HPLC法测定氨酚曲马多片有关物质方法的建立

摘要：目的:建立HPLC法测定氨酚曲马多片中的有关物质。方法:色谱柱：Agilent ZORBAX SB Phenyl（250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm）;流动相：四氢呋喃-水-三氟乙酸-三乙胺（5∶95∶0.1∶0.1）（pH2.2～2.4）;流速：1.0 ml·min-1;柱温：50℃;检测波长：216 nm;进样体积：30μl。测定6个厂家共16批样品的有关物质含量。结果:在该色谱条件下,两主成分峰及其相应的杂质峰均能有效分离,辅料不干扰有关物质的测定;曲马多和两个已知杂质O-去甲曲马多和顺式曲马多（曲马多杂质A）分别在0.078～15.58（r=1.000 0）,0.077～15.25（r=0.999 9）,0.077～15.35μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）的范围内线性关系良好;定量限分别为0.16,0.10,0.13μg·ml-1;检测限分别为0.047,0.029,0.038μg·ml-1。结论:建立的方法专属性强,准确度高,重复性好,优于现行标准方法,能较好的区分不同企业氨酚曲马多片的质量,可用于氨酚曲马多片有关物质的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定奥美拉唑碳酸氢钠氢氧化镁片溶出度

目的:建立奥美拉唑碳酸氢钠氢氧化镁片溶出度测定方法.方法:以水为溶出介质,采用高效液相色谱法测定奥美拉唑碳酸氢钠氢氧化镁片的溶出度.结果:奥美拉唑线性方程为A =5.45×105C -7.58×104 (r =0.999 9)线性范围:4.0～40.0μg·ml-1.平均回收率为99.86％;RSD为0.42％.结论:本法可用于奥美拉唑碳酸氢钠氢氧化镁片溶出度测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定酚氨咖敏胶囊的溶出度

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定酚氨咖敏胶囊中4种组分的溶出度。方法采用Waters XTerra C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇为流动相A,0.02 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾溶液-三乙胺(100∶0.02)为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),柱温30℃,检测波长215 nm。采用篮法,100 r·min~(-1),测定不同溶出介质中酚氨咖敏胶囊的溶出度。结果酚氨咖敏胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏的分离度符合要求;线性范围分别为74.98～1199.76μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)、50.35～805.59μg·m L~(-1)(r=1.0000)、15.12～241.92μg·m L~(-1)(r=1.0000)和1.02～16.36μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999);平均回收率(n=6)分别为99.8%、99.5%、99.6%和99.1%。样品均一性好,在60 min时4个组分溶出度均> 85%。结论本方法简便、快速、准确,适用于酚氨咖敏胶囊的溶出度测定。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定银杏叶分散片中萜类内酯的溶出度

目的:建立测定银杏叶分散片中萜类内酯的溶出度测定方法。方法:用HPLC-ELSD法测定溶出液中萜类内酯的含量,用Hypersil ODS C18柱(200 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),正丙醇-四氢呋喃-水(1:15:84)为流动相,流速1．0 ml·min-1,用ELSD检测,溶出度测定方法用《中国药典》2005年版二部附录XC第三法,以0．1 mol·L-1盐酸溶液为溶剂。结果:白果内酯、银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B及银杏内酯C的线性范围分别为0．92-3．66,0．51-2．04,0．52-2．08μg和0．45-1．78μg,平均回收率分别为100．1％(RSD 0．7％),97．7％(RSD为1．1％),97．6％(RSD为1．1％),101．0％(RSD0．9％)。3批样品溶出度(限度)分别为97％,96％和98％％。结论:该方法简便、重复性好,可作为银杏分散片中萜类内酯的溶出度的测定。     

氨酚麻美干混悬剂溶出度测定法的建立

摘要：目的:建立氨酚麻美干混悬剂溶出度的测定方法。方法:采用浆法,以pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液1 000 ml为溶出介质,转速为50 r·min-1,采用HPLC法测定氨酚麻美干混悬剂的溶出度。结果:对乙酰氨基酚,盐酸伪麻黄碱,氢溴酸右美沙芬分别在32～192μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）,3.75～22.50μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）,1.25～12.50μg·ml-1（r=0.999 8）范围内线性关系良好。平均回收率分别为100.2%,101.3%,99.6%,RSD分别为1.05%,0.96%,1.12%（n=9）。结论:建立的方法准确、简便,可用于氨酚麻美干混悬剂溶出度的测定。     

HPLC法测定氨酚伪麻片Ⅱ的溶出度

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定氨酚伪麻片Ⅱ的溶出度试验方法。方法色谱柱为SymmertryC18柱（3．9mm×150mm,5μm）;流动相为甲醇-0．75％醋酸溶液（20：80）;检测波长W为254nm。结果对乙酰氨基酚在8-80μm/mL范围内线性关系较好,r=0．9999,回收率为98．92％,RSD为1．20％。结论本方法简便、快速、准确、重复性好,可作为氨酚伪麻片Ⅱ的溶出度的检测方法。     

复方阿莫西林干混悬剂溶出度的测定

目的：建立复方阿莫西林干混悬剂溶出度测定方法.方法：以乙酸铵缓冲液为溶出介质,采用紫外分光光度法测定复方阿莫西林干混悬剂的溶出度.结果：阿莫西林和盐酸氨溴索的线性范围分别为65～260 μg·ml-1（r =0.999 1）和4.25～29.75 μg·ml-1（r=0.9992）,回收率分别为99.31％和98.43％,RSD分别为0.48％和1.08％（n=9）.结论：该方法简单易行,可用于复方阿莫西林干混悬剂的溶出度测定.     

HPLC法测定复方异丙安替比林片中异丙安替比林和氯唑沙宗的含量

目的:建立复方异丙安替比林片含量测定的HPLC方法。方法:色谱柱为Zorbax SB-C18(4．6×150 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水-冰醋酸(68:32:1．0),检测波长为280 nm,流速为1．0 ml·min-1。结果:异丙安替比林和氯唑沙宗线性范围分别为5．4-27．1μg·ml-1(r=0．999 8),5．3-26．7μg·ml-1(r=0．999 8),检测限分别为0．20 ng和0．22 ng,平均回收率分别为99．6％,RSD0．4％和99．9％RSD0．6％(n=9)。结论:该方法简便、结果准确,可同时测定复方制剂中2种成分。     

复方酚苄明片中酚苄明溶出度测定方法的建立

目的：建立复方酚苄明片的溶出度测定方法.方法：采用《中国药典》2010年版二部附录溶出度第一法,溶出介质为0.1 mol·L-1盐酸溶液900ml,采用Hypersil BDS C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,乙腈-0.7％磷酸水溶液（含0.5％三乙胺）（45∶ 55）为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为267 nm.结果：酚苄明在5～60 μg·ml-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r =0.999 9）,平均回收率99.8％（RSD =0.9％,n=9）.结论：该方法快速简便,准确,可用于复方酚苄明片中酚苄明溶出度的测定.     

复方北豆根氨酚那敏片溶出度测定考察

摘要：目的:建立复方北豆根氨酚那敏片溶出度的测定方法,并对不同厂家的产品进行溶出度考察。方法:采用桨法,以水1 000 ml为溶出介质,转速100 r·min-1,取样时间60 min; HPLC法同时测定对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的溶出量,色谱柱为Thermo C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相A为0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-三乙胺（70∶0.05）（用磷酸调节p H至4.0）,流动相B为甲醇,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为273 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为20μl。结果:对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因的浓度线性范围分别为60.48～604.80μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）、3.12～31.20μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）;平均回收率分别为99.8%,99.6%,RSD分别为0.56%,0.53%（n=9）;不同企业的样品在60 min时对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因的溶出量均达75%以上。结论:所建立的方法准确可靠,可用于复方北豆根氨酚那敏片对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的溶出度测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.