安徽省 36家公立医院药品短缺情况调查分析

目的调查分析安徽省公立医院临床常用药品短缺情况及原因,并提出建议与对策,以期不断完善短缺药品的供应保障机制。方法采用问卷调查方式,调查 2020年 1月至 2022年 12月安徽省 16个地区 37家公立医院( 30家三级医院、 3家二级医院和 4家卫生院 /社区医院)药品短缺情况及短缺原因,并进行统计分析。结果调查共发放问卷 37份,回收有效问卷 36份,有效回收率为 97.30%。调查显示: 36家医院共 97种短缺药品,其中基本药物短缺 69种,占比为 71.13%;短缺药品按药理作用分为 15大类,排名前三位的分别为作用于中枢神经系统药物品种(占比 14.43%)、内分泌系统药物和抗肿瘤药物(占比均为11.34%)。药品短缺主要原因为:生产企业停产或产能不足(占比 13.03%)、原料药短缺、经营企业供应不足、疫情或其他突发公共卫生事件影响(占比均为 11.76%)。结论多种因素引起安徽省公立医院药品短缺现象,需要多方的政策和制度配合实施,从而改变医院药品短缺的现状。     

生产/流通企业视角下四川省医疗机构药品短缺原因分析及对策研究

目的:从生产/流通企业角度了解四川省医疗机构药品短缺的原因并提出相应对策,为建立药品短缺供应保障机制提供参考。方法:采用问卷调查的方式对该省78家医疗机构2015年1月-2017年6月期间的药品短缺情况进行调查;对短缺药品涉及的生产企业和流通企业进行溯源调查,综合问卷调查及实地调研,了解该省出现药品短缺的原因,并提出应对措施。结果:本次调研共向医疗机构发放78份调查问卷,回收率、有效率均为100%;78家医疗机构共上报了206种药品,共计240个品规出现短缺。向短缺药品涉及的生产企业和流通企业分别发放140、68份调查问卷,回收率和有效率均为100%;结合现场实地调研,共获得212个品规的短缺药品调研结果。从生产企业角度出发,造成药品短缺的最主要因素是生产性成本上涨(占66.51%)和流通成本上涨(占26.88%);从药品流通企业角度出发,造成药品短缺的最主要因素是货源供应不足或缺货(占75.47%)、库存管理问题(占16.51%)和价格倒挂(占11.32%)。结论:导致药品短缺的生产/流通企业方原因主要包括生产性成本和流通成本的提高、药品价格倒挂、库存管理及招标采购问题。建议通过完善药品招标定价制度、调动企业积极性,完善企业短缺药品预警机制、加强信息沟通,建立短缺药品储备机制、组织短缺药品的应急生产,加强短缺药品供应链管理、净化市场不良风气,完善短缺药品紧急处置办法、提高短缺药品的供应保障能力等措施,多部门协同合作,减少药品短缺现象的出现,保障临床持续获得安全、有效的药品。     

西藏地区医疗机构药品供应现状调查与分析

目的 了解西藏地区公立医疗机构的药品供应现状及药品短缺因素,为西藏地区药品供应保障制度的建立提供参考。方法 查阅文献并结合实际情况设计西藏地区医疗机构药品供应与保障措施调查问卷,通过问卷星电子问卷调研方式向西藏地区公立医疗机构的药品采购员进行在线调研,并对调查结果进行统计分析。结果 共对123家医疗机构药品采购员进行调研,回收有效问卷94份,有效回收率为76.42%。西藏地区公立医疗机构存在药品供应及短缺问题,短缺品种累计达64种,其中4种属于国家短缺药品目录,34种为国家临床必需易短缺药品重点监测目录中的品种,26种为本次调研覆盖范围的品种。药品短缺的原因主要包括市场原因（药品需求不稳定和原材料短缺）、生产或供应企业原因（生产线改造、企业储备不足或采购订单响应不及时）、药品自身原因（药品有效期过短）及西藏地区药品短缺还有一些特殊原因（路途原因及达不到起送量）等。结论 西藏地区公立医疗机构存在药品供应及短缺问题,且短缺品种及短缺因素具有地域特点,应尽快建立西藏地区药品供应保障制度及应急应对机制。     

全国5地区16家医院药品短缺现象分析

目的：调查全国5地区临床应用药品供应短缺情况，分析短缺原因以及解决的办法。方法：采用问卷调查方法，对5地区16家三级甲等医院药品供应短缺情况进行调查。结果：临床药品短缺是药品生产企业、药品流通企业、医院与不当的招标政策共同作用的结果。药品短缺影响特殊疾病的治疗及治疗的科学性。结论：必须运用价格等经济杠杆，并辅之以必要的行政管理手段解决药品短缺现象。     

我国部分短缺基本药物生产情况调研

目的:为解决部分基本药物供应不足的问题提供参考。方法:查阅文献及部分省份基本药物集中招标过程中未中标品种的情况,确定需要调查的基本药物品种,然后采用电话调查法调查相关制药企业所涉及药品的生产情况并咨询其未生产原因。结果:本研究筛选得到35种短缺基本药物,共40个剂型。电话调查药品制药企业286家,其价格低廉药、罕见病治疗药等未生产比例较高;未生产这些基本药物的原因中,市场需求量少及价格偏低等因素占较大比例。结论:应着手改善我国制药企业"多、小、散、乱"的格局;建立系统的企业基本药物停产的报告制度,通过行政手段指导和督促企业投入或恢复短缺基本药物的生产。     

江苏省三级医院儿童药品短缺现状调查及建议

目的:为提高儿童药品的供应保障水平提供参考。方法:对江苏省内13家三级医院的儿童药品短缺情况及原因等进行问卷调查[主要面向各受访医院的药学部主任(或药品采购人员)和临床药师],并就调查数据进行统计和分析,进而提出建议。结果:共发放问卷26份,回收有效问卷26份,有效回收率为100%。13家受访医院儿童专用药品在各自医院药品目录中的占比多数<5%;共有82个儿童专用药品品种(含医院制剂),主要的3类为中成药(35.37%)、呼吸系统用药(12.20%),以及维生素、矿物质和肠内肠外营养药(10.98%)。在126种短缺儿童药品中,抗感染药物、抗肿瘤药物、神经系统用药和精神药物、消化系统用药短缺品种最多(均占8.73%)。在儿童药品的短缺原因方面,价格因素(38.10%)、厂家停产(32.54%)及未中标或无供应(13.49%)等为主要原因;价格在0.01~10.00元的低价药品短缺情况最为严重,占全部短缺品种的57.94%。受访者认为专科用药短缺对临床治疗的影响最大(38.46%),其次为解毒药(30.77%)和罕见病治疗药(15.38%)。结论:儿童专用药品在医院药品目录中占比很小,儿童药品短缺受到多种因素影响,且低价药品短缺情况尤其严重,儿童专科用药和解毒药的短缺被认为对临床治疗的影响较大。建议通过制定儿童专用药品保护性政策,改进药品流通环节,促进儿童药物临床试验开展及加强儿童专用药品研发等措施保障儿童药品的供应。     

全国26家医疗卫生机构药品短缺原因的调查分析

目的:为保障短缺药品供应提供参考。方法:采用问卷调查方式对全国40家医疗卫生机构的药品短缺情况进行实地调查,基于调查数据构建计量模型对医疗卫生机构药品短缺原因进行实证分析。结果:共发放问卷40份,回收有效问卷26份,有效回收率为65.0%。受访机构中共获得87个短缺药品样本,涉及33种药品;82.8%的短缺药品样本的短缺时间超过3个月,甚至有21.8%短缺时间超过12个月。导致药品短缺程度更高的共性原因主要为:未进入省级招标目录、采用政府定价方式、存在调剂使用机制和未设立省级常态化储备机制。除共性原因外,导致药品短缺程度更高尚有基于临床需求必要性、基于药品属性(常用、罕见)、基于药品价格等方面的一些个性原因。结论:影响医疗卫生机构药品短缺程度的原因有多种,其中既有共性原因也有个性原因,要从源头解决药品短缺问题需要多方面的政策和制度配合实施。     

安徽省医疗机构突发公共卫生事件应急药品供应保障现状分析

目的 通过深入探析安徽省医疗机构突发公共卫生事件应急药品供应保障现状,分析应急药品在不同医疗机构的可获得性及短缺障碍因素,为完善我国应急药品供应保障体系建设提供思路。方法 2022年9―11月运用文献研究法、问卷法等,向安徽省171家医疗机构进行调查,实际回收150份问卷,除无效问卷及废卷,共139家医疗机构纳入研究。参考安徽省药学会药物经济学专委会委员所在医疗机构的级别比例,其中三级医疗机构73家,二级医疗机构53家,一级医疗机构13家。比较该省不同等级的医疗机构应急药品准备能力的差异,从解决实际问题的角度完善应急药品供应保障体系的建设。结果 调研显示,在应急药品准备能力的三个方面,该省各级医疗机构总体上差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,医疗机构等级越高,应急药品准备能力越强,二级与一级医疗机构之间差距很小。该省应急药品短缺障碍因素总体上差异无统计学意义,但对各级医疗机构来说,其中有7个应急药品短缺障碍因素差异有统计学意义,它们分别是药品价格偏低、原材料短缺、药品市场需求量小、企业不愿意生产、药品生产质量管理规范认证改造或未通过认证、药品生产企业数量少、存在可替代的高价新药、利...     

湖南省21家三级医院常用药品与急救药品短缺现象分析

目的调查研究湖南省21家三级医院临床应用药品供应短缺情况,分析短缺原因以及解决的办法。方法采用问卷调查研究方法,对本省21家三级医院药品供应短缺情况进行调查、统计和分析研究。结果临床药品短缺是药品生产企业、药品流通环节、不适宜的招标以及价格政策等因素共同作用的结果。结论研究结果反映了湖南省短缺药品的现状,提出的建议可为解决药品短缺问题提供参考。     

四川省78家医疗机构药品短缺情况调查与原因分析

目的:调查四川省部分医疗机构药品短缺情况及其原因。方法:采取分层随机抽样法,选择四川省78家医疗机构为调查对象进行问卷调查,收集2015年1月-2017年6月期间药品短缺情况,主要包括医疗机构基本信息、药品短缺情况、具体短缺药品信息、药品短缺原因。对调查问卷收集的信息进行描述性分析,并采用SPSS 20.0软件对数据进行Logistic回归分析,找出影响药品短缺的关键因素。结果与结论:78家医疗机构包括三级医院13家、二级医院22家及基层医疗机构43家(社区卫生服务中心10家、乡镇卫生院33家);共发放调查问卷78份,回收率和有效率均为100%;其中68家医疗机构上报了206种短缺药品,合计240个品规;有88.34%以上的短缺药品价格低于50元。短缺药品主要类别为抗感染药物、中枢神经系统药物、心血管系统药物,且多为直接挂网采购类;暂时短缺(短缺时间<3个月)和长期短缺(短缺时间>12个月)的药品占比相对较高(合计占比超过68%);药品供货和医疗机构自身因素是导致药品短缺的两大主要原因。Logistic回归分析显示,影响药品短缺时间的因素主要为医院药品采购流程、医疗机构所处地区以及药品采购价格,影响医疗机构药品短缺品规数的因素主要有药品采购流程、医院采购目录限制、是否基层/非基层医疗机构、是否综合/专科医院。建议该省医疗机构可通过建设短缺药品信息管理平台、优化药品采购目录和计划、加强药房库存管理、建立配送企业监管制度等措施,来减少因自身原因导致的药品短缺现象。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.