城市社区中静脉吸毒者艾滋病综合防治研究

目的 研究适合中国国情的针对城市社区中静脉吸毒者的艾滋病综合防治模式。方法 开展政策倡导、宣传教育、针具交换和清洁针具、自愿咨询检测、安全套推广、美沙酮社区维持治疗等活动，采取定量和定性方法进行效果评估。结果 吸毒者的艾滋病知晓率从23．9％上升到68．6％，最近1月共用针具高危行为从54．1％减少到18．4％，社区、人员和机构能力提高，社会治安有所好转，政府部门和社区主动参与到各项艾滋病防制工作中，形成有利于开展艾滋病防制工作的社会环境。结论 在城市社区针对静脉吸毒者开展包括倡导、宣传教育、针具交换、自愿咨询检测、安全套推广、美沙酮治疗等的综合防治措施是控制HIV在城市社区静脉吸毒者中传播的有效手段。     

洪江区吸毒人群清洁针具交换预防交滋病的研究

目的 了解洪江区吸毒人群分布状况，探索在吸毒人群中开展针具交换对预防艾滋病传播的可行性。方法 采用艾滋病自愿咨询、公安机关配合登记询问、健康教育及关爱支持等措施，在社区和戒毒所内开展清洁针具销售和针具回收等干预措施，应用共用针具率、男性安全套使用率、艾滋病防治知识知晓率、针具交换覆盖率等指标评价干预效果。结果 洪江区吸毒人群以城区人1：3、青壮年、低文化程度男性及未婚者为主，干预后吸毒人群的艾滋病传播危险性行为降低，针具销售大幅度上升，艾滋病防治知识知晓率有较大幅度上升。结论 在吸毒人群中开展清洁针具交换有助于提高吸毒者预防艾滋病知识水平，改变HIV感染各种危险行为，控制艾滋病蔓延传播。     

以项目形式开展吸毒者艾滋病综合防治研究

目的：探索以项目的形式在静脉吸毒者中开展有效的艾滋病综合防治的模式.方法：建立项目管理机制;开展政策倡导、宣传教育、针具交换、自愿咨询检测、安全套推广、美沙酮社区维持治疗等综合防治活动,采取定量和定性方法进行效果评估.结果：吸毒者的艾滋病知识知晓率从23.9%上升到68.6%,最近1次和最近1月共用针具高危行为分别从32.0%和54.1%减少到7.0%和18.4%,多因素分析结果显示知识改变对行为改变起到的作用有限,采取多项综合防治措施对高危行为的改变起到正向作用.结论：以项目的形式在社区针对静脉吸毒者开展包括政策倡导、宣传教育、针具交换、自愿咨询检测、安全套推广、美沙酮治疗等的综合防治措施是控制HIV在静脉吸毒者中传播的有效手段.     

广东省社区吸毒者针具交换项目试点效果评价

目的　探讨社区中开展针具交换预防艾滋病在吸毒人群中传播的可行性。方法　本研究为设立对照组的社区干预试验。干预区采用针具交换措施 (同伴教育员和医务人员在吸毒人群中宣传安全注射观念、提供免费针具、回收用过的注射器 ) ,对照区不采取任何干预措施 ,为期 10个月(2 0 0 2年 9月至 2 0 0 3年 6月 )。干预前后分别采用滚雪球的方式抽取注射吸毒者进行横断面调查以评估干预效果。结果　干预前后分别对干预区 (42 8名 )和对照社区 (42 9名 )静脉吸毒者进行调查。结果显示 ,干预区的艾滋病知识知晓率由 2 9 4 %上升到 5 8 7% ;多因素logistic分析结果表明 ,看过艾滋病宣传折页或宣传画者知晓率高 ;同基线调查相比 ,干预区中最近 30d内共用针具率由基线的4 8 9%下降到 2 0 4 % ,而在对照区中共用针具率同基线相比无明显改善 ;干预后干预区最近 30d共用针具的原因中“夜间买不到针、到朋友家打针人多针少、害怕被抓不敢买针和没钱买针”的现象相对基线情况有明显改善。结论　针具交换项目可以有效降低社区吸毒者共用针具现象。为控制艾滋病在吸毒人群中的传播 ,针具交换措施应尽快在全国范围内推广。     

洪江区吸毒人群清洁针具交换预防艾滋病的研究

目的了解洪江区吸毒人群分布状况,探索在吸毒人群中开展针具交换对预防艾滋病传播的可行性。方法采用艾滋病自愿咨询、公安机关配合登记询问、健康教育及关爱支持等措施,在社区和戒毒所内开展清洁针具销售和针具回收等干预措施,应用共用针具率、男性安全套使用率、艾滋病防治知识知晓率、针具交换覆盖率等指标评价干预效果。结果洪江区吸毒人群以城区人口、青壮年、低文化程度男性及未婚者为主,干预后吸毒人群的艾滋病传播危险性行为降低,针具销售大幅度上升,艾滋病防治知识知晓率有较大幅度上升。结论在吸毒人群中开展清洁针具交换有助于提高吸毒者预防艾滋病知识水平,改变HIV感染各种危险行为,控制艾滋病蔓延传播。     

针具交换项目及其在艾滋病预防中的作用

共用注射器静脉吸毒是静脉吸毒者感染艾滋病病毒 (ＨＩＶ)的重要原因。这种行为的普遍存在 ,造成静脉吸毒者中惊人的ＨＩＶ感染率 ,同时也是静脉吸毒者中严重的丙肝及乙肝感染的主要危险因子[1 ,2 ] 。针具交换项目就是针对静脉吸毒者共用注射器静脉吸毒的行为而开展的以预防艾滋病及其他血液传染病为主要目的的疾病预防项目。在针具交换项目中 ,静脉吸毒者可以将用过的注射器换取由项目免费或低价提供的新的清洁注射器 ,从而增加清洁注射器的可获得性 ,降低使用不洁注射器及与他人共用注射器的频率。针具交换已成为当前全世界预防静脉吸毒…     

广东省静脉吸毒人群吸毒行为的定性研究

目的确定吸毒及针具共用的影响因素,为在中国静脉吸毒者中开展艾滋病干预工作提供参考。方法在阳江和云浮戒毒所和社区招募静脉吸毒者,对吸毒者进行深入访谈和小组访谈,对访谈记录利用NUD*IST4.0定性分析软件进行整理、编码、主题归类和分析。结果共对21名静脉吸毒者进行了深入访谈,同时进行了15组的小组访谈。结果显示多数吸毒者首次吸毒发生在刚刚步入社会,57.0%深入访谈的吸毒者首次吸毒发生在20岁以前;首次吸毒的方式100.0%为口吸;吸毒的主要原因是因为结交了吸毒的朋友、好奇心的驱使、生活负面事件及对毒品危害认识的缺乏;从口吸转为注射吸毒的主要原因是为了省钱及追求快感;针具共用的主要原因包括毒瘾发作时没有新针具、买针具困难、认为对方比较健康、关系好及对间接共用针具的危害缺乏认识;戒毒失败的原因主要是心瘾难以克服和道友的影响;女性吸毒者存在卖淫问题。结论针具的可获得性差、毒瘾发作无备用和对间接共用针具的危害缺乏认识是针具共用的主要原因,采取加强针具的市场营销及针具交换等减少危害的措施势在必行。     

对古城区吸毒人群进行艾滋病预防干预的效果评价

[目的]评价吸毒人群针具交换干预预防艾滋病传播的效果。[方法]对古城区社区内活动的静脉吸毒者和古城区戒毒所进行强制戒毒人员进行艾滋病健康教育活动;比较干预前后艾滋病知识知晓率、艾滋病传播危险行为学指标和HIV抗体阳性率,以评价干预效果。[结果]干预后吸毒人群的艾滋病知识知晓率由85.3%提高至97.9%;吸毒人群最近6个月注射吸毒共用针具的比例由40.8%下降到12.5%;HIV抗体阳性率由9%下降到3.7%。[结论]在吸毒人群中开展针具交换干预可有效控制艾滋病在吸毒人群中的传播。     

四类人群针具交换宣传教育效果评估

目的分析针具交换宣传教育对4类人群产生的不同效果,探讨针对不同人群的针具交换宣传教育干预模式。方法对西湖区政府官员、社区官员、社区医务人员和社区居民等4类人群进行宣传教育,采取随机抽样,问卷调查的方法收集相关信息,进行干预前后效果比较。结果政府官员和社区医务人员对吸毒人员的认识,干预前后差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但对针具交换的认识有提高（P〈0．05）。社区干部和社区居民对吸毒者的认识和对针具交换的认识均有提高（P〈0．05）。结论针对4类人群进行宣传教育,能够有效提高他们对针具交换的认识,但一些模糊认识仍在部分人群中存在,应探讨更有效的方法和措施进行宣传和教育。     

发挥"角色模范"作用带动目标人群的转变--对昆明市IDU的行为干预

针对昆明市吸毒者多，由吸毒特别是共用注射器和高危性行为引起的艾滋病的传播和扩散现象严重，项目以同伴教育为切入点，以减低HIV的传播和扩散为目的，在IDU（注射吸毒人群）中开展了针具交换、社区外展、同伴教育、安全套推广、吸毒者和戒毒者自助互助小组、吸毒者和戒毒者家庭联谊活动、转介服务等综合干预活动，促进了IDU性病艾滋病相关知识的增长，降低了其相关危险行为。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.