2006年长春市儿童野生型麻疹病毒基因序列分析

目的:研究吉林省长春市0~12周岁儿童野生型麻疹病毒的基因型别及核蛋白(N)基因序列特征,探讨控制麻疹发生的措施。方法:采用Vero/SLAM细胞分离培养麻疹病毒,通过逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法从分离的麻疹病毒中扩增核蛋白(N)基因羧基端450个核苷酸片段(bp)并进行核苷酸测序分析,对基因库中麻疹病毒的22个代表株基因序列的同源性进行比较。结果:分离得到9株野生型麻疹病毒,N基因与H1基因型代表株相比同源性为98.3%。结论:吉林省长春市麻疹流行株属于H1基因型。     

某地区麻疹病毒核蛋白及血凝素基因序列分析

目的：探讨深圳市麻疹病毒的基因型别和特征。方法：采用B95a细胞分离培养麻疹病毒，通过PT-PCR方法扩增麻疹病毒核蛋白N末端450bp片段和H基因合序列并测序、分析和基因库Genebank中麻疹的各代表株基因序列的同源性进行比较。结果：分离到1株麻疹病毒，N基因与H1基因型代表株相比同源性为98．4％，H基因与H1基因代表株同源性达99．5％。结论：深圳市麻疹流行株属于H1基因型。     

2008-2012年江西省麻疹病毒分离株N基因特征分析

摘要:目的　分析江西省麻疹病毒分离株的分子生物学特征,掌握该省目前麻疹病毒流行株的基因特性。方法　采用Vero/SLAM细胞对2008-2012年疑似麻疹患者咽拭子标本进行麻疹病毒分离,分离到的毒株通过RT-PCR方法扩增麻疹病毒核蛋白（Nucleoprotein,N）基因,并对扩增出的核苷酸序列进行测定,与GenBank中麻疹病毒各基因型参考株比较并分析毒株变异情况。结果　2008-2012年江西省麻疹病毒分离株均为麻疹H1基因型,属于我国麻疹病毒的优势株。13株分离株之间N基因氨基酸的同源性为98.1%～100%;与H1基因代表型China93-7的N基因氨基酸同源性为97.5%～98.7%;与中国疫苗株沪191株的N基因氨基酸同源性为95.0%～96.2%。结论　2008-2012年江西省麻疹病毒流行株为H1基因型,说明江西省近年来麻疹的流行株仍然是H1基因型。     

深圳地区麻疹病毒核蛋白N基因序列分析

目的探讨深圳市麻疹病毒的基因型别和特征.方法采用B95a细胞分离培养麻疹病毒,通过RT-PCR方法扩增麻疹病毒核蛋白N基因C末端450bp片段并测序,分析和基因库Genebank中麻疹病毒的各基因型代表株序列的同源性.结果分离到1株麻疹病毒,与H1基因型代表株相比同源性为98.4%.结论深圳市麻疹流行株属于H1基因型.     

浙江省2005年麻疹病毒流行株基因特性分析

目的分析浙江省2005年麻疹病毒流行株的基因特性.方法对暴发疫情中分离的4株麻疹病毒采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）扩增血凝素蛋白（H）和核蛋白（N）基因,纯化产物进行核苷酸序列测定.结果浙江省2005年分离到的4株麻疹病毒流行株均为麻疹H1基因型,属于中国麻疹病毒优势基因型.各分离株之间H基因氨基酸同源性为99.2%～99.7%,N基因氨基酸同源性为99.8%;与中国疫苗株沪191株的H基因和N基因比较,其氨基酸水平上的同源性分别为95.2%～95.5%和95.5%.结论浙江省2005年分离到的麻疹病毒流行株属于同一性状毒株,均为H1基因型;与中国疫苗株沪191株相比较,两者在基因特性上存在明显差异.     

2005年吉林省野型麻疹病毒的基因特征分析

目的了解吉林省麻疹病毒流行株的基因型别,探讨控制麻疹发生的措施。方法在2005年1—12月采集吉林省麻疹暴发和散发病人的咽喉拭子和尿液标本共72份,用CDW150细胞分离到麻疹病毒9株。用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）从麻疹病毒中扩增出核蛋白（N）基因羧基端450个核苷酸片段,进行核苷酸序列分析和基因分型。结果9株麻疹病毒均属H。基因型,其中Hla7株,Hlb2株,H1a和H1b在450个核苷酸片段中的差异为2．0％～3．5％。结论H1基因型是吉林省麻疹病毒的优势流行株,是导致2005年吉林省麻疹局部暴发和散发的主要病原体。     

南康市2007年一起麻疹暴发的分子生物学研究

[目的]分析南康市麻疹暴发的分子生物学特征,掌握麻疹病毒的基因特性.[方法]采用Vero/SLAM细胞对2007年暴发疫情患者咽拭子标本进行麻疹病毒分离,通过RT-PCR方法扩增麻疹病毒分离株核蛋白(nucleoprotein,N)基因,并对扩增出的核苷酸序列进行测定和分析.[结果]2007年南康市麻疹病毒分离株为麻疹H1基因型,属于我国麻疹病毒的优势株.两株分离株之间N基因氨基酸的同源性为98.7%;与中国疫苗株沪191株的N基因氨基酸序列比较,其同源性分别为94.7%和96.O%.[结论]南康市此次麻疹暴发疫情病毒分离株为H1基因型,并与中国疫苗株沪191株在基因特性上有明显差异.     

长春市麻疹病毒流行株M和N基因特征分析

目的:了解2005～2006年长春市麻疹病毒的优势基因型及其核蛋白(N)、基质蛋白(M)基因序列特征.方法:采集2005～2006年长春市暴发和散发麻疹临床病例标本,使用WHO推荐的Vero/SLAM细胞进行麻疹病毒分离.用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增麻疹病毒分离株的核蛋白(N)基因羧基端450个核苷酸片段和基质蛋白(M)基因的188个核苷酸片段.对扩增产物的核苷酸序列进行测定和分析.结果:共分离到11株麻疹病毒野毒株.经对分离株的核蛋白(N)碳末端450个核苷酸进行序列测定和亲缘性关系比较,N基因与Hl基因型代表株相比同源性为98.0%～98.4%,和其它已知麻疹病毒的22个基因代表株相比,长春市麻疹毒株在核昔酸水平上最大变异为10.9%.M基因的144 bp中,流行株均有4-11核苷酸不同于疫苗株Changchun-47,其中只有06JL-1毒株的2个碱基突变有意义,引起氨基酸的改变.结论:2005年和2006年流行株的核酸序列有所不同,每个年份内流行株相同,而两年流行株之间有所差别,但是属于HJ基因型.说明长春市近年来麻疹的流行株仍然是Hl基因型.     

吉林省2001～2008年麻疹病毒血凝素蛋白基因特征和氨基酸变异分析

目的研究吉林省2001～2008年麻疹病毒代表株的血凝素蛋白基因（Hemagglutinin,HA）特征和氨基酸变异。方法从吉林省2001～2008年流行的麻疹野病毒中选取5株代表株,提取核糖核酸,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应扩增HA基因片段,对扩增产物进行核苷酸序列分析,并与基因库中的中国麻疹疫苗病毒株沪191以及所有23种麻疹野病毒基因型代表株的H基因序列,进行基因亲缘关系、同源性、氨基酸变异以及糖基化位点变异比较。结果吉林省5株麻疹病毒分离株均属于H1基因型H1a基因亚型,5株病毒H基因之间有6～17个核苷酸差异（0.3%～0.9%）,3～9个氨基酸差异（0.5%～1.5%）。与中国现行疫苗病毒株沪191H基因相比,有89～95个核苷酸差异（4.8%～5.1%）,25～30个氨基酸差异（4.1%～4.8%）。与H1a基因亚型代表株China93-4H基因相比,有9～17个核苷酸差异（0.5%～0.9%）,3～7个氨基酸差异（0.5%～1.2%）。吉林省5株麻疹病毒分离株的H蛋白均保留了4个糖基化位点,第5个糖基化位点在氨基酸第240位由丝氨酸突变成天冬酰胺,导致一个潜在糖基化位点NLS238～240的缺失。结论吉林省2001～2008年流行的5株麻疹病毒,均丢失了一个可能影响抗原性的糖基化位点。5株麻疹病毒的核苷酸、氨基酸差异均不大,但无论与H1a基因亚型代表株China93-4相比,还是与疫苗株S191相比,核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性均呈逐年递减趋势,吉林省麻疹野病毒H基因的变异仍在逐年增加、逐年积累。     

宁波市麻疹病毒血凝素基因的序列分析

目的：探讨现阶段在宁波市流行的麻疹野病毒的基因型别和特征。方法：在2004年和2005年医院住院麻疹病人中采集含漱液分离麻疹病毒，获得8株麻疹野病毒。通过RT-PCR方法扩增其中两株麻疹病毒血凝素（H）基凼全序列并对其进行序列测定和分析。比较这两株麻疹病毒和Genbank中麻疹病毒的各基因型代表株的同源性。结果：两株宁波麻疹毒株ningbo04-2和ningbo05-2的H基因之间核苷酸同源性为97．7％，与川基因型代表株China93-7之间核苷酸同源性分别为98．3％，97．7％。与它们在核苷酸水平上同源性最高的毒株分别是zhejiang05-2，china94-7，其同源性分别达到99，7％，99．4％。ningbo04-2在氨基酸240位由丝氨酸（S）突变成天冬酰胺（N），造成一个潜在的N型糖基化位点丢失。结论：宁波市麻疹流行株属于H1型，至少存在H1a，HIb两组。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.