肝移植术后胆道缺血再灌注损伤的临床分析

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后缺血再灌注对供肝胆管的损伤.方法 对33例肝移植患者术后早期出现TBIL,DBIL及γ-GT升高情况进行分析,对其中13例在移植术后进行纤维胆道镜胆道观察,3例肝胆管结石取石治疗.结果 24例患者TBIL,DBIL及γ-GT各项指标逐渐恢复接近正常,恢复时间平均为78.5 d,9例出现急性排斥经甲基强的松龙冲击治疗后7例肝功能逐渐恢复接近正常;3例出现肝胆管结石患者由T管窦道纤维胆道镜成功取石.结论 缺血再灌注对移植肝脏胆管有不同程度损伤,与结石形成有相关的可能性,经T管窦道纤维胆道镜对移植肝脏胆管结石的诊断和治疗有重要价值.     

胆道探查术中及术后纤维胆道镜应用的评价

目的探讨纤维胆道镜在胆道探查术中及术后的应用价值。方法对113例在胆道探查术中及术后应用纤维胆道镜治疗患者的疗效进行回顾性分析。结果 23例胆总管扩张合并黄疸且术前未见结石的患者,其中19例术中胆道镜发现结石并于术中取净结石,2例炎性狭窄,1例胆管癌,1例未见异常。58例胆总管结石患者术中胆道镜取净结石。32例肝内、外胆管结石患者术中胆道镜取净结石21例;2例胆道镜发现结石集中于肝左外叶合并肝内胆管狭窄,行肝左外叶切除;其余9例患者的结石术中未取净,于术后6～8周再经胆道镜T管窦道取净结石。113例患者术后均无严重并发症发生。术后获随访98例（86.7%）,随访时间6～24个月,平均14个月,2例复发,其余96例未见结石复发。结论术中应用纤维胆道镜可明确胆管内病变,降低胆管残余结石的发生率;术后经T管窦道取石是治疗胆管残余结石的有效方法,可避免再次手术的痛苦。     

胆道镜治疗肝移植术后肝内胆管阻塞40例

目的 探讨胆道镜在诊断及治疗肝移植术后肝内胆管阻塞的价值。方法 回顾性分析40例肝移植术后肝内胆管阻塞患者的资料。所有病例均经T管造影证实为肝内胆管阻塞伴狭窄，经T管途径扩张窦道并行胆道镜，再于X线透视下放管支撑。结果 29例疗效满意；8例得到控制；3例效果较差，接受了再次移植。结论 胆道镜治疗是肝移植术后肝内胆管阻塞的有效治疗方法。     

纤维胆道镜治疗术后胆管残石

目的探讨外科手术后胆管残石的纤维胆道镜取石的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院2006年1月至2009年6月收治的89例术后胆管残石非手术治疗病例资料。结果89例均经过T管窦道行胆道镜取石治疗,其中82例胆道取石术后经影像检查肝内、外胆管无残石;5例肝右叶前支胆管少量泥沙样残石,经T管反复冲洗后恢复正常,2例肝右叶前支、后支胆管,左叶胆管膜状狭窄部内有残石胆道镜无法进入,经注入溶石剂后恢复正常。结论纤维胆道镜经T管窦道治疗胆道术后残余结石是治疗残余结石的首选方法,具有重要临床意义。     

腹腔镜下经纤维胆道镜治疗肝内外胆管结石的体会(附730例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜及液电碎石术治疗肝内、外胆管结石的临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析730例腹腔镜胆道手术中经胆囊管残端、胆总管切开及术后经"T"管窦道行纤维胆道镜下取石、液电脉冲碎石的临床资料。结果:346例一次性取净胆总管内结石,占47.4%;31例一次性取净左、右肝内胆管结石,占19.5%。术后经"T"管窦道纤维胆道镜取石、液电碎石治疗后全部治愈。术后胆漏3例,出血17例,无死亡病例及中转开腹。结论:腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜、液电碎石术治疗肝内、外胆管结石符合微创、安全、可靠、有效的原则,腹腔镜下纤维胆道镜操作技术是治疗肝内、外胆管结石的关键。     

纤维胆道镜治疗术后胆管残留结石(附62例报告)

使用纤维胆道镜治疗了62例术后胆管残留结石的病人。57例病人结石取净,取净率91.94％。肝胆管结石病人术后残石率高是目前胆道外科难题之一,术后通过胆道镜从T管窦道取石是一个切实有效的途径。T管的放置直接影响术后胆道镜取石的顺利进行。为方便术后取石应选择较粗的T管,T管的放置以“短、直、宽”为原则。术后要注意T管的保护,T管造影、B超、CT等的检查使胆道镜取石前有一个初步的定位诊断,减少漏诊。胆道镜操作技巧的熟练和取石器械的进步是提高结石取净率的有效保证。随着纤维胆道镜技术的发展必能促进肝胆管结石的治疗不断完善。     

纤维胆道镜在胆道术后治疗肝内残石的临床应用

目的评价胆道术后经T管窦道行纤维胆道镜治疗肝内残石的临床价值。方法用纤维胆道镜经T管窦道取肝内残石。结果肝内残石患者680例，取净结石623例，取净率为91．6％。结论纤维胆道镜经T管窦道取石治愈率高、安全、简单、并发症少。     

胆道镜治疗肝内胆管残余结石

原发性肝胆管结石的处理目前仍以手术治疗为主，由于结石分布广、位置深、形成铸型及胆管狭窄等因素，术后残石难以避免。残石是目前肝内胆管结石治疗困难和预后不佳的主要原因。经T管窦道纤维胆道镜取石已广泛开展，其成功率在50％～99％之间。自1993年6月至2002年6月期间，我们采用经T管窦道纤维胆道镜取石治疗646例胆道残石病人，其中329例为肝内胆管残石。我们重点讨论肝内胆管残石的胆道镜治疗及长期疗效。     

胆道镜联合钬激光经T管窦道治疗肝内外胆管残余结石

目的:探讨胆道镜联合钬激光经T管窦道碎石治疗肝内、外胆管残余结石的临床价值和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2010年2月—2011年6月经术后T管窦道置入胆道镜联合钬激光碎石治疗300例肝内、外胆管残余结石患者的临床资料。结果:292例经胆道镜下钬激光碎石治疗结石全部取净,碎石时间4~12 min,碎石次数1~5次,13例经5次碎石;8例患者结石位于III,IV级肝管碎石未成功,带管2个月后经等离子体冲击波碎石,6例患者成功取出结石,2例患者结石未取出。碎石总数568枚,结石排净率97.3%(292/300)。术中无胆道大出血、穿孔、胆管壁灼伤、胆瘘等严重并发症发生;15例术后出现低热。268例随访6~18个月,平均10个月,未发现结石复发及残留,无胆道狭窄。结论:胆道镜联合钬激光碎石可显著提高肝内、外胆管残余结石的治疗效果,是一种简便、安全、有效的方法,值得临床应用推广。     

肝内胆管结石的胆道镜治疗

目的探讨肝内胆管难取性结石的胆道镜治疗方法。方法625例肝内胆管结石患者均行胆总管探查 T管引流术,术后6周行纤维胆道镜取石。结果625例患者中619例结石取净,取石成功率为99.04%。结论纤维胆道镜是治疗肝内胆管结石一种安全而有效的方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.