腹腔镜超声检查在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）中，术者常需要了解胆总管有无结石，肝外胆管及胆囊管的解剖变异及相互关系如何；手术是否已造成严重的胆道损伤等。以往人们为了解这些信息，一般都借助腹腔镜术中胆道造影（ＩＯＣＧ）。近年来一些作者采用了腹腔镜术中超声检查（ＬＵＳ）来...     

电视腹腔镜总胆管手术的设计与实施

目的探索拓宽电视腹腔镜外科技术在胆道外科的应用范围。方法设计并实施了电视腹腔镜胆总管切开取石Ｔ管引流术（ＬＣＴＤ）４５例以及电视腹腔镜胆总管空肠吻合术（ＬＣＪＳ）５例，并探讨了手术适应证、操作方法与要点。结果ＬＣＴＤ４５例，均获成功，发生胆漏１例，胆总管残余结石１例，均痊愈出院。ＬＣＪＳ５例，均获成功，无手术并发症，痊愈出院。结论电视腹腔镜胆道术符合胆道外科治疗的原则，简便易行，创伤轻，痛苦小，恢复快，疗效好，值得推广应用。     

逆行胰胆管造影,乳头括约肌切开配合腹腔镜胆囊切除术治…

为治疗伴有或可疑伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石病人，在对胆囊结石病人行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）时，对ＬＣ术前可疑伴有胆总管继发性结石的１４２例病人（术前组）和ＬＣ术后可疑胆总管残留结石的３９例病人（术后组）选择性地行逆行性胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）检查和乳头括约肌切开术（ＥＳＴ）治疗。结果：术前组ＥＲＣＰ发现胆总管继发结石６５例，ＥＳＴ清除结石６０例，清除率９１．５％；术后组ＥＲＣＰ发现胆总管残留结石６例，     

经腹腔镜胆囊切除术1650例的经验

本文报告我院为各种类型的胆囊良性疾病患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）１６５０例，中转手术３２例，发生各种并发症３１例，其中肝外胆管损伤４例，术后需剖腹止血３例，胆囊管残端瘘１例。治愈１６４９例，死亡１例。重点讨论ＬＣ手术的并发症与学习曲线，中转开腹手术指征，强调ＬＣ术中正确辩论胆囊壶腹与胆囊管交界部在预防肝外胆管损伤中的作用和地位。     

逆行胰胆管造影、乳头括约肌切开配合腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆石症

为治疗伴有或可疑伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石病人，在对胆囊结石病人行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）时，对ＬＣ术前可疑伴有胆总管继发性结石的１４２例病人（术前组）和ＬＣ术后可疑胆总管残留结石的３９例病人（术后组）选择性地行逆行性胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）检查和乳头括约肌切开术（ＥＳＴ）治疗。结果：术前组ＥＲＣＰ发现胆总管继发结石６５例，ＥＳＴ清除结石６０例，清除率９１．５％；术后组ＥＲＣＰ发现胆总管残留结石６例，ＥＳＴ清除结石５例。结果提示ＥＲＣＰ、ＥＳＴ配合ＬＣ治疗伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石病人是一种安全有效的好方法，明显减少了ＬＣ的并发症和胆总管结石开腹手术的比例。     

腹腔镜下胆道造影术

为探讨腹腔镜下胆道造影的方法和价值，对６００例胆囊结石并慢性或急性胆囊炎（其中４例伴阻塞性黄疸，６例为胆源性胰腺炎）病人行无选择性腹腔镜胆囊切除和常规术中经胆囊管插管胆道造影术。５６８例（９４．７％）完成了术中胆道造影。术中造影发现胆总管病变４２例，其中３２例为术前未曾检查出的胆管异常。全组共发生胆管损伤３例（０．５％）。表明腹腔镜下经胆囊管插管胆道造影成功率高，术中胆道造影具提高手术质量和防止或减少胆管损伤的作用。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中吲哚菁绿胆道造影精准识别胆总管的应用

目的胆总管损伤是腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中的常见并发症。采用吲哚菁绿（ICG）术中显影的方法精准识别胆总管,以期降低腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆总管损伤的发生率。方法纳入珠海市人民医院2021年4月—6月行LC患者68例,其中行常规LC患者56例,ICG胆道造影引导下LC患者12例。常规LC组患者用腹腔镜白光、ICG胆道造影组用近红外光检查胆总管、胆囊管和胆囊。采用倾向评分匹配法对两组术前数据进行平衡。采用t检验和χ²检验比较两组术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院时间及胆总管损伤发生率。结果胆道造影组术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院时间及并发症发生率分别为（3.1±0.9）mL,（20.2±1.6）min,（1.2±0.3）d和0;明显低于常规组的（10.8±2.3）mL,（48.3±5.1）min,（2.3±0.8）d和8.3%（t值分别为-22.709、-19.856、-19.507,χ²=1.287,P值均<0.05）。结论 ICG胆道造影是LC术中鉴别胆总管和胆囊管的有效方法,可有效预防胆总管的损伤。该方法胆道辨识度更高、起效时间长、可重复使...     

选择性术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值

目的探讨选择性术中胆道造影（PTC）在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中的应用价值。方法回顾分析35例行LC的患者在术中经胆囊管插管进行胆管造影的结果。结果 35例LC术中胆管造影均成功,术中发现胆总管结石4例,行腹腔镜胆道探查、T型管引流术。结论 LC术中胆管造影操作方便可行,显影清晰,成功率高,能发现术前未能发现的胆总管结石有效的降低胆管残石率,通过造影还可以排除胆道结石,避免阴性探查,减少患者痛苦,在复杂胆囊切除术中可帮助辨别解剖关系、发现解剖变异,避免术中胆管损伤,提高了LC手术的质量和安全性。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前ERCP的应用评价（附57例报告）

５７例临床表现为单纯胆囊良性疾患的病人行术前ＥＲＣＰ检查，成功率为９２．９％，其中发现胆道变异３例（５．２％），６例（１２．８％）合并胆总管结石，并在术前行内镜乳头切开取石术，５４例接受腹腔镜胆囊切除术。通过对ＥＢＣＰ影像特点与术中难易程度关系的分析，提出ＥＲＣＰ对于腹腔镜胆囊切除术前病例的选择，判断术中操作的难易程度有参考价值，对合并胆总管结石的处理有很大的帮助。     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨术中胆道造影（IOC）在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2003年7月至2008年7月行LC病例442例,其中经ICO患者82例,占手术的18.4%。结果成功完成IOC 81例（97.5%）。发现胆总管结石13例（46.0%）,胆囊管结石4例（4.9%）,胆囊管汇入右肝管4例（4.8%）,胆总管远段狭窄3例（3.7%）,术中胆总管损伤1例（1.2%）。结论 LC中IOC对发现胆管结石的残留、及时发现胆管损伤、明确胆管解剖及变异均有帮助,值得在基层医院推广。     

A new method of preventing bile duct injury in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

AIM: Of all the complications of laparoscopic cholectecystomy, bile duct injury (BDI) is the most serious complication. The prevention of injury to the common bile duct (CBD) remains a significant concern in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Different kinds of methods have been advanced to avoid this injury but no single method has gained wide acceptance. Because of various limitations of current methodologies we began a study using cold light illumination of the extrahepatic biliary system (light cholangiography LCP) to better visualize this area and thereby reduce the risk of bile duct injury. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with cholelithiasis were divided into two groups. Group I (16 cases) received LCP and group II (20 cases) received methelenum coeruleum cholangiography (MCCP). In group I cold light was used to illuminate the common bile duct by leading an optical fiber into the common duct with a duodenoscope at the time of LC. The light coming from the fiber in the CBD could clearly illuminate the location of CBD and hepatic duct establishing its location relative to the cystic duct. This method was compared with the dye injection technique using methelenum coeruleum. RESULTS: In group I thirteen cases were successfully illuminated and three failed. The cause of three failed cases was due to the difficulty in inserting the fiber into the ampulla of Vater. No complications occurred in the thirteen successful cases. In each of these successful cases the location of the common and hepatic ducts was clearly seen differentiating the ductal system from surrounding anatomy. In ten cases both the left and right hepatic ducts could be seen and in three only the right hepatic ducts were seen. In four of the thirteen cases, cystic ducts were also seen. In group II, eighteen of the twenty cases were successful. The location of extrahepatic ducts became blue differentiating the ductal system from surrounding anatomy. Two cases failed due to a stone obstructing the cystic duct, and extravisation of the dye turned the entire area blue. LCP showed the common and hepatic ducts more clearly than MCCP. CONCLUSION: LCP is the only technique that can clearly and directly show the location of the extrahepatic biliary system and may be useful in selecting cases of uncertain anatomy in the prevention of bile duct injury.     

Handling of biliary complications following laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the setting of Tripoli Central Hospital

BackgroundLaparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has an increased incidence of bile duct injury and bile leak when compared with open cholecystectomy. This study reviews management of these complications in a general hospital setting. Data collected from patients diagnosed and treated in one surgical unit for biliary complications after LC between 1992 and 1996 were analysed.MethodA total of 14 patients were examined. Diagnosis was defined mainly by Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and undetected choledocholitiasis was discovered in association with two of these complications. 43% of patients presented after LC with early postoperative bile leak or jaundice due to partial or complete bile duct excision or slippage of clips from the cystic duct. 57% presented with late biliary strictures. Thirteen patients were treated surgically, with biliary reconstruction (11 patients), direct repair (one) and cystic duct ligation in combination with clearance of bile duct from large multiple stones (one). One patient,who had clip displacement from cystic duct in combination with misplaced clip on right hepatic duct, was treated elsewhere. Postoperatively, one patient developed anastomotic leak and another died from sequellaie of bile duct transection requiring staged operations.ConclusionsIt is concluded that, in an environment similar to that where the authors had to work, LC should be performed in hospitals with facility to perform ERCP or when access for this technique is available in a nearby institution. Early recognition and immediate management of biliary injuries is dependent on individual resources and circumstances but, if required, consultation with colleagues or referral of patients with suspected or established biliary complications should not be delayed.     

Biliary navigation surgery using endoscopic nasobiliary drainage tube for the prevention of bile duct injury in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Bile duct injury is the most troublesome complication in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). The identification of the anatomical relationship between the cystic duct and common bile duct is one of the most important points for the safe LC. Therefore, we introduced a biliary navigation surgery using endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) tube to avoid bile duct injury during LC. The benefit of intraoperative cholangiography using an ENBD tube is that the identification of the anatomical relationship between the cystic duct and common bile duct can be confirmed by using intraoperative cholangiography through the ENBD tube. We consider that ENBD tube is useful for identifying the biliary tract by repeated intraoperative cholangiography and, thus, for preventing injury to the bile duct in LC.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术联合内镜下逆行胰胆管造影和十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术治疗胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石患者疗效研究*

目的 探讨采用腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)、内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)和十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)联合治疗胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石患者的疗效。方法 2018年1月～2020年10月我院治疗的胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石88例,在47例观察组采用LC联合ERCP和EST手术,在41例对照组采用开腹胆囊切除和胆总管探查取石治疗。采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价术后疼痛程度。结果 两组结石一次性清除率比较无显著性差异(93.6%对95.1%,P>0.05);观察组术中出血量为(28.1±6.2)ml,显著少于对照组【(43.9±7.5)ml,P<0.05】,手术时间、术后禁食时间和住院时间分别为(105.7±25.5)min、(2.2±0.4)d和(7.6±1.0)d,显著短于对照组【分别为(130.2±26.7)min、(3.0±0.6)d和(12.7±1.3)d,P<0.05】;术后48 h和72 h VAS评分分别为(3.7±0.6)分和(2.5±0.5)分,均显著低于对照组【分别为(4.0±0.7)分和(2.9±0.5)分,P<0.05】;术后7 d,观察组血清ALT和AST水平分别为(46.1±5.6)U/L和(42.5±5.2)U/L,显著低于对照组【分别为(59.8±5.4)U/L和(64.7±5.1)U/L,P<0.05】,而血脂肪酶水平为(808.2±105.7)U/L,显著高于对照组【(721.9±103.0)U/L,P<0.05】;术后观察组并发症发生率为4.3%,显著低于对照组的14.1%(P<0.05)。结论 采用LC联合ERCP和EST治疗胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石患者可促进术后恢复,改善肝功能,减少并发症的发生。     

Laparoscopic ultrasonography as an alternative to intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

AIM To assess the role of laparoscopic ultrasound(LUS) as a substitute for intraoperative cholangiography(IOC) during cholecystectomy.METHODS We present a MEDLINE and Pub Med literature search, having used the key-words "laparoscopic intraoperative ultrasound" and "laparoscopic cholecystectomy". All relevant English language publications from 2000 to 2016 were identified, with data extracted for the role of LUS in the anatomical delineation of the biliary tract, detection of common bile duct stones(CBDS), prevention or early detection of biliary duct injury(BDI), and incidental findings during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Data for the role of LUS vs IOC in complex situations(i.e., inflammatory disease/fibrosis) were specifically analyzed. RESULTS We report data from eighteen reports, 13 prospective non-randomized trials, 5 retrospective trials, and two meta-analyses assessing diagnostic accuracy, with one analysis also assessing costs, duration of the examination, and anatomical mapping. Overall, LUS was shown to provide highly sensitive mapping of the extra-pancreatic biliary anatomy in 92%-100% of patients, with more difficulty encountered in delineation of the intra-pancreatic segment of the biliary tract(73.8%-98%). Identification of vascular and biliary variations has been documented in two studies. Although inflammatory disease hampered accuracy, LUS was still advantageous vs IOC in patients with obscured anatomy. LUS can be performed before any dissection and repeated at will to guide the surgeon especially when hilar mapping is difficult due to fibrosis and inflammation. In two studies LUS prevented conversion in 91% of patients with difficult scenarios. Considering CBDS detection, LUS sensitivity and specificity were 76%-100% and 96.2%-100%, respectively. LUS allowed the diagnosis/treatment of incidental findings of adjacent organs. No valuable data for BDI prevention or detection could be retrieved, even if no BDI was documented in the reports analyzed. Literature analysis proved LUS as a safe, quick, non-irradiating, costeffective technique, which is comparatively well known although largely under-utilized, probably due to the perception of a difficult learning curve. CONCLUSION We highlight the advantages and limitations of laparoscopic ultrasound during cholecystectomy, and underline its value in difficult scenarios when the anatomy is obscured.     

三镜联合分期手术与腹腔镜手术治疗老年胆总管结石合并胆囊结石患者疗效对比研究

目的 探讨采用三镜联合分期手术与全腹腔镜同期手术治疗老年结石性胆道梗阻并发不同程度急性胆管炎患者的效果。方法 回顾性分析青岛市第三人民医院收治的老年胆总管结石伴急性胆管炎合并胆囊结石患者75例,其中35例观察组患者在入院后急诊行ERCP术,取出胆总管结石或留置胆管支架引流,择期再次入院行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)或LC联合腹腔镜下胆总管取石术(LCBDE),40例对照组患者入院后急诊行LC联合LCBDE术。结果 观察组两次手术时间显著长于对照组(P<0.05),但术中出血量显著少于对照组(P<0.05);手术后观察组WBC计数、NEUT百分比、血清CRP和PCT水平均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);术后,观察组血清脑钠肽(BNP)和CK水平分别为(427.0±327.0)pg/ml和(95.0±30.0)U/L,显著低于对照组【分别为(944.0±648.0)pg/ml和(149.0±67.0)U/L,P<0.05】,而血清肌钙蛋白(TNT)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平分别为(62.8±54.5)pg/ml和(272.0±48.0)U/L,显著高于对照组【分别为(3...     

经内镜鼻胆管引流术在腹腔镜胆管探查中的作用

目的：应用经内镜鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)作为腹腔镜胆管探查术(LCBDE)胆管引流方式，探讨其应用价值。方法：对拟行腹腔镜下胆管探查的患者术前进行ENBD，后经胆总管探查切口应用液电碎石、胆道镜取石，将肝内外胆管结石取净，保留鼻胆管于胆管内，将胆总管探查切口一期缝合，常规放置腹腔引流管。术后经鼻胆管造影，肝内外胆管无残余结石，无胆漏，择期拔除腹腔引流管及鼻胆管。结果：共43例患者术前行ENBD，平均6．1d后行LCBDE。36例(83.7％)患者成功进行LCBDE，胆管探查切口一期缝合。术后经鼻胆管造影，发现1例(2．6％)术中胆道镜漏诊--小结石，经内镜取石后痊愈；无胆管狭窄及胆漏等并发症发生。另有7例患者(18．6％)中转开腹手术，其中2例保留鼻胆管，胆管切口行一期缝合，术后顺利拔除鼻胆管。38例患者(88．4％)均成功应用：ENBD进行胆管引流，平均3．2d拔除腹腔引流管，6.7d拔除鼻胆管，无相关并发症发生。结论：ENBD作为LCBDE胆管引流，是安全有效的方式，且术后引流时间短，并发症少，可充分发挥出腹腔镜治疗胆管结石微创的优势。     

Migrated endoclip and stone formation after cholecystectomy： A new danger of acute pancreatitis

Endoclip migration into the common bile duct following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is an extremely rare complication. Migrated endoclip into the common bile duct can cause obstruction,serve as a nidus for stone formation,and cause cholangitis. We report a case of obstructive jaundice and acute biliary pancreatitis due to choledocholithiasis caused by a migrated endoclip 6 mo after LC. The patient underwent early endoscopic retrog-rade cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction.     

全腹部薄层冠状面单次激发快速自旋回波序列MRI检查诊断小儿胆管疾病的价值分析

目的 探讨全腹部薄层冠状面单次激发快速自旋回波序列MRI在小儿肝内外胆管成像中的应用。方法 2014年10月~2016年9月收治的26例胆道系统疾病患儿（胆道闭锁症8例,胆道扩张症患儿14例,胆囊结石2例,胆管结石2例）,所有患儿均采取全腹部薄层冠状面单次激发快速自旋回波序列扫描,其中9例患儿在延迟15~20 min后采取MRI增强扫描。观察所有患儿的肝内外胆道和各级分支的解剖全貌,分析其走行分布和通畅情况等。结果 胆道闭锁症患儿肝内胆道均能够正常显示,而其中胆囊形态细小并且未见到肝外胆道显影者2例,肝外胆道和胆囊无显影6例。4例患儿肝脾肿大,2例患儿肝门区有三角形长T₂信号影;在胆道扩张症患儿中有11例患儿出现胆总管梭形扩张,有1例患儿表现为Caroli病,有2例患儿出现肝门区囊性包块,有4例患儿出现有胆囊增大和肝内胆道扩张;在胆系结石患儿中有3例患儿表现为胆总管局部管腔信号不均匀、短T₂信号的充盈缺损,胆囊结石患者表现为胆囊颈部短T₂信号的充盈缺损;与相同层面的扫描图像相比,延迟增强MRI扫描显示出肝脏、胰腺实质信号都有所减低,与胆胰管内长T₂信号的组织对比度则有所增加,其胆道系统显示更为清晰。结论 相对于常规腹部MRI扫描而言,全腹部薄层冠状面单次激发快速自旋回波序列能够更加细致地观察患者胆道系统解剖结构,更为全面地了解患者病变全貌和是否存在其他脏器异常,临床应用具有很大的诊断意义。