PVP术中骨水泥渗漏的危险因素分析

目的分析经皮椎体成形术(PVP)中骨水泥渗漏的危险因素及预防措施。方法选取2015-04-2017-04我院收治的骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折(OVCF)患者120例为研究对象,均行PVP术,按术中是否出现骨水泥渗漏分为观察组(骨水泥渗漏,45例)、对照组(无骨水泥渗漏,75例),记录骨水泥渗漏位置,对比两组穿刺点、骨密度、骨折压缩程度、骨水泥注入量、脊柱后凸Cobb角、椎体有无裂隙征、椎基静脉孔相通等资料,分析OVCF患者PVP术后发生骨水泥渗漏的影响因素及。结果本研究中120例OVCF患者共45例出现骨水泥渗漏,骨水泥渗漏发生率为37.50%;骨水泥渗漏部位主要为椎旁静脉(25.00%)、椎管内硬膜外(5.83%)、椎间盘(5.00%);观察组骨密度-(0.26±0.07)、骨水泥注入量(3.69±0.10)ml、脊柱后凸Cobb角(19.46±1.23)°、穿刺点单侧62.22%、骨水泥注射时期粥状期17.78%、椎体裂隙征28.89%、椎基静脉孔相通17.78%与对照组对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素分析显示,脊柱后凸角、骨水泥注射时期、椎体裂隙征、椎基静脉孔相通是导致PVP术中骨水泥渗漏的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论 OVCF患者在PVP术中可能因脊柱后凸Cobb角、骨水泥注射时期、椎体裂隙征、椎基静脉孔相通等因素影响而发生骨水泥渗漏,需根据患者情况选择个体化治疗方案。     

经皮椎体强化术并发骨水泥渗漏的类型及其临床意义

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术（PVP）与经皮后凸成形术（PKP）并发骨水泥渗漏的类型及其临床意义。方法回顾性分析我院2001年8月至2005年3月期间收治的56例PVP和PKP患者的临床资料,按解剖位置对椎体外的局部骨水泥渗漏共分6型,PVP手术患者分为无骨水泥渗漏组、骨水泥渗漏组、椎体周围渗漏组及椎管内渗漏组,进行统计学处理,比较各组行PVP手术前后及术后各时段间疗效差异,并分析其对临床疗效的影响。结果（1）PVP手术组共43个椎体,18个椎体发生骨水泥渗漏,渗漏率42％。一处渗漏15例,其中椎体周围渗漏6例,椎管内渗漏5例,椎问孔内渗漏2例,椎间盘内渗漏1例,椎旁软组织内渗漏1例;发生两处渗漏3例。（2）PKP手术组共22个椎体,4个椎体发生骨水泥渗漏,渗漏率18％。4例均为一处骨水泥渗漏,其中椎体周围渗漏2例,椎管内渗漏1例,椎间孔内渗漏1例。5例渗漏患者出现新症状：腹膜刺激征和神经损伤症状,3例经保守治疗有效,2例需要手术减压。结论经皮椎体强化术（包括PVP和PKP）并发骨水泥渗漏以椎体周围型和椎管内型常见;少数患者可出现腹膜刺激征和神经损伤症状。除椎管内渗漏组早期疗效受影响外,其余各组骨水泥渗漏不影响手术效果。     

椎体内裂隙对PKP手术疗效的影响探讨

目的探讨伴有椎体内裂隙的骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折,对PKP手术疗效是否有所影响。方法自2014-05-2016-05采用PKP手术治疗OVCF患者80例,其中29例伴有椎体内裂隙,作为裂隙组;另51例无椎体内裂隙者,作为无裂隙组。对两组患者的骨水泥分布情况、渗漏情况,以及术后伤椎矫正情况,VAS评分、ODI指数改善情况等进行对比。结果与无裂隙组PKP手术相比:(1)裂隙组的骨水泥用量偏多,且骨水泥分布以团块型为主(19/29),渗漏率并未升高,以椎体周围渗漏多见(10.4%);(2)术后3 d的伤椎矫正效果更佳、但远期矫正丢失度较多(均为P0.05);(3)术后3 d的疼痛和功能障碍改善差于无裂隙组(P0.05),而术后1年恢复仍较可观。结论存在椎体内裂隙的OVCF患者行PKP手术时,其骨水泥分布和渗漏类型有所不同,术后早期有一定的疼痛残留和伤椎矫正度丢失现象,但随着时间的推移,其总体疗效较好。     

网袋椎体成形术治疗伴椎体裂隙征的骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的探讨网袋椎体成形术治疗伴椎体内裂隙征的骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,OVCF)临床疗效。方法自2015年9月-2016年12月,共纳入OVCF患者62例,经CT检查均伴有椎体内裂隙征。依据手术方案的不同分为两组:观察组31例,均予以网袋椎体成形术治疗;对照组31例,均予以PKP手术治疗。对两组患者的骨水泥渗漏情况、手术疗效和伤椎矫正度进行比较。结果 (1)骨水泥渗漏:观察组2例发生骨水泥渗漏,发生率为6.45%;对照组发生6例,发生率为19.35%。观察组的渗漏率显著低于对照组(x~2=7.405; P=0.007)。(2)疗效观察:两组术后3 d和1年时,VAS评分和ODI指数均显著降低(P0.05);组间比较,两组术前、术后3 d和1年的两项指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)伤椎矫正度:两组术后3 d和1年时,伤椎后凸Cobb角与椎体前缘相对高度均获得良好矫正(P0.05);组间比较,两组术前、术后3 d和1年的两项指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论网袋椎体成形术治疗伴有椎体内裂隙征的OVCF患者,其疗效与传统PKP手术相近,但显著降低了骨水泥渗漏率。     

年龄≥80岁骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者经皮椎体成形术骨水泥渗漏的危险因素分析

目的:探讨年龄≥80岁骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者经皮椎体成形术骨水泥渗漏的危险因素。方法 :对2015年11月～2019年6月收治的236例(344节椎体)年龄≥80岁骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折行经皮椎体成形术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。记录患者年龄、性别、病程(急性、亚急性、慢性)、有无外伤、伤椎位置(中胸段、下胸段、腰椎)、有无椎体皮质连续性中断、有无裂隙征、骨折形态(楔形、双凹、压缩)、骨折程度(轻度、中度、重度)、椎体后壁皮质是否突入椎管、是否发现椎基底静脉孔、穿刺方式(单侧、双侧)、骨水泥形态(弥散样、团块样)、骨水泥量、骨水泥渗漏类型。骨水泥渗漏类型分为:经椎基底静脉型(B型),经骨皮质型(C型)、经椎体节段静脉型(S型)。应用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析研究各因素与各骨水泥渗漏类型的关系。结果:B型渗漏率28.5%(98/344);C型渗漏率24.4%(84/344);S型渗漏率34.3%(118/344)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,与B型渗漏相关的因素(P0.05)为骨水泥形态、是否发现椎基底静脉孔;与C型渗漏相关的因素(P0.05)为有无椎体皮质连续性中断;与S型渗漏相关的因素(P0.05)为骨水泥形态、是否发现椎基底静脉孔、裂隙征、骨折程度、椎体后壁皮质是否突入椎管、性别。结论:年龄≥80岁患者,不同类型骨水泥渗漏有各自的危险因素;分析骨水泥渗漏危险因素,或有助于降低渗漏发生率。     

椎体内存在裂隙与否对PKP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折疗效的影响

目的探讨经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,OVCF)时,椎体内裂隙对疗效是否有所影响。方法回顾性分析了2012-07-2015-07行PKP技术治疗的100例OVCF患者,其中术前存在椎体内裂隙者38例,为A组;无裂隙者62例,作为B组。对两组患者术后的VAS评分、ODI指数改善情况,伤椎矫正情况和骨水泥分布、渗漏情况进行对比。结果两组术后均获随访16-37个月,平均25.3个月。两组术后VAS评分、ODI指数均获得显著改善,伤椎前缘相对高度和后凸Cobb角均有良好矫正(P0.05);组间对比,A组术后3 d的VAS评分、ODI指数改善情况差于B组(P0.05),伤椎前缘高度和后凸Cobb角则优于B组(P0.05),但末次随访期间,两组指标较为相近(P0.05)。骨水泥在椎体内的分布情况:A组以团块型为主,B组则以海绵型和混合型为主,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组骨水泥渗漏率为18.4%,以椎体周围渗漏为主;B组为16.1%,以椎间盘渗漏为主。两组的骨水泥渗漏率较为相近(P=0.667),但骨水泥渗漏类型则有较大差异(P0.05)。结论无论OVCF患者的伤椎内是否存在裂隙,PKP技术均可获得良好疗效;但骨水泥在椎体内的分布和骨水泥渗漏类型有所不同,且伤椎内裂隙者术后可出现早期疼痛残留、伤椎复位有所丢失现象。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折骨水泥渗漏的危险因素分析

目的 探讨经皮椎体成形术（percutaneous vertebroplasty，PVP）治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折（osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures，OVCF）中骨水泥渗漏的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2020年10月至2022年6月于我院行PVP手术治疗的160例（167个椎体）OVCF病人的临床资料，其中男39例，女121例，年龄为（72.8±7.9）岁（58~93岁）。根据术后是否发生骨水泥渗漏分为渗漏组（42例，42个椎体）和无渗漏组（118例，125个椎体），采用单因素分析两组性别、年龄、身体质量指数（body mass index，BMI）、骨密度、骨折部位、伤椎皮质缺损情况、椎内裂隙征、椎基静脉孔、伤椎体积、椎体压缩率、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥注入量/伤椎体积比、骨水泥注入量/伤椎丢失体积比之间的差异，将与骨水泥渗漏有关的因素纳入Logistic回归分析，明确PVP术后骨水泥渗漏的独立危险因素。绘制ROC曲线，根据曲线下面积（area under curve，AUC）来评估模型的诊断价值。结果 单因素分析结果显示，皮质缺损、椎内裂隙征、椎基静脉孔、骨水泥注入量及骨水泥注入量/伤椎丢失体积比与术后骨水泥渗漏有关（P＜0.05），多因素Logistic回归分析显示椎内裂隙征［OR=5.215，95% CI（2.006，13.159），P＜0.001］、椎基静脉孔［OR=3.357，95% CI（1.205，9.356），P=0.021］、骨水泥注入量［OR=2.519，95% CI（1.148，4.477），P=0.002］及骨水泥注入量/伤椎丢失体积比［OR=12.305，95% CI（1.875，80.756），P=0.009］为PVP术后骨水泥渗漏的独立危险因素。ROC曲线图显示骨水泥注入量/伤椎丢失体积比预测骨水泥渗漏的受试者工作特征AUC为0.641，且P＜0.01，具有一定的预测价值。骨水泥注入量/伤椎丢失体积比预测骨水泥渗漏的Cut-off值为61.82%，敏感度为69.00%，特异性为38.4%。结论 椎内裂隙征、椎基静脉孔、骨水泥注入量和骨水泥注入量/伤椎丢失体积比为术中骨水泥渗漏的独立危险因素，治疗时应保持骨水泥注入量/伤椎丢失体积比在61.82%以下，以降低发生骨水泥渗漏的风险。     

椎体成形术和椎体后凸成形术术后骨水泥渗漏的临床观察及分析

目的对骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折行经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)和经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)治疗术后骨水泥渗漏进行临床观察及分析。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2014年10月治疗胸腰段骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折78例共93个椎体,其中随机分为PVP组31例36个椎体,PKP组47例57个椎体。通过术后腰椎X线片和CT检查观察患者骨水泥渗漏情况,并按椎体外骨水泥渗漏的解剖位置分6型,分别为无渗漏型、椎旁渗漏型、椎间盘渗漏型、椎管渗漏型、椎弓根渗漏型,混合渗漏型(包含两种或两种以上渗漏)。结果术后所有患者行腰椎X线片和CT检查,发现PVP组发生骨水泥外漏12椎(33.33%),PKP组发生骨水泥外漏10椎(17.60%),其中PVP组6椎为椎旁渗漏型,2椎为椎间盘渗漏型,1椎为椎管渗漏型,2椎为椎弓根渗漏型,1椎为混合渗漏型(为椎旁渗漏合并椎管渗漏);PKP组5椎为椎旁渗漏型,2椎为椎管渗漏型,1椎为椎弓根渗漏型,2椎为混合渗漏型(1椎为椎旁渗漏合并椎管渗漏,1椎椎弓根渗漏合并椎管渗漏),2椎混合型渗漏患者出现神经症状,急诊行手术取出椎管内渗漏水泥后症状缓解。所有渗漏患者随访3~6个月,均未再次出现神经症状及后遗症。结论PVP和PKP相比较,前者骨水泥渗漏发生率较高,尤其以椎旁渗漏及椎管渗漏最为多见。     

PVP术中椎间盘骨水泥渗漏的危险因素及对策

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术(PVP)术中发生椎间盘骨水泥渗漏的危险因素及对策。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2014年6月在中山大学附属中山医院行CT引导下PVP治疗的132例(198个椎体)骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者的临床资料。根据术中是否出现椎间盘骨水泥渗漏分为对照组(无骨水泥椎间盘渗漏,97例163个椎体)和渗漏组(骨水泥渗漏至椎间盘,35例35个椎体)。对骨密度、骨折压缩程度、骨水泥注入量、终板是否异常、椎体有无裂隙征等可能相关的因素进行单因素分析,再对其中有统计学意义的变量进行多因素Logistic分析。根据终板异常的严重程度及是否存在椎体内裂隙征,将椎间盘渗漏情况分为A1、A2和B型,评估椎间盘骨水泥渗漏的影像学特征并提出相应对策。结果对照组和渗漏组存在终板异常、椎体内裂隙征的椎体分别为12、2个(7.4%,1.2%)和35、14个(100.0%,40.0%),两组终板异常和裂隙征发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。单因素分析结果显示,分组、骨密度和裂隙征是终板异常的影响因素(P0.05),分组和终板异常是裂隙征的影响因素(P0.05);多因素分析结果显示,终板异常和椎体内裂隙征均为椎间盘骨水泥渗漏的危险因素(P0.05),渗漏组发生终板异常和裂隙征的危险分别是对照组的378.977倍和15.483倍。观察组MRI检查均提示椎体终板有信号中断区,且中断区与损伤椎体有相通的裂缝,骨水泥渗漏的方向与裂缝方向一致;A1、A2和B型椎间盘渗漏分别为11、18、6个椎体,骨水泥渗漏至椎体上方者占77%(27/35)、渗漏至椎体下方者占23%(8/35)。结论椎体终板异常(存在信号中断且中断处有裂缝与损伤椎体相通)和椎体裂隙征是椎间盘骨水泥渗漏的高危因素;需根据终板异常的严重程度、是否存在椎体内裂隙征以及骨水泥渗漏的方向,个体化选择治疗方案。     

经皮椎体后凸成形术椎管内骨水泥渗漏的诊断及预防

目的探讨经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)椎管内骨水泥渗漏的诊断及预防。方法从PKP治疗并术后行CT复查的146例骨质疏松性椎体骨折患者(189椎)中筛选出有椎管内骨水泥渗漏的患者。按渗漏形状分为颗粒型、片状型、团块型。按渗漏路径的不同分为两型,B型为沿椎基底静脉孔渗漏到椎体后缘,C型为沿椎体骨皮质破损处渗漏至椎管。结果术后CT证实有38例(39椎)发生椎管内骨水泥渗漏,其中颗粒型19椎,片状型18椎,团块型2椎。B型20椎,C型19椎。X线明确诊断的仅11椎,准确率28.2%;CT明确诊断39椎,准确率100%。患者疼痛VAS评分术后第3天为0~4(2.0±1.4)分,与术前5.8~8.5(7.0±1.2)分比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。患者随访3~10个月,无神经损伤症状与体征。结论椎管内骨水泥渗漏准确的诊断方法是CT检查,X线检查易漏诊。控制骨水泥注入量、注入速度、注射时机及控制骨水泥在椎体的前中部分布等措施可有效预防椎管内渗漏。     

Basivertebral foramen could be connected with intravertebral cleft: a potential risk factor of cement leakage in percutaneous kyphoplasty

Background contextAmong different types of cement leakage in percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) for osteoporotic vertebral body compression fractures, leaks into the spinal canal are considered to be the most common complication. One potential structure causing this type of cement leakage is the potential connection between the basivertebral foramen and the intravertebral cleft, which is revealed clearly on magnetic resonance (MR) images, but is often ignored in the literature.PurposeThe purpose of this study is to assess the incidence rate of different types of cement leakage in PKP with or without intravertebral clefts and to determine whether the basivertebral foramen could be connected to the intravertebral cleft.Study designThis study is a retrospective assessment of the presence of an intravertebral cleft in osteoporotic vertebral bodies and the different types of cement leakage after PKP on radiographs, computed tomographic (CT) scans, and MR images.Patient sampleA total of 164 consecutive patients underwent PKP to treat 204 osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.Outcome measuresOutcome measures include the occurrence of different types of cement leakage in the groups with an intravertebral cleft and without intravertebral clefts.MethodsA total of 204 vertebrae in 164 consecutive patients who underwent PKP to treat osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures were classified into two patterns based on preoperative radiographs, CT scans, and/or MR images of the treated levels: cleft pattern (with an intravertebral cleft in the vertebral body) and trabecular pattern (without intravertebral clefts). When an intravertebral cleft was identified, the investigators examined the basivertebral foramen and looked for a communication between the two structures on three-dimensional CT scans and MR images. On direct postoperative images, the patterns of cement leakage were classified as five types: type A, through a cortical defect into the paraspinal soft tissues; type B, through the basivertebral foramen; type C, via the needle channel; type D, through a cortical defect into the disc space; and type E, via the paravertebral vein. The association of the distribution of the cement leakage and the presence of an intravertebral cleft was analyzed retrospectively. Moreover, the association of type B leakage with the communication between the basivertebral foramen and the intravertebral cleft was also assessed.ResultsThe average interobserver kappa values for determining the type of cement leakage and the presence of intravertebral cleft were 0.916 (range, 0.792–1) and 0.935, respectively. In 41 of 204 vertebrae (19.9%), an intravertebral cleft was confirmed on preoperative images. A communication between the intravertebral cleft and the basivertebral foramen was seen in 10 vertebrae (24.4%). Cement leakage was 36.2% in the group with a trabecular pattern and 41.5% in the group with a cleft pattern (p>.05). Leaks through the basivertebral foramen (type B; N=30, 14.7%) and through cortical defects into the disc space (type D; N=14, 6.9%) were more common than other types. Twenty of 163 vertebrae with the trabecular pattern (12.3%) and 10 of 41 vertebrae with the cleft pattern (24.4%) were identified as type B leaks, which reached statistical significance (p<.05). There was no statistical difference between the trabecular pattern and the cleft pattern on other types of leaks.ConclusionsType B leaks are more common in vertebrae with an intravertebral cleft, which supports the presence of a connection between an intravertebral cleft and the basivertebral foramen. Thus, care must be taken when PKP is performed in these patients to avoid direct cement leakage into the spinal canal through the basivertebral foramen.     

Mechanism of formation of intravertebral clefts in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: An in vitro biomechanical study

BACKGROUND CONTEXT

Intravertebral clefts (IVCs) are vacuum-like cavities commonly associated with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). IVCs promote cement leakage during kyphoplasty, suggesting a physical link with the basivertebral foramen, although this is uncertain.

Percutaneous vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures with and without intravertebral clefts

We present the clinical and radiological results of percutaneous vertebroplasty in the treatment of 58 vertebral compression fractures in 51 patients at a minimum follow-up of two years. Group 1 consisted of 39 patients, in whom there was no associated intravertebral cleft, whilst group 2 comprised 12 patients with an intravertebral cleft. The Oswestry disability index (ODI) and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were recorded prospectively. The radiological evidence of kyphotic deformity, vertebral height, leakage of cement and bone resorption around the cement were studied retrospectively, both before and after operation and at the final follow-up. The ODI and VAS scores in both groups decreased after treatment, but the mean score in group 2 was higher than that in group 1 (p = 0.02 (ODI), p = 0.02 (VAS)). There was a greater initial correction of the kyphosis in group 2 than in group 1, although the difference was not statistically significant. However, loss of correction was greater in group 2. Leakage of cement was seen in 24 (41.4%) of 58 vertebrae (group 1, 32.6% (15 of 46); group 2, 75% (9 of 12)), mainly of type B through the basal vertebral vein in group 1 and of type C through the cortical defect in group 2. Resorption of bone around the cement was seen in three vertebrae in group 2 and in one in group 1. There were seven adjacent vertebral fractures in group 1 and one in group 2. Percutaneous vertebroplasty is an effective treatment for osteoporotic compression fractures with or without an intravertebral cleft. Nonetheless, higher rates of complications related to the cement must be recognised in patients in the presence of an intravertebral cleft.     

Percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with intravertebral cleft

Background:

Intravertebral cleft is a structural change in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF), which is the manifestation of ischemic vertebral osteonecrosis complicated with fracture nonunion and pseudoarthrosis and appears in the late stage of OVCF. Despite numerous studies on OVCF, few aim to evaluate the clinicoradiological characteristics and clinical significance of intravertebral cleft in OVCF. This study investigates clinicoradiological characteristics of intravertebral cleft in OVCF and the effect on the efficacy of percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty (PKP).

Materials and Methods:

PKP was performed on 139 OVCF patients without intravertebral cleft (group A) and 44 OVCF patients with intravertebral cleft (group B). The frequency distribution of the affected vertebral body, bone cement infusion volume, imaging manifestation, leakage rate and type, preoperative and postoperative height of the affected vertebral body, visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) score were evaluated.

Results:

Significant differences were found in the frequency distribution of the affected vertebral body and bone cement leakage type between the two groups (P < 0.05). However, differences in bone cement infusion volume and leakage rate (P > 0.05) were not detected. In both groups, the postoperative height of the affected vertebral body was significantly improved (P < 0.05). The restoration of vertebral body height in group B was more evident than that in group A (P < 0.05). The preoperative VAS and ODI scores in group B were significantly higher than those in group A (P < 0.05). After surgical treatment, pain relief and daily activity function in both groups were significantly improved (P < 0.05), and no significant difference in postoperative scores was detected between the two groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

Intravertebral cleft exhibits specific clinical and imaging as well as bone cement formation characteristics. PKP can effectively restore the affected vertebral body height, alleviate pain, and improve daily activity function of patients.     

Leakage of cement in percutaneous transpedicular vertebroplasty for painful osteoporotic compression fractures

e analysed the CT scans and radiographs of 76 vertebrae in 49 patients who underwent vertebroplasty for painful osteoporotic compression fractures. Leaks of cement were classified into three types: those via the basivertebral vein (type B), via the segmental vein (type S), and through a cortical defect (type C). More leaks were identified on CT scans than on radiographs by a factor of 1.5 (74/49). Most type-B (93%) and type-S (86%) leaks were missed or underestimated on a lateral radiograph which is usually the only view used during the injection of cement. Of the leaks into the spinal canal, only 7% (2/28) were correctly identified on radiographs. The areas on lateral radiographs where this type of leak may be observed were divided into four zones, and their diagnostic value in predicting a leak into the spinal canal was evaluated. The results showed that cement in the neural foramina had the highest positive predictive value (86%).     

Early or delayed operation,which is more optimal for kyphoplasty? A retrospective study on cement leakage during kyphoplasty

PurposeTo retrospectively assess the optimal operating time for kyphoplasty as far as the cement leakage during kyphoplasty is concerned.Materials and methodsOne hundred and six patients with a total of 117 osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) were enrolled in our study. According to the time of kyphoplasty, they were divided into two groups: group 1 (early operation group, who received the operation within 14 days after fracture, n = 46) and group 2 (delayed operation group, who received the operation between 15 and 28 days after fracture, n = 71). Preoperative and postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores were compared 3 days after surgery within each group and between the two groups. The radiographic outcomes were evaluated by the restoration rate (RR) of the treated vertebrae. The outcome of cement leakage was assessed after surgery using X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scans. Leaks of cement were classified into three types: those via the basivertebral vein (type B), via the segmental vein (type S) and through a cortical defect (type C).ResultsThe mean VAS and ODI scores decreased significantly from pre-surgery to post-surgery in each group, as did the RR (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference postoperatively on VAS and ODI scores (p > 0.05) between the two groups. However, significant differences were observed postoperatively on RR (p = 0.045) and vertebrae with leakage (p = 0.038). In addition, there was a significant difference on leakage site of type C between the two groups (p = 0.032).ConclusionBoth early and delayed operations of kyphoplasty can achieve satisfactory clinical and radiographic outcomes for osteoporotic VCFs. The risk of cement leakage during kyphoplasty will decrease obviously in delayed operation; so delayed operation, perhaps 2 weeks after fracture, is more safe and optimal than early operation as far as cement leakage is concerned, especially for vertebrae with cortical defects. But early operation of kyphoplasty is more effective in vertebral height restoration.     

椎体内裂隙样变对经皮椎体后凸成形术疗效的影响

 目的 探讨椎体内裂隙样变对经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)疗效的影响。方法 回顾性分析2009年12月至2011年12月,采用PKP治疗183例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,OVCFs)患者资料,根据影像学表现,将患者分为裂隙组和无裂隙组。裂隙组44例,男5例,女39例;年龄56～89岁,平均71.6岁。无裂隙组139例,男22例,女117例;年龄51～91岁,平均70.2岁。比较两组患者骨折椎体分布情况、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥渗漏发生率、渗漏类型、骨折椎体高度恢复情况等。采用视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)和Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index, ODI)评价疗效。结果裂隙组与无裂隙组在骨折椎体的分 布存在差异,裂隙组骨折椎体主要分布在T₁₁～L₂椎体,无裂隙组主要分布在T₁₁～L₅及T₇～₉。裂隙组和无裂隙组骨水泥注入量及渗漏率分别为3.4～5.6 ml和3.5～5.1 ml, 45.3%(24/53)和41.9%(72/172),两项指标比较差异无统计学意义;但两组骨水泥渗漏类型存在差异,裂隙组主要在椎体周 围软组织渗漏,无裂隙组主要沿血管渗漏。两组术后骨折椎体高度均明显恢复,裂隙组较无裂隙组椎体前缘高度恢复明显。裂隙 组和无裂隙组术后VAS评分及ODI指数分别为(2.8±1.1)分和(2.4±0.7)分,29.3%±6.8%和27.6%±6.9%,两项指标比较差异 无统计学意义。结论 伴椎体内裂隙样变的OVCFs的骨折椎体主要分布在活动度较大的T₁₁～L₂椎体。采用 PKP治疗伴椎体内裂隙样变的OVCFs可获得满意的临床疗效,术后椎体前缘高度恢复明显。     

椎体内部强化术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折并发骨水泥渗漏的临床观察

目的：探讨椎体内部强化术,包括经皮椎体成形术（PVP）、椎体后凸成形术（PKP）,并发骨水泥渗漏的发生率、主要影响因素、渗漏途径及预防措施。方法：对2010年1月至2012年1月因骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折（OVCFs）、椎体转移瘤、椎体血管瘤接受椎体内部强化术的94例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中男39例,女55例;年龄55-86岁,平均69.4岁。分析椎体内部强化术并发骨水泥渗漏的原因、类型、发生率及并发症等。结果：21例患者的26个椎体发生渗漏,椎体静脉途径、骨皮质途径是骨水泥渗漏的主要途径,渗漏以邻近椎间盘、椎体周围渗漏为主,且多数为无症状性渗漏。在治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折方面椎体后凸成形术比经皮椎体成形术骨水泥渗漏发生率低（P〈0.05）,经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体肿瘤时的骨水泥渗漏发生率高于治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折时（P〈0.05）。结论：骨水泥渗漏是经皮椎体成形术、椎体后凸成形术常见的并发症,术前仔细分析、术中严密监测并严格掌握手术适应证可减少其发生。     

经皮后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性骨折合并椎体内裂隙征的疗效及并发症分析

目的评价经皮后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性骨折合并椎体内裂隙征的临床疗效,同时分析相关并发症。方法 2005年8月～2009年12月,29例单椎体骨质疏松性骨折合并椎体裂隙征患者行经皮后凸成形术治疗。记录手术前后及末次随访的疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分及Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disa-bility index,ODI）,同时在侧位X线片上测量手术前后及末次随访时患椎后凸角及前高,计算椎体压缩率,分析骨水泥灌注形态及渗漏等情况。结果所有患者得到了12～52个月随访,平均33.6个月。术后平均后凸角矫正7.9°,平均椎体压缩率恢复16.6%,平均VAS及ODI分别改善5.7和39.8。5例患者发生骨水泥渗出,3例为椎间盘内渗漏;1例患者发生邻椎骨折。结论经皮后凸成形术可显著缓解骨质疏松性骨折合并椎体内裂隙征患者的疼痛,改善其功能,并能一定程度上恢复椎体高度和后凸角度。     

PKP治疗Kummell病骨水泥渗漏影像及临床疗效观察

目的观察经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗Kummell病时骨水泥渗漏情况,探讨手术疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析自2013-06—2016-01采用PKP治疗的27例(27椎)Kummell病,按是否出现骨水泥渗漏分为渗漏组(15例)与未渗漏组(12例)。比较2组术后2 d、末次随访时VAS评分、ODI指数,以及末次随访时伤椎前缘高度恢复值、伤椎中部高度恢复值、伤椎后缘高度恢复值及伤椎Cobb角改善值。结果 27例(27椎)中出现骨水泥渗漏15例(15椎),但均未出现明显症状,骨水泥渗漏率为55.6%。渗漏组获得(12.6±2.6)个月随访,未渗漏组获得(11.9±3.1)个月随访。2组术后2d、末次随访时VAS评分及ODI指数比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组末次随访时伤椎前缘高度恢复值、伤椎中部高度恢复值、伤椎后缘高度恢复值及伤椎Cobb角改善值差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PKP治疗Kummell病骨水泥渗漏率较高,但手术安全可靠。术中应采用多种方法避免骨水泥渗漏,且不能忽视骨水泥渗漏带来的风险。