北京地区缺血性脑卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作二级预防的研究

目的对入院的缺血性脑卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者采取ABCDE策略治疗,分析患者出院后能否维持高水平药物治疗的符合率。方法选择2007年8～12月连续收入北京地区21家医院神经内科病房的缺血性脑卒中和(或)TIA患者1166例,记录患者二级预防中抗血小板、降压、降糖及调脂药物等治疗情况,出院后对患者进行随访,分析出院后90d、6个月和1年二级预防中抗血小板、降压、降糖和调脂治疗的符合率。结果 1166例患者中,复发性脑卒中541例,其抗血小板治疗比例为58.4%,降压、降糖和他汀类药物治疗比例分别为82.3%、85.3%和14.2%。出院后,完成90d、6个月及1年随访的患者分别为1012例、1012例和981例,其二级预防中抗血小板、降压、降糖和调脂治疗的符合率维持在较高水平。结论复发性脑卒中二级预防现状不容乐观,采取ABCDE策略治疗,对入院的缺血性脑卒中或TIA患者进行规范干预后,明显缩小二级预防循证证据与临床实践的差距,患者出院后,二级预防治疗的符合率维持在较高水平。     

吕梁市缺血性脑卒中患者二级预防现状调查分析

目的 调查分析山西省吕梁市缺血性脑卒中患者二级预防现状.方法 对2010年8月-2011年2月就诊于山西省汾阳医院门诊的发病后1个月～6个月的缺血性脑卒中105例患者进行现场调查分析,记录患者预防中抗血小板、降压、降糖、调脂及应用其他药物的情况.结果 105例患者中卒中复发者11例占(10.48％),抗血小板治疗治疗率为100.00％,降压、降糖、调脂治疗的达标率分别为62.86％、72.00％、50.08％;其二级预防的抗血小板治疗、降压、降糖及调脂治疗的符合率仍低,不规范用药率很高.结论 吕梁市缺血性脑卒中的二级预防现状不容乐观,应加强对医生、患者及家属的健康教育,使他们认识到脑卒中的危害及有效的预防措施,达到二级预防的目的.     

症状性大脑中动脉重度狭窄患者预后的影响因素分析

目的分析症状性大脑中动脉重度狭窄患者缺血性脑卒中复发率及影响因素。方法回顾性分析症状性大脑中动脉重度狭窄患者67例,均经数字减影血管造影(DSA)或CTA证实,其中脑梗死55例、短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)12例;随访12个月,确定患者的结局,评价缺血性脑卒中复发率,对患者脑卒中各种相关危险因素和是否规律服用降压药物、抗血小板药物、他汀类药物等进行分析。结果失访2例,死亡3例;存活的62例患者中,复发缺血性脑卒中13例(21.0%),发生于重度狭窄大脑中动脉区域的复发患者9例(14.5%)。复发患者与未复发患者规律服用抗血小板药物发生率和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论症状性大脑中动脉狭窄患者的复发率高,未规律服用抗血小板药和血清LDL-C不达标是复发的主要影响因素,应强化抗动脉粥样硬化和规律服用抗血小板药物以预防复发。     

缺血性脑卒中二级预防他汀类药物应用状况调查

目的了解缺血性脑卒中患者他汀类药物使用情况,分析影响他汀类药物使用的因素。方法从2014年1~12月连续收住我院神经内科住院的740例缺血性脑卒中患者中,选择360例复发性脑卒中患者,根据患者是否应用他汀类药物分为治疗组131例,未治疗组229例。按LDL-C2.6mmol/L的标准为治疗达标,调查340例患者入院时他汀类药物应用情况,并对相关的危险因素进行logistic回归分析。结果 360例患者中,服用他汀类药物131例,药物治疗率36.4%,未用他汀类药物229例,占63.6%。治疗组与未治疗组年龄≥65岁(58.8%vs47.2%)、高脂血症(30.5%vs 19.2%)、冠心病(32.1%vs 8.3%)和2型糖尿病(55.7%vs 30.1%)比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。未服用他汀类药物的原因中,患者自行停药及病情好转停药63.3%,医师未建议服用22.7%,存在药物不良反应5.2%。LDL-C达标患者104例,达标率为28.9%。进一步logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥65岁、冠心病、高脂血症、抗血小板药物、降糖药物是影响患者他汀药物治疗的独立危险因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论缺血性脑卒中患者他汀类药物治疗率低,LDL-C达标率更低,应加强患者教育及临床医师培训,提高患者服用他汀类药物的依从性。     

他汀类药物在缺血性脑卒中预防中的应用进展

他汀类药物具有降血脂、稳定逆转动脉粥样硬化斑块、抗炎、抗氧化、抗血小板、改善内皮功能等作用,已广泛应用于缺血性脑卒中的预防和治疗中。该文对他汀类药物的非降脂作用及在缺血性脑卒中预防中的应用进展进行综述。     

他汀类药物在缺血性脑卒中二级预防中应用依从性相关因素分析

目的探讨影响他汀类药物在缺血性脑卒中二级预防中应用依从性的相关因素。方法选取缺血性脑卒中应用他汀类药物进行二级预防病人130例,采用Morisky推荐标准判断他汀药物应用依从性,比较依从性好及依从性差两组年龄、性别、教育程度、婚姻状态、缺血性脑卒中病程、家庭支持、职业、经济状况、相关认知水平、他汀类药物不良反应(ADR)、医疗费用支付方式、定期随访等因素的差异。结果120例缺血性脑卒中病人二级预防应用他汀类药物依从性好7 0例(5 8.3 3%),依从性差5 0例(41.67%);单因素检验9指标有统计学意义(P0.05),Logistic回归分析影响缺血性脑卒中病人二级预防应用他汀类药物依从性因素为:年龄≥70岁、疾病知识认知差、担心他汀ADR、缺少定期随访(OR值分别为4.50、4.33、3.49、2.86)。结论影响缺血性脑卒中病人二级预防他汀类药物因素复杂,应针对性影响因素实施有效对策提高其依从性。     

海南省缺血性脑卒中二级预防中抗血小板药物治疗的现状及影响因素分析

目的调查分析缺血性脑卒中二级预防中抗血小板药物的使用现状及影响因素。方法入选海南省10家综合性医院再次住院的缺血性脑卒中患者1300例,调查患者入院时抗血小板药物的应用状况,采用单因素及多因素logistic回归模型对资料进行分析。结果缺血性脑卒中患者抗血小板治疗知晓率为60.4%,治疗率为49.2%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,教育程度、医疗保险、健康教育是患者服用抗血小板治疗的独立危险因素。结论缺血性脑卒中二级预防中抗血小板治疗现状令人堪忧,临床医师需提高认识,加强对脑卒中患者的健康教育,建议患者长期服药,提高脑卒中后抗血小板治疗的知晓率及治疗率。     

2008年AHA／ASA预防缺血性脑卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作患者再发卒中建议的更新

美国心脏病协会／美国脑卒中协会（AHA／ASA）预防脑卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）患者再发脑卒中写作委员会对相关建议（2006年）公布后，近期发表的临床研究结果进行了综合分析和回顾。本文重点在于对新的资料进行简短回顾，更新部分推荐意见，并说明修改的理由。最新的临床试验主要涉及两个方面：①对非心源性血栓栓塞性缺血性脑卒中或TIA患者，应用特异性抗血小板药物预防再发脑卒中；②应用他汀类药物预防再发脑卒中。     

缺血性脑血管病他汀类药物二级预防依从性影响因素Logistic回归分析

目的探讨影响缺血性脑血管病他汀类药物二级预防依从性的相关因素及预防措施。方法回顾性分析144例他汀类药物二级预防的缺血性脑血管病患者的临床资料,比较依从性好与依从性差两组患者相关指标的差异,并进行Logistic回归分析。结果 144例患者1年,应用他汀类药物二级预防的缺血性脑血管病患者中依从性好69.44%,依从性差30.56%。Logistic回归分析影响缺血性脑血管病他汀类药物二级预防依从性的相关因素有:文化程度低、缺乏缺血性脑血管病知识、存在他汀类药物不良反应、经济收入低(OR=4.23、3.38、3.05、2.98)。结论缺血性脑血管病他汀类药物二级预防存在一定程度不依从性,影响因素复杂,应实施相应措施提高其依从性。     

2479例缺血性脑卒中登记患者三年随访研究

目的探讨卒中单元缺血性脑卒中登记患者正规降压治疗,抗血小板治疗和调脂治疗对其短期与长期预后的影响。方法收集2009年1月~2010年5月在卒中单元病房住院治疗的急性缺血性脑卒中患者2479例,男1638例,女841例,其中缺血性脑卒中合并高血压1784例,分为联合降压组361例和联合降压调脂组1423例;不合并高血压695例,分为单纯抗血小板组85例和联合调脂组610例,各组分别予抗血小板和(或)调脂和(或)降压药物治疗,均随访3年。比较3个月、1年和3年后,不同治疗方案患者预后不良发生率、复发率和病死率的差异。结果随访1年时,联合降压调脂组患者病死率和预后不良率均低于联合降压组(11.95%vs 24.93%,45.89%vs58.17%,P0.01);随访1年和3年时,复发率亦低于联合降压组(12.23%vs 27.98%,14.97%vs 27.15%,P0.01)。随访3个月时,联合调脂组患者病死率低于单纯抗血小板组(7.87%vs 15.29%,P0.05);随访1年和3年时,联合调脂组患者病死率、复发率和预后不良率均低于单纯抗血小板组(P0.05,P0.01)结论联合强化调脂,长期平稳有效降压和坚持抗血小板治疗可降低缺血性脑卒中的复发率,病死率和预后不良率。     

老年非瓣膜性心房颤动合并缺血性脑血管病住院患者抗凝治疗研究

目的:本研究回顾性调查老年非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)合并缺血性脑血管病[缺血性脑卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)]的住院患者抗凝治疗实际应用情况。方法:选择出院诊断为NVAF合并缺血性脑卒中/TIA的老年住院患者626例,应用CHA2DS2-VASc评分评估脑卒中危险,结合CHA2DS2-VASc评分调查各分层的住院期间抗凝治疗情况,并按年龄分为非高龄组(65~74岁,n=316)和高龄组(≥75岁,n=310),比较两组的抗凝治疗情况。结果:626例老年NVAF合并缺血性脑卒中/TIA患者CHA2DS2-VASc评分均>2分,平均(5.48±1.27)分,其中仅35.3%使用口服抗凝药物治疗,而51.6%使用抗血小板治疗,13.1%未使用上述两种药物治疗,高龄组的患者抗凝比例明显小于非高龄组的患者(28.4%vs.42.1%,P<0.001)。结论:本研究结果提示老年NVAF合并缺血性脑卒中/TIA住院患者抗凝治疗比例偏低,应使用指南推荐的CHA2DS2-VASc评分制定抗凝策略以提高抗凝比例。     

Prevention of recurrent cerebral ischemic events in patients with patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic strokes or transient ischemic attacks

BACKGROUND: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is found in up to 50% of patients less than 55 years of age who have had a stroke. Therapeutic options include no therapy, antiplatelet therapy, warfarin and surgical closure of the PFO. OBJECTIVES: To determine the relative and attributable risks of PFO for recurrent cerebral ischemic events in young patients with stroke or transient ischemic attacks. The predictors of recurrent cerebral ischemic events and the effects of different therapies on recurrence rates were sought. DESIGN: Follow-up of a retrospective cohort of patients with cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attacks identified from an echocardiography database. SETTING: University-based regional neurology referral centre. PATIENTS: Consecutive group of 90 patients less than 60 years of age who underwent transesophageal echocardiography following a cryptogenic transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke (cerebrovascular accident [CVA]) between 1991 and 1997. INTERVENTIONS: Structured telephone interviews and chart reviews. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients had a PFO, and 38 patients did not have a PFO. During a mean follow-up of 46 months, 19 recurrent cerebral ischemic events (12 TIA and seven CVA) occurred in 14 patients with PFO, and eight recurrent events (three TIA and five CVA) occurred in six patients without PFO. The recurrence rates were 12% and 5%/patient/year in the PFO and control groups, respectively, for a crude recurrence rate ratio of 2.39 (95% CI 1.01 to 6.32, P < 0.03). The attributable risk of PFO in recurrent neurological events was 7%/patient/year. In a Cox regression model, predictors of recurrent neurological events were presence of PFO (hazard ratio 5.27, 95% CI 1.58 to 17.6, P < 0.007), history of migraine (hazard ratio 4.54, 95% CI 1.11 to 18.52, P < 0.035), hypertension requiring therapy (hazard ratio 3.5, 95% CI 1.33 to 9.01, P < 0.01), and antiplatelet or no therapy instead of warfarin therapy (hazard ratio 2.88, 95% CI 1.11 to 8.7, P < 0.04). Fourteen patients underwent surgical closure of PFO; there were no neurological recurrences during a mean follow-up of 43 months (crude incidence rate difference 12%/patient/year, 95% CI 6.6 to 17.9, P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PFO had a significantly higher rate of recurrent cerebral ischemic events than those without PFO. Surgical PFO closure prevented any recurrences during a mean follow-up of 43 months. Warfarin was better than antiplatelet therapy or no therapy in preventing recurrences.     

Underuse of cardioprotective treatment by the elderly with type 2 diabetes

AIMS: To assess whether elderly patients with type 2 diabetes use a comprehensive cardioprotective regimen (CCR) of antihypertensive, lipid-lowering and antiplatelet drugs in the year following oral antidiabetic drug initiation and, if so, to identify the determinants of such use. METHODS: Using the Quebec Diabetes Surveillance System administrative database, we carried out an inception cohort study of individuals aged 66 years and over who began oral antidiabetic therapy between 1998 and 2002. Those individuals with at least one claim in the year after starting antidiabetic treatment for an antihypertensive, a lipid-lowering and an antiplatelet drugs were deemed to be using a CCR. A multivariate logistic regression model was built to identify the characteristics associated with CCR use. RESULTS: Of the 48,505 individuals included in the study, 9912 (20.4%) used a CCR during the year following the first antidiabetic claim. Those more likely to use a CCR were men (odds ratio [OR]: 1.2; 99% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.1-1.3), those who had used an antihypertensive (1.6; 1.4-1.7), lipid-lowering (7.4; 6.8-8.0) or antiplatelet (7.3; 6.7-7.9) drug in the year before the first antidiabetic claim and those with a preexisting diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (1.9; 1.8-2.1). The odds of using a CCR increased every year. CONCLUSIONS: CCR use by the elderly with type 2 diabetes in the year following antidiabetic initiation is low, and prior use of individual cardioprotective drugs is a strong predictor of its use. These findings suggest that the treatment of important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease is suboptimal.     

动脉粥样硬化血栓形成型脑梗死急性期治疗与预后的关系

目的探讨动脉粥样硬化血栓形成型脑梗死患者急性期抗血小板、调脂和抗氧化治疗与预后的关系。方法将689例动脉粥样硬化血栓形成型脑梗死患者根据是否服用抗血小板药物、他汀类调脂药物或抗氧化剂普罗布考分为观察组和对照组。随访12个月,根据改良Rankin量表评分评价两组的预后,比较两组的改善率、复发率、预后不良发生率和病死率。结果观察组的改善率高于对照组（P〈0．05）,观察组随访3、12个月的预后不良发生率和病死率明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）,两组复发率比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论抗血小板、他汀类调脂治疗或抗氧化治疗能改善动脉粥样硬化血栓形成型脑梗死患者的预后,明显降低预后不良的发生率和病死率。     

襄阳市急性冠脉综合征患者出院后服药情况和相关因素分析

目的 观察和分析襄阳市急性冠脉综合征患者服药情况和相关因素。方法 收集我院已诊断急性心肌梗死或不稳定型心绞痛患者,使用标准的问卷来研究患者坚持服药以及未坚持服药的原因,采用logistic回归分析出院后6个月与12个月的服药情况。结果 在出院的时候药物治疗比例很高（98%服用阿司匹林,85%服用β-受体拮抗剂,97.8%服用他汀类药物）,但是在随后的随访中服药比例是减少的。只有72%的出院患者同时服用4种药物（阿司匹林,倍他乐克,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂或血管紧张素受体拮抗剂和他汀类药物）。而在出院后1年服药比例减少至52.9%,使用logistic回归分析提示在出院以及随访中,医疗保险、血脂异常、高血压病和介入治疗为重要的服药的相关因素,而医生对很大比例的患者服药情况未予宣教,部分药物费用过高也是影响坚持联合用药的原因。结论 襄樊市已诊断急性冠脉综合征患者出院1年时按规范服药率为52.9%,影响服药依从性的因素是是否患有并发症、宣传不到位和费用高。     

A review of therapeutic strategies for risk reduction of recurrent stroke

Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major source of morbidity and mortality in the United States, a relatively small percentage of deaths related to CVD result from ischemic stroke. However, the impairment and costs associated with stroke are large--and largely preventable. Large-scale trials have demonstrated benefit with antihypertensive therapy for secondary prevention, showing significantly reduced rates of stroke and cardiovascular events. Statins have shown efficacy in primary stroke prevention, and one trial showed reduced incidence of stroke and cardiovascular events in patients with recent stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). The merits of antiplatelet therapy in primary and secondary stroke prevention have been demonstrated across numerous trials and meta-analyses. Trials assessing aspirin plus clopidogrel or aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole for preventing secondary stroke have produced somewhat contradictory findings. This review discusses the relationship between CVD and risk of secondary stroke or TIA and summarizes secondary prevention strategies, focusing on antiplatelet agents, to provide guidance for the practicing cardiologist. Certain combination therapies appear to be more effective for secondary prevention of stroke or TIA than therapy with single antiplatelet agents. The choice of agents may be important, based on results of several trials. The ongoing, large-scale, comparative Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes (PR. FESS) trial should provide cardiologists with more definitive recommendations.     

New transient ischemic attack and stroke: outpatient management by primary care physicians

BACKGROUND: Patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke frequently first contact their primary care physician rather than seeking care at a hospital emergency department. The purpose of the present study was to identify a group of patients seen by primary care physicians in an office setting for a first-ever TIA or stroke and characterize their evaluation and management. METHODS: Practice audit based on retrospective, structured medical record abstraction from 27 primary care medical practices in 2 geographically separate communities in the eastern United States. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients with a first-ever TIA and 81 with stroke were identified. Seventy-nine percent of those with TIA vs 88% with stroke were evaluated on the day their symptoms occurred (P =.12). Only 6% were admitted to a hospital for evaluation and treatment on the day of the index visit (2% TIA; 10% stroke; P =.03); only an additional 3% were admitted during the subsequent 30 days. Specialists were consulted for 45% of patients. A brain imaging study (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) was ordered on the day of the index visit in 30% (23% TIA, 37% stroke; P =.04), regardless of whether the patient was referred to a specialist. Carotid ultrasound studies were obtained in 28% (40% TIA, 14% stroke; P<.001), electrocardiograms in 19% (18% TIA, 21% stroke; P =.60), and echocardiograms in 16% (19% TIA, 14% stroke; P =.34). Fewer than half of patients with a prior history of atrial fibrillation (n = 24) underwent anticoagulation when evaluated at the index visit. Thirty-two percent of patients (31% TIA, 33% stroke; P =.70) were not hospitalized and had no evaluations performed during the first month after presenting to a primary care physician with a first TIA or stroke. Of these patients, 59% had a change in antiplatelet therapy on the day of the index visit. CONCLUSIONS: Further primary care physician education regarding the importance of promptly and fully evaluating patients with TIA or stroke may be warranted, and barriers to implementation of established secondary stroke prevention strategies need to be carefully explored. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2941-2946     

Antiplatelet agents for secondary prevention of stroke

Patients with recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) face a high risk of recurrent stroke as well as an increased risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. In the absence of a clearly established indication for long-term anticoagulation, such as atrial fibrillation, antiplatelet agents are the antithrombotic drugs of choice for preventing recurrent vascular events. For many years, aspirin (ASA) has been the first-line therapy for patients at high risk of vascular ischemic events. Two large clinical trials have established the superiority of the combination of ASA and extended-release dipyridamole (ASA/ERDP) over ASA alone in patients with recent noncardioembolic ischemic stroke or TIA. Clopidogrel, another antiplatelet agent, is a reasonable alternative to ASA, but its superiority to ASA in patients with a history of stroke has not been as clearly established. The combination of ASA and clopidogrel, which is effective in patients with acute coronary syndrome, has not been shown to be either effective or safe, compared with either agent alone, in stroke patients, although there may be some benefit to this combination in patients with acute TIA. The results from a large randomized trial comparing ASA/ERDP with clopidogrel, anticipated soon, will further assist clinicians in choosing among available antiplatelet agents.