柴胡中柴胡总皂苷及柴胡皂苷a的含量测定

目的 建立柴胡中柴胡总皂苷及柴胡皂苷a的含量测定方法,并对样品进行含量测定.方法 采用紫外分光光度法,以柴胡皂苷a为对照品,在波长545nm处对样品中的总皂苷进行含量测定;采用高效液相色谱法,以C18色谱柱(4.6mmX250mm.5μm)、甲醇-水为流动相,流速为1mL·min<'-1>,检测波长为210nm,测定样品中柴胡皂苷a的含量.结果 柴胡总皂苷在30～70μg/mL、柴胡皂苷a在50.4～252μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,r分别为09956、0.9991;平均回收率:柴胡总皂苷为99.31%、柴胡皂苷a为99.22%;RSD:柴胡总皂苷为1.25%,柴胡皂苷a为1.07%.结论 本研究所建立的紫外分光光度法测定柴胡总皂苷及高效液相法测定皂苷a含量的方法,简便、易行、快速,结果准确可靠,适用于柴胡中柴胡总皂苷及柴胡皂苷a的含量测定,并为在安全剂量范围内正确使用柴胡提供依据.     

不同产地柴胡中柴胡皂苷的含量测定

目的测定不同产地柴胡中柴胡皂苷a及柴胡总皂苷的含量。方法以柴胡皂苷a为指标 ,采用高效液相色谱法和可见分光光度法。结果柴胡皂苷a分别在 0 9～ 7 2 μg(r =0 9998)及0 0 4～ 0 36 g·L-1(r =0 9999)内线性关系良好。柴胡皂苷a的平均回收率分别为 98 5 % (n =6 ,RSD =2 1% )和 97 3% (n =6 ,RSD =1 9% )。柴胡皂苷a的含量以陕西最高 ,内蒙最低 ;柴胡总皂苷以内蒙最高而山西最低。结论此方法简便、快速 ,便于对柴胡药材进行质量评价     

产地对北柴胡皂苷类物质含量及急性毒性影响的实验研究

目的对不同产地北柴胡药材全组分、醇-水提取物中皂苷类物质的含量和急性毒性大小进行比较研究,探讨产地对柴胡皂苷类物质含量与毒性的影响。方法运用UV法、HPLC法、经典急性毒性实验法,进行北柴胡药材全组分、醇-水提取物柴胡总皂苷和皂苷a的含量测定及急性毒性比较研究。结果不同产地北柴胡药材全组分柴胡总皂苷含量大小依次为：河北柴胡〉内蒙柴胡〉山西柴胡〉河南柴胡,皂苷a的含量为：河北柴胡〉内蒙柴胡、山西柴胡〉河南柴胡,其最大给药量（MLD）大小为：河南柴胡〉山西柴胡〉内蒙柴胡〉河北柴胡;不同产地北柴胡药材醇-水提取物总皂苷含量大小依次为：河北柴胡〉内蒙柴胡〉山西柴胡〉河南柴胡,皂苷a的含量为：河北柴胡〉山西柴胡〉内蒙柴胡〉河南柴胡,其最小致死量（MTD）为：内蒙柴胡〉山西柴胡〉河南柴胡〉河北柴胡。河北产地的北柴胡药材全组分、醇-水提取物中柴胡总皂苷及皂苷a含量均较其他产地北柴胡药材含量高,其对应的全组分MLD、醇-水提取物MTD均较其他产地北柴胡药材的小,毒性最大。结论产地对柴胡皂苷类物质含量与毒性有一定的影响,且柴胡毒性大小与皂苷类物质含量有一定的相关性。     

不同产地柴胡中总皂苷及柴胡皂苷a含量测定

<正>柴胡(Bupleurum Chinense DC.)为伞形科柴胡属植物北柴胡的根,为常用的中药之一,具有疏肝升阳、和解表里的功效[1]。柴胡皂苷a(saikosaponin a)(化学结构式见图1)是其主要活性成分之一,而不同产地柴胡中其含量相差较大,为了评价不同产地柴胡的优劣,作者采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和可见分光光度法分别对柴胡皂苷a及柴胡总皂苷进行了含量测定。     

柴胡的质量评价研究△

目的:建立柴胡的质量评价方法。方法:采用薄层色谱法进行定性鉴别;紫外分光光度法,测定柴胡中总皂苷的含量;利用HPLC法,采用C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)、乙腈-水为流动相,流速:1.0ml.min-1,检测波长:210nm,测定柴胡中柴胡皂苷a、d的含量。结果:柴胡总皂苷在0.03256～0.1628mg、柴胡皂苷a在0.258～2.580μg、柴胡皂苷d在0.238～2.380μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r分别为0.9969、0.9996、0.9997;平均回收率:柴胡总皂苷为99.73%,柴胡皂苷a为100.40%,柴胡皂苷d为99.70%;RSD:柴胡总皂苷为2.07%,柴胡皂苷a为1.72%,柴胡皂苷d为1.50%。结论:定性鉴别薄层色谱特征明显,专属性强,本研究建立的紫外分光光度法测定柴胡总皂苷及高效液相法测定柴胡皂苷a、d含量的方法,简单、易行、快速,结果准确可靠,能较全面地控制柴胡的质量,并为在安全剂量范围内正确使用柴胡提供依据。     

青海产小叶黑柴胡中皂苷类成分的含量分析

目的测定青海产小叶黑柴胡中总皂苷、柴胡皂苷a及柴胡皂苷d的含量,为其质量评价和开发利用提供参考。方法采用分光光度法测定小叶黑柴胡中总皂苷的含量;采用高效液相色谱法测定小叶黑柴胡中柴胡皂苷a和柴胡皂苷d的含量。结果小叶黑柴胡中总皂苷含量>2.77%,柴胡皂苷a和柴胡皂苷d的含量分别高于0.54%和0.14%,其中柴胡皂苷a和柴胡皂苷d的含量远高于中国药典中柴胡含量项下的标准。结论本方法简便快速,结果准确、稳定,适用于小叶黑柴胡中皂苷类成分的含量测定。青海产小叶黑柴胡具有较高的药用价值。     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化柴胡总皂苷工艺研究

目的以柴胡皂苷a含量为指标,考察柴胡总皂苷的最佳分离纯化工艺。方法建立柴胡皂苷a的HPLC测定法,色谱柱为ODS-C18柱(150×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇:水(70:30),流速为1mL.min-1,检测波长为210nm。以柴胡皂苷a为指标,比较不同型号大孔树脂对于柴胡总皂苷的分离纯化能力,对吸附流速、洗脱溶剂及用量、洗脱流速进行考察。结果柴胡皂苷a在50～250μg.mL-1的范围内,浓度与其峰面积具有良好的线性关系(r=0.9991),平均加样回收率为99.22%,RSD=1.07%(n=6)。确定D101大孔树脂为柴胡总皂苷的纯化材料,其最佳工艺条件是吸附流速为1BV.h-1,洗脱溶剂为70%乙醇,用量为5BV,洗脱流速为2BV.h-1。柴胡总皂苷精制品中柴胡皂苷a含量可达到3%左右。结论该含量测定方法操作简便、重复性好,可用于测定柴胡总皂苷精制品中柴胡皂苷a的含量。D101大孔树脂分离柴胡总皂苷工艺稳定可行,树脂可重复利用,对于柴胡总皂苷的分离精制具有良好的应用前景。     

高效液相色谱法测定定西市栽培北柴胡中柴胡皂苷a的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定定西市不同产地栽培北柴胡药材中柴胡皂苷a含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为C18,流动相为甲醇-乙腈-水(20∶35∶45),流速为1.0mL.min-1,检测波长为208nm。结果:柴胡皂苷a进样量在1.02~5.10μg范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为96.8%(RSD=2.03%)。不同产地栽培北柴胡中柴胡皂苷a的含量不同(0.22%~0.67%)。结论:本研究为柴胡的栽培和资源利用及质量控制提供了一定的科学依据。     

甘肃地产药材空心柴胡的质量评价

目的考察和评价不同产地空心柴胡的质量。方法测定3个不同产地野生空心柴胡根中总浸出物、总皂苷、柴胡皂苷a、挥发油。结果不同产地空心柴胡中有效成分含量有明显差异。结论此研究将为柴胡的药用和资源利用提供参考依据。     

不同采收期柴胡中挥发油及总皂苷的含量测定

目的:测定不同采收期柴胡中挥发油及总皂苷的含量。方法:采用挥发油提取器提取柴胡中的挥发油;以柴胡皂苷a为指标,采用可见分光光度法分别对不同采收期柴胡中的总皂苷进行含量测定。结果:柴胡挥发油的含量以7月份最高,11月份最低;柴胡总皂苷的含量以5月份最高,9月份最低。结论:本方法简便、快速,可以为柴胡确定最佳采收期提供科学依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.