肩胛上神经严重撕脱时副神经移位修复的处理对策

目的探讨臂丛神经损伤肩胛上神经严重撕脱常规锁骨上前入路术式难以修复肩胛上神经时,后入路副神经移位修复肩胛上神经的疗效。方法2003年2～10月对6例臂丛严重撕脱患者应用后入路副神经移位术式修复肩胛上神经,并观察肩胛冈上缘水平副神经与肩胛上神经的关系、术后斜方肌各部分肌力的变化及肩关节功能的恢复情况。结果6例患者均顺利完成后入路副神经移位修复肩胛上神经。在肩胛冈上缘水平,副神经走行于斜方肌深面、筋膜下,定位于肩胛冈与肩胛骨内侧缘相交附近,肩胛上神经位于肩胛横韧带深侧肩胛切迹内,二者位置相对固定,相距3．5～5．5 cm,在肩胛冈上缘横切口内二者在无张力情况下直接拉拢端端吻接；术后随访18～26个月对斜方肌上部功能无明显影响,肩外展恢复35°～55°。结论当臂丛损伤肩胛上神经撕脱严重常规手术难以解剖、进行修复时,后入路副神经移位术式是一种很好的选择。     

副神经移位治疗臂丛神经损伤的进展

副神经是神经移位治疗臂丛神经损伤的重要动力神经。本文介绍副神经移位治疗臂丛神经损伤的历史，及近年来副神经解剖的进展；并重点讨论、比较副神经各种移位方式及其恢复效果，分析副神经移位术式的趋势，认为副神经移位修复肩胛上神经，恢复肩关节外展功能是较好的选择，且在副神经移位时保留斜方肌上部功能，利用副神经的远端终支移位是现在临床应用的趋势；并讨论了影响副神经移位疗效的各种因素。     

后进路副神经移位修复肩胛上神经术式的解剖学研究

目的　研究副神经移位到肩胛上神经以恢复臂丛神经损伤患者肩外展功能的后进路术式。方法　选用陈旧尸体 10具 2 0侧 ,新鲜尸体 4具 8侧 ,解剖观测在肩胛冈上缘水平副神经和肩胛上神经的关系。设计后进路副神经移位到肩胛上神经的新术式 ,并试用于临床。结果　肩胛上神经 10 0 % (2 8/ 2 8)位于肩胛横韧带深侧的肩胛上切迹内 ,位置恒定 ;副神经降支行于斜方肌深面、筋膜下 ,在肩胛冈上缘水平位于肩胛骨内侧缘 [(10 .42± 4.2 4)mm , x±s,下同 ] ,在该水平与肩胛上神经的最近距离为 (4.94± 1 2 2 )cm。游离切断后 ,可与肩胛上神经在无张力下直接拉拢缝合。临床试用于 10例病人 ,均顺利完成副神经移位到肩胛上神经的手术。术后检查斜方肌上部肌力无明显影响。结论　后进路副神经移位到肩胛上神经的术式是安全的、可行的     

锁骨下水平副神经切断移位修复肩胛上神经的临床观察

目的 观察在锁骨下水平切断副神经、移位修复肩胛上神经,恢复臂丛损伤患者肩外展功能的临床效果及对斜方肌功能的影响。方法 在锁骨下副神经内外侧分支入肌处切断副神经,移位到肩胛上神经４９例,术后２～４年随访肩外展功能,其中２０例来院随访的患者又进行了术后斜方肌肌力及电生理检查。结果 副神经移位修复肩胛上神经,恢复臂丛损伤患者肩外展功能,其肩外展角度平均６１＾０,副神经移位后对斜方肌下部功能影响明显,对中     

肋间神经移位术修复腋神经

在肩外展功能的神经移位修复术式中,应用比较广泛的有副神经移位修复肩胛上神经、肋间神经移位修复腋神经以及桡神经肱三头肌肌支移位修复腋神经等[1],其中副神经移位修复肩胛上神经已经证实具有比较理想的效果并成为臂丛神经损伤修复中的肩外展功能修复经典术式.本文总结2008年之前在本院行肋间神经移位修复腋神经的患者4例,获得一些临床经验.     

副神经移位修复臂丛损伤受区神经选择的探讨

目的探讨副神经移位恢复肩关节功能的最佳受区神经选择.方法随访副神经移位治疗臂丛神经损伤54例,观察、比较肩关节功能的恢复.结果随访9～34个月(平均16.6个月),副神经移位到肩胛上神经肩外展≥30°恢复率75%,移位到腋神经肩外展≥30°恢复率33.3%,移位到上干后股肩外展≥30°恢复率30.8%.结论副神经移位到肩胛上神经效果优于移位到腋神经或上干后股,应把移位修复肩胛上神经作为首选.     

后入路副神经移位至肩胛上神经的应用解剖

目的 对斜方肌内的神经支配进行解剖学观察,为寻找副神经移位到肩胛上神经的最佳移位点和移位方式提供解剖依据.方法 选用成人尸体标本10具20侧.观察副神经在斜方肌内的行径及分支.并取不同水平副神经、肩胛上神经横断面制病理切片,计数各神经断面的神经纤维数,进行比较.结果 副神经在锁骨上2～3 cm进入斜方肌内,在肩胛冈中点前上方3～4 cm处,有来自颈丛的交通支加入后形成终末支.副神经的神经纤维计数:入斜方肌处(A点)为(1245±46)条,颈丛的交通支汇入前(B点)为(830±36)条,汇入后(C点)为(1074±38)条.结论 (1)副神经在与颈丛交通支合干后H-G段内的各断点,是副神经的最佳移位点.(2)后进路副神经移位术不影响斜方肌上部神经支配,充分利用了颈丛交通支,且缩短了神经再生距离,值得推广.     

肩胛上神经卡压的诊断及治疗

肩胛上神经卡压是较少见的周围神经卡压性疾病,肩胛上神经卡压在诊断上不易与颈肩部的其他疾病区分。本文归纳了近期的文献报道,以进一步认识该疾病的病因及相应治疗。 1 解剖学 肩胛上神经起源于臂丛上干(第5、6颈神经根),第4神经根也参与它的组成。自臂丛发出后,往下进入斜方肌内,直至肩胛骨上缘的切迹,肩胛上动静脉跨过该处肩胛上横韧带进入肩胛窝,肩胛上神经在此韧带下穿过,发出运动支支配冈上肌和感觉支支配2/3的肩关节囊。主干继续沿着肩胛冈走行,穿过由肩胛冈关节盂韧带(又名肩胛下横韧带)和肩胛冈组成的纤维-骨性隧道,转至冈     

选择性正中、尺神经部分束联合副神经移位治疗颈5,6根性撕脱伤

目的探讨选择性正中、尺神经部分束联合副神经移位治疗臂丛颈5、6根性撕脱伤的疗效。方法22例臂丛颈5、6根性撕脱伤,行选择性正中神经内侧一神经束移位修复腋神经外侧半、尺神经内侧一神经束移位修复肌皮神经肱二头肌支,联合副神经斜方肌支移位修复肩胛上神经。结果术后时间超过12月随访16例,平均随访24月。15例屈肘100°～150°,肌力M4～M5;肩外展90°～120°,肌力M3～M4。1例屈肘90°;肩外展75°。按中华手外科学会标准,优15例,良1例。结论选择性正中、尺神经部分束联合副神经斜方肌支移位治疗臂丛颈5、6根性撕脱伤,可很好恢复屈肘、肩外展功能,且手术简便、功能恢复时间较短。     

多组神经移位治疗臂丛上、中干根性撕脱伤重建肩外展及屈肘功能

目的 观察联合应用多组神经移位治疗臂丛上、中干根性撕脱伤的临床效果。方法 我科于2012年4月至2014年4月收治臂丛上、中干根性撕脱伤损伤患者16例,采用副神经斜方肌肌支移位修复肩胛上神经、桡神经肱三头肌长头支移位修复腋神经肌支及Oberlin术式,联合修复臂丛上、中干根性撕脱伤,恢复肩外展及屈肘功能。术后随访采用DASH评分表进行手术疗效评估。结果 术后16例患者中14例得到随访。随访24—28个月(平均25个月),患者肩关节外展恢复至75°-90°,恢复时间9-18个月(平均14个月)。屈肘恢复至100°-160°,恢复时间4-7.5个月（平均5.8个月）。DASH评分8-14分,平均14.6分。结论 臂丛上、中干损伤使用多组神经移位联合治疗,可较好恢复肩外展及屈肘功能,尺神经部分束支移位修复肌皮神经肱二头肌支对手内在肌功能无明显影响。     

Quantification of nerve tension after nerve repair: correlations with nerve defects and nerve regeneration

This study tested the validity of a quantitative in vitro nerve-tension-measuring technique, by correlating the tension measurements with functional and morphologic assessments of nerve regeneration. Initially, harvested nerves were used in vitro to determine a K value for lateral displacement in this tissue. Next, this value was used to calculate the tension of nerve repair, following 0-, 3-, 6-, and 9-mm resections of nerves in groups of rats. After quantifying the nerve tensions following excision and repair, the authors determined a sciatic function index to evaluate functional recovery and axon diameter in the animals. Functional recovery was significantly impaired in animals with elevated measurable tension (9.04 +/- 0.74 g in a 6-mm defect, 27.76 +/- 8.86 g in a 9-mm defect), compared to animals with no or 3-mm excision and measured tension of 3.3 +/- 1.09 g or less. Increased tension was also associated with a significant decrease in axon diameter. This study succeeded, therefore, in quantitatively relating the elements of measured nerve tension, nerve gaps, functional nerve recovery, and morphologic regeneration. Quantification of nerve tension by lateral displacement in vivo offers a possible solution to clinical management of nerve gaps, when the choice between primary repair and nerve grafting is not a clear one.     

内脏神经-体神经端侧吻合后神经纤维再生研究

目的 观察大鼠内脏神经-体神经端侧吻合后神经纤维的再生.方法 24只成年SD大鼠随机分为实验组(n=12)和正常对照组(n=12),实验组大鼠通过内脏神经-体神经端侧吻合建立人工体神经-内脏神经反射弧6个月后,在吻合口近端和远端分别截取10 mm的供体神经(L4VR)和受体神经(L6VR),在L6VR延续的盆副交感神经(PPN)和阴部神经(PN)分别截取10 mm的神经.正常对照组大鼠分别取相应节段的L4VR、L6VR、PPN和PN神经.标本经石蜡包埋切片并行甲苯胺蓝染色,比较实验组和对照组大鼠L6VR、PPN、PN神经纤维数量.结果 实验组大鼠横断面可见新生的有髓神经纤维,L4VR、L6VR、PPN和PN的神经纤维数量分别为1602.2±75.7、1037.9±123.6、817.0 ±52.2、510.4±29.1,吻合口远近端神经纤维通过率为64.8%,实验组和对照组大鼠相应的L6VR、PPN、PN神经纤维数目比率分别为70.2%、68.9%和62.2%.结论 大鼠内脏神经-体神经端侧吻合后体神经能够长入并替代内脏神经.     

跨面神经移植及舌下神经在面瘫中的应用进展

由于感染、外伤、面部肿瘤手术等原因造成的面神经损害,出现面部表情功能丧失和组织营养障碍为主要表现的症候群,引起功能和美学上的并发症,临床称之为面瘫。对于它的治疗,至今还没有统一的治疗方案,各种治疗方法效果不一。而对于神经移植物在国外的研究和使用较多,国内这方面的资料较少,下面就其在面瘫中的应用进展作一综述。     

Use of nerve conduits in peripheral nerve repair

Studies on nerve conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration have concentrated on the manipulation of various conduit materials to avoid sacrificing native nerve in the clinical situation. With the proliferation of available nerve growth-stimulating factors, the focus is shifting experimentally toward molecular biologic manipulation, with the addition of these materials as substrates within the conduit. The clinical use of conduits has concentrated on the use of autogenous tissue, with a few examples of polyglactin (PGA) mesh and silicone. Ultimately, as yet, conduit material does not seem to have a profound effect on outcome. Substrate manipulation has not yet had clinical application. An important problem that remains, both experimentally and clinically, is overriding the size of the maximal gap that can be bridged successfully, as well as obtaining good functional sensory and motor recovery, compared with the use of nerve grafts. Advances in molecular biology may reveal further details about the nerve growth phenomenon, the precise sequencing of the substrate materials that are effective in promoting nerve growth, and when they should be applied. Advances in chemical engineering may provide additional biologically stable materials that have the ability to integrate growth-enhancing agents or factors into the lumen of the conduit.     

Peripheral nerve block with use of nerve stimulator

The authors describe use of the nerve stimulator in conjunction with a percutaneous exploring needle to achieve peripheral blocks accurately and without injuring the nerve. The nerve stimulator allows accurate nerve blocks without causing paresthesiae and the need for additional anesthetic. This technique decreases the possibility of nerve injury.     

面神经的角神经解剖学研究

Objective To study the anatomy of angular nerve (AN), so as to provide safe approach for the denervation surgery of corrugator supercilii, depressor supercilii and proceeas. Methods 10 fresh cadaver (20 sides)were perfused and fixed with formalin. Dissection was performed in the 10 X operating microscope. The plexus of the zygomatic branch and the buccal branch were detected to confirm the AN. The relationship of AN with the surrounding blood vessels was observed. We tracked AN until it entered corrugator supercilii, depressor supercilii and procerus. Results ①AN was classified into Ⅰ, Ⅱ ,Ⅲ type according to its formation pattern. Type Ⅰ (20% , 4/20 sides) AN is single, which is mainly from the plexus of buccal branch plus the zygomatic branch from the orbicularis oculi muscle. In type Ⅱ (20% , 4/20 sides) , the single AN was formed by buccal branch plexus and zygomatic branch plexus in the "Four Muscle Gap". In type Ⅲ (60% , 12/20 sides) , the AN had two branches in the "Four Muscle Gap". ②The three types AN passed inferior to the support ligament at the suborbital part, and then transversed medial to the support ligament at the medial canthus, along the vessels of medial canthus. ③ The branch of AN enters the depressor supercilii or procerus 2. 19 to 4. 28 mm above the medial canthus ligament. The backward branch enters the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 6. 89 to 9. 38 mm below the medial canthus ligament. Conclusions The approach of denervation surgery for AN should be performed medial to the support ligation, between 2. 19 mm above the medial canthus and 6. 89 mm below the medial canthus.