心理应激对特应性皮炎不利影响的内在机制研究概况

研究表明［１］,心理应激状态包括焦虑、抑郁、恐惧、愤怒、激动等情绪会加重特应性皮炎（atopic dermatitis,AD）患者瘙痒的症状。日本Kodama等［2］将经历过阪神大地震的1 457名AD患者按照其受灾的严重程度分为A（严重的房屋财产损毁）、B（轻度的受损）、C（对照组）三组进行研究,结果显示,A组和B组分别有38%和34%的患者出现皮肤症状恶化,而对照组只有7%患者出现相同的进展;相应的63%和48%的A组和B组患者伴随应激性心理状态,而只有19%的C组患者伴随此情绪。Christina等［3］的研究显示,对AD患者进行认知行为压力管理训练可使处于心理应激状态的患者皮质醇觉醒应答下降,并观测到皮炎减轻。此外,经过该训练的患者在急性应激状态下表现得更加平静,唾液皮质醇水平更低。因此,对应激心理状态的控制或许为AD患者提供一条常规治疗以外的新途径……     

Mental health comorbidity in youth with atopic dermatitis: A narrative review of possible mechanisms

The presence of atopic dermatitis (AD) in youth has been linked to a variety of mental health concerns including disruptive behavior, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and diagnoses of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. However, the factors accounting for these relationships are not well understood. The current review summarizes possible mechanisms identified in previous research and highlights areas for future investigation. Among the primary mechanisms studied to date, child sleep is the only factor that has been characterized in relative detail, with findings generally supporting the mediating role of sleep problems in the relationship between AD and psychological symptoms. There is substantial evidence suggesting a negative impact of child AD on parent mental health and the impact of parent mental health on child psychological functioning, although the latter has not been assessed specifically in populations of children with AD. There is also preliminary support for other mechanisms, including pruritus and pain, atopic comorbidities, social functioning, and systemic antihistamine use, in the development of mental health concerns in pediatric AD. Furthermore, research suggests the presence of bidirectional relationships between AD and psychological functioning via inflammatory responses to stress and impaired treatment adherence. Overall, significant additional research is needed to better characterize the nature and magnitude of the relationships among these multiple mechanisms and various psychosocial outcomes. Nevertheless, the findings to date support routine screening of psychological health in patients with AD as well as screening for potential risk factors, which may also serve as targets of therapeutic intervention.     

特应性皮炎患者血中结合珠蛋白含量的检测及临床意义

目的：检测特应性皮炎（AD）患者血中结合珠蛋白（Hp）含量，并分析与病情严重程度之间的相关性。方法：采用醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳后比色的方法检测124例特应性皮炎患者（其中轻度40例、中度44例、重度40例）和134例正常对照者血中Hp水平。结果：与正常对照组相比，患者组血中Hp含量明显增高（P〈0．001），其中病情中度和重度患者组均显著增高（P〈0．05），轻度组增高无统计学意义。Hp含量与AD病情严重程度呈正相关（P〈0．001）。结论：Hp可能通过一种负反馈机制来抑制皮损局部的过度炎症反应，而参与了AD患者体内的免疫调节和抗炎作用。     

角质形成细胞与特应性皮炎相关研究进展

角质形成细胞（keratinocytes,KCs）的异常导致角蛋白的表达出现异常,从而导致表皮屏障功能失调。在特应性皮炎(Atopic Dermatitis,AD)皮损中,KC大量表达胸腺淋巴基质生成素、肿瘤坏死因子α以及一些白细胞介素如IL-1α、IL-1β和IL-18等介导皮肤的炎症反应。在AD中KC还可表达模式识别受体,通过先天免疫系统,产生和维持炎症反应。另外,AD皮损中KC损伤导致抗菌肽的表达缺乏可能有助于增加AD患者皮肤对感染病毒、细菌和真菌的易感性。本文对角质形成细胞与特应性皮炎相关研究进展进行综述。     

Phenotypes of atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common disease affecting both children and adults. AD develops from a complex interplay between environmental, genetic, immunologic and biochemical factors. Genetic factors predispose atopic subjects to mount exaggerated Th2 responses and to a poorly efficient epidermal barrier, which may be sufficient to initiate inflammation in the skin and may favor allergic sensitization. Thus AD can present with different clinical pheno‐types. AD is classically distinguished into an intrinsic and extrinsic form, which are clinically identical but the former lacks high level specific IgE and is not associated with respiratory atopy. Although in many cases AD presents with monotonous eczematous lesions on the face, neck and skin folds, it may also present with other features. Very common is nummular eczema, which in many instances may be the dominant expression of AD. In other patients, AD affects limited areas (periorificial eczema, nipple eczema, cheilitis, hand eczema) or its main presentation is with excoriated papules and nodules (atopic prurigo). In conclusion, AD is a multifaceted disease affecting patients with epidermal barrier dysfunction and dry and sensitive skin. The recognition of the less common AD phenotypes is essential for proper patient management.     

Results of atopy patch tests with house dust mites in adults with ''intrinsic'' and ''extrinsic'' atopic dermatitis

BACKGROUND: The most frequently employed diagnostic criteria of atopic dermatitis (AD) can be fulfilled in the absence of elevated total circulating IgE or specific IgE to food allergens or environmental aeroallergens and/or in the absence of personal or familial history of atopy as well. Therefore a distinction between 'extrinsic' or 'allergic' and 'intrinsic' or 'non-allergic' AD has been suggested. Recently, a patch test with environmental aeroallergens, named atopy patch test (APT), has been proposed for use in the study of AD. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the reactivity to APT in patients with 'extrinsic' and 'intrinsic' AD. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two groups of adult male subjects with AD were examined consecutively in our department (Department of Dermatology, Italian Navy Main Hospital, Taranto, Italy) andpatch tested with whole bodies of house dust mites (HDM) at a concentration of 20% in petrolatum (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 50%, D. farinae 50%). The groups included: (i) 95 patients affected by the adult clinical form of 'extrinsic' AD; (ii) 12 patients affected by the adult clinical form of 'intrinsic' AD; and (iii) a control group of 49 adult healthy male subjects with a negative anamnesis for eczema and atopy and negative skin prick test to aeroallergens/food allergens and/or normal level of total circulating IgE, also patch tested with the same allergen. The statistical differences were calculated by chi2 test and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were provided. RESULTS: The APT was positive in 47.4% (CI: 37-57%) of'extrinsic'AD, in 66.6% (CI: 41-93%) of'intrinsic' AD and in 12.2% (CI: 3-21%) of healthy subjects. The differences between the two AD subgroups and the control group were statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: APT positivity is more frequent in both 'extrinsic' and 'intrinsic' AD than in unaffected subjects. Other studies are needed to confirm our data and to explain why the APT is positive in the 'intrinsic' form.     

Sensory processing patterns of adults with atopic dermatitis

Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) has been associated with sensory hypersensitivity in children. Objective To examine the sensory profile of adults with AD using a standardized questionnaire that measures sensory processing and related behaviours in daily living. Methods Thirty‐two patients aged 18–53 years with AD and 32 healthy, sex‐ and age‐matched control subjects completed the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP). Severity of AD was assessed by the Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD). Results Patients with AD showed higher sensory sensitivity and avoidance than the controls, mainly in the tactile, vestibular, visual and auditory modalities. Conclusions Adults with AD may suffer from sensory hypersensitivity. Additional studies should examine the influence of the peripheral and the central nervous system on sensory hypersensitivity. Better understanding of the sensory impairment of patients with AD may help improving treatment strategies for the disease.     

特应性皮炎中相关细胞因子的研究进展

特应性皮炎(AD)发病机制复杂,其中免疫学功能的紊乱和调节失衡是AD发病的中心环节。本文对近年来报道的与AD发病相关的细胞因子进行综述。     

Effectiveness of dupilumab in pediatric patients with a nummular phenotype of atopic dermatitis

The nummular phenotype of atopic dermatitis is clinically characterized by pruritic, coin-shaped plaques that are frequently recalcitrant to treatment. In this study, a retrospective chart review was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of dupilumab in children with nummular lesions of dermatitis. Twelve out of 14 patients demonstrated significant clinical improvement at a median time of 2.5 months (interquartile range, 1–4) after dupilumab initiation. A single case of paradoxical psoriasiform eruption was the only side effect reported in our cohort.     

Rarity of hypertension in adult patients with atopic dermatitis

BACKGROUND: Patients with atopic dermatitis show a tendency for vasoconstriction of the small vessels in the skin. As peripheral vasoconstriction contributes to the cause of hypertension, it is natural to suppose that blood pressures might be on the high side in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. In the literature, however, there was little information on the subject. OBJECTIVES: To study the incidence of hypertension in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. PATIENTS/METHODS: Blood pressure was measured in 521 adult patients with active atopic dermatitis (235 males; 286 females) aged 30-59 years, and 87 adults with "healed" atopic dermatitis (26 males; 61 females) aged 34-52 years. The blood pressures were classified as definite hypertension, borderline hypertension or normal blood pressure. RESULTS: In those patients aged 30-39 years with active atopic dermatitis, the incidence of definite hypertension in the male patients and the female patients was 1.1% and 1.6%, respectively. The incidence remained almost at a plateau for the 30-39-year-old age group through to the 50-59-year-old age group, in both the male and female patients. There was no difference in the incidence of definite hypertension between patients with severe dermatitis and patients with mild dermatitis. Adult patients with "healed" atopic dermatitis also showed a low incidence of definite hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that hypertension is rare in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. It is most probable that the rarity of hypertension is a primary feature of the disease.     

Temperament and character dimensions in patients with atopic dermatitis

The aim of this study was to assess the personality traits of young male patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), and to examine the correlations between temperament and character dimensions with clinical and other psychological factors. Fifty young adult male AD patients and 83 healthy controls were examined using the temperament and character inventory, the Beck depression inventory and the state-trait anxiety inventory. The AD patients scored higher on harm avoidance and lower on reward dependence, self-directedness and cooperativeness than the healthy controls. The illness duration and anxiety correlated negatively with the self-directedness score, and depression correlated negatively with reward dependence and the persistence scores in AD patients. These results suggest that AD patients have distinctive temperament and character dimensions compared to healthy controls. Moreover, illness duration and anxiety might be associated with some personality problems, and some temperament dimensions (e.g. reward dependence, persistence) may be linked to depressive symptoms in AD patients.     

Urinary biomarker of oxidative stress in patients with psoriasis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis

Background  The involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of various skin disorders has been suggested for decades. However, few clinical studies have assessed oxidative stress in skin diseases. The easiest and least invasive method to assess oxidative stress in patients may be the measurement of oxidation products in urine.
Objective  This study aims to assess oxidative stress in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients.
Methods  Urine samples were collected from 29 psoriasis patients (25 males and 4 females), 21 atopic dermatitis patients (14 males and 7 females) and 20 healthy controls (16 males and 4 females). The severity and extent of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis was assessed by their area and severity index. We measured nitrate as a metabolite of nitric oxide, malondialdehyde as a major lipid oxidation product, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a DNA oxidation marker.
Results  Urinary nitrate and 8-OHdG levels, but not malondialdehyde, were significantly higher in psoriasis patients than those in healthy controls. On the contrary, only urinary nitrate level was significantly higher in atopic dermatitis patients than those in healthy controls. The severity and extent of both psoriasis and atopic dermatitis significantly correlated with urinary nitrate level and malondialdehyde level, but it did not correlate with urinary 8-OHdG level.
Conclusions  Measurement of these three urinary oxidative products is non-invasive. Above all, measurement of urinary nitrate may be most useful in the clinical assessment of oxidative stress in both psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients. There is a possibility that urinary 8-OHdG level may indicate the different pathogenesis between psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.     

Sources of online information utilized by caregivers of pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis

There is limited information on the use of websites and social media platforms among dermatology patients. This survey study of 210 children with atopic dermatitis and their caretakers who attended dermatology clinic from 6/1/2020 through 5/1/2021 revealed that 83.8% had used online sources for information related to their condition. There was wide variation in the sources used and the participants' perceived trustworthiness of these. This study highlights the importance of physicians actively engaging with the online sources used by patients with atopic dermatitis and their caregivers during counseling in clinic.     

南京市2249名中小学生异位性皮炎调查分析

目的：了解南京地区青少年异位皮炎的发病情况。方法：对南京地区４所学校２２４９名７～１８岁年龄段的学生进行普查。结果：１９９８年５～６月南京地区青少年异位性皮炎时的时点患病率为０．８９％,其中城市患病率１．２５％,农村患病率为０．４８％,城市和农村男性患病率分别为１．６８％和０．８０％,女性为０．８２％和０．１８％。同时证实了Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓ标准在我国普遍人群应用有较好的诊断效率。结论：（１）１９９８年５～６月南京地区青少年异位性皮炎的时点患病率表现为城市高于农村,男性高于女性;（２）Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓ标准适用于我国７～１８岁年龄段人群的流行病学调查。     

Anxiety accelerates T-helper 2-tilted immune responses in patients with atopic dermatitis

BACKGROUND: Stress, which mediates anxiety, worsens skin symptoms in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). The contribution of anxiety to immune dysfunction, which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD, requires clarification. OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between anxiety and atopy-relevant immune function in AD. METHODS: Eighty-five patients with AD and 58 normal individuals without a history of allergic disorders were enrolled in this study. To assess anxiety, the state-trait anxiety inventory was completed for both groups. In the AD group, measurements were made of SCORAD scores, serum IgE levels, itching (visual analogue scale), blood eosinophil count and T-helper (Th) 1/Th2 ratio in the peripheral blood. RESULTS: Anxiety was significantly higher among the subjects with AD than the normal subjects, and trait anxiety (TA) was higher than state anxiety (SA) in the AD group. Serum total IgE levels were correlated positively with TA and the TA/SA ratio and inversely with SA, and the Th1/Th2 ratio was correlated inversely with TA and the TA/SA ratio. CONCLUSIONS: The patients with AD had higher anxiety levels than normal individuals, and those with a stronger perception of TA than SA showed enhanced serum IgE synthesis and Th2 shifting.