的作用下生成。它分布于睾丸、附睾及输精管等组织中 ,也分布于精子的顶体和尾部 ,对生精过程 ,精子活力、活率 ,受精能力以及精子脂质过氧化反应等具有重要的影响和双向调节作用。低浓度NO有益于增加精子活力、活率 ,降低精子脂质过氧化反应 ,提高精子的受精能力 ;高浓度NO对精子具有损伤作用 ,使精子活力、活率下降 ,脂质过氧化反应加强。本文简要介绍了NO在体内的产生机制 ,并着重概述了NO对精子的调节作用及影响。     

Heat-induced changes in the expression and localisation of PGC-1α in the mice testis

The functions of mammalian testis are temperature-sensitive. There are various testicular factors, which express in response to heat as a mechanism of defence. PGC-1α and HSP70 have poetical role in the protection from oxidative stress in various tissues, including testis. The expression of PGC-1α and HSP70 has been shown in the testis, and it has also been documented that heat modulates the expression of PGC-1α and HSP70. However, heat-dependent changes in the localisation and expression of PGC-1α have not been investigated so far. Thus, we studied the expression and localisation pattern of PGC-1α in the testis of heat-treated mice along with marker of proliferation (PCNA, GCNA), serum testosterone levels, MDA levels and HSP70. The results showed a significant increase in PGC-1α and HSP70 and MDA levels in the testis of heat-treated mice along with a decrease in PCNA, GCNA and serum testosterone levels. The immunolocalisation study showed intense immunostaining of PGC-1α in the Leydig cell and germ cells of the heat-treated testis, with pronounced damaged in the histoarchitecture. The results showed that increase expression of PGC-1α in germ cells and Leydig cells of testis could be a counter mechanism to cope up with oxidative stress in coordination with HSP70.     

Intra-abdominal testis with loop-like epididymis and intra-canalicular vas and vessels

A case of intra-abdominal testis with loop-like epididymis and intra-canalicular vas and vessels is presented. A 3-year-old male with left impalpable testis since birth was admitted to our department. Physical examination and ultrasonography were inconclusive. Laparoscopy revealed a small left abdominal testis with surrounding adhesions close to the left-obliterated umbilical artery. The vas deferens and spermatic vessels were entering into the internal inguinal ring. The processus vaginalis was patent. At inguinal exploration the testis was atrophic and the epididymis was loop-like, joining the vas deferens in the inguinal canal. The spermatic vessels continued to the atrophic testis in a loop-like manner. The testis, epididymis and the vas deferens were removed. Histopathological examination of the testis revealed Sertoli cells only. If inguinal exploration had been performed without laparoscopy, the presence of the vas deferens and spermatic vessels in the inguinal canal with the absence of the testis could have been misdiagnosed as vanishing testis. Abdominal testis would thus have been missed, with increased risk of complications, particularly malignancy.     

Analysis of spermatozoa from the proximal vas deferens of fertile men

Fluids from the left and right proximal vas deferens were collected from 105 normal fertile men by cannulating the vas deferens during vasectomy, and sperm parameters analysed. Sperm motility (73.1 k 13.3Y0), normal sperm morphology (75.2 k 11.1"/o), sperm viability (72.7 k 18.8%) and the hypo-osmotic swelling test (73.3 k 19.2%) were in the normal range, compared with that of ejaculated spermatozoa. However, sperm Concentration in the proximal vas deferens (6274.6 k 5103.8 × 10" ml^-' was higher than that in semen. Sperm concentration in the right vas deferens was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in the left and the percentage of spermatozoa showing abnormal cervical mucus penetration was Significantly higher (47%) for the left than for the right (18%). There were no anti-sperm antibodies on the surface of spermatozoa from the vas deferens as determined by the sperm cervical mucus contact test and immuno bead test. These parameters of spermatozoa from the proximal vas may reflect those of spermatozoa from the human cauda epididymis.     

睾丸附属结构的形态和组织病理学分析

目的:统计睾丸各附属结构的发生率,观察其形态,分析其组织病理学来源。方法:2009年5月至2013年7月行阴囊手术的患者54例,其中儿童15例,成人39例,共计67个睾丸术中被探查,统计睾丸附属结构的检出率,并切除送病理学检查,明确其组织来源。结果:睾丸附件检出率80.6%(54/67),附睾附件检出率23.9%(16/67),旁睾检出率1.5%(1/67),上迷管检出率3.0%(2/67),下迷管检出率1.5%(1/67)。儿童睾丸附属结构检出率高于成人(93.3%vs 80.8%),但无统计学意义(χ2=1.339,P0.05),儿童睾丸附件和附睾附件带蒂率显著高于成人(82.4%vs 54.7%,χ2=4.149,P0.05)。睾丸附件病理检查为副中肾管源性,附睾附件、旁睾和上下迷管均为中肾管源性。结论:睾丸附属结构包括睾丸附件、附睾附件、旁睾、上迷管和下迷管5种胚胎残基,其中睾丸附件是副中肾管残基,其余4种为中肾管残基。这些附属结构的临床意义在于它们的扭转倾向。