膝关节骨巨细胞瘤复发的危险因素分析

 目的 探讨膝关节骨巨细胞瘤术后复发的临床及影像学相关危险性因素。方法回顾性分析来自国内6 家骨肿瘤治疗单位的105例膝关节骨巨细胞瘤,包括36例术后局部复发病例和69例术后未复发病例的临床和影像学资料。通过单因素法分析临床因素（包括发病性别、年龄、部位、临床评分、分级、手术方式）和影像学因素与肿瘤术后复发的相关性,将有统计学意义的指标放入多因素Logistic回归方程中确定影响肿瘤复发的相关危险因素。结果105例患者中,男49例,女56例;随访时间为（45.6±32.1）个月。其中复发组36例,平均年龄（35.64±10.87）岁,复发时间为术后平均（18.9±6.5）个月;未复发组69例,平均年龄（36.32±13.82）岁。单因素χ²检验显示病灶边缘清晰或硬化、骨皮质中断、软组织肿块、Hu评分和手术方式与术后复发有关,其他临床因素（发病性别、年龄、部位、Campanacci影像学分级）以及部分影像学因素（膨胀性、多房性或骨性分隔、骨皮质破坏、病理性骨折、病灶是否达到关节面、骨髓水肿、病灶囊性变）与术后复发无关。多因素Logistic回归分析显示边缘清晰或硬化（P=0.048）、软组织肿块（P=0.041）、Hu评分（P=0.040）和手术方式（P=0.001）与肿瘤术后复发密切相关。结论膝关节骨巨细胞瘤术后复发受多种因素影响,其中病灶边缘模糊、软组织肿块两项影像学征象为独立危险因素,而术前Hu评分和手术方式是影响肿瘤术后复发的重要因素。     

唑来膦酸对骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折作用效果分析

 目的 比较应用唑来膦酸与降钙素对老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折疗效的影响。方法 回顾性分析 2009年6月到2012年11月,采用闭合复位髓内钉固定术治疗610例骨质疏松性转子间骨折患者资料,按照入院顺序及是否获得完整随访资料将543例患者分为两组。其中降钙素组325例,2009年6月至2011年4月手术,男107例,女218例; 年龄(75.02±5.65)岁;Evans?Jensen分型：Ⅰ型87例,Ⅱ型136例,Ⅲ型102例;腰椎骨密度平均(0.737±0.08) g/cm²,髋部平均 (0.725±0.05)g/cm²;应用降钙素等治疗。唑来膦酸组218例,2011年5月至2012年11月手术,男82例,女136例; 年龄(74.71±5.32)岁;Evans?Jensen分型：Ⅰ型62例,Ⅱ型91例,Ⅲ型65例;腰椎骨密度平均为(0.738±0.05)g/cm²,髋部平均为(0.722±0.06)g/cm²;术后7d内使用唑来膦酸治疗。两组患者分别比较住院期间及术后1年骨密度值。采用Harris评分、视觉模拟评分(visual analogue score, VAS)评价髋关节功能和疼痛程度。结果 降钙素组随访时间为5～22个月,平均 12.8个月;唑来膦酸组随访时间为4～19个月,平均12.5个月。患者影像学骨折愈合时间、Harris评分、VAS评分,唑来膦酸组分别为(14.25±1.38)周、(68.88±5.71)分、(0.36±0.55)分;降钙素组分别为(14.39±1.12)周、(69.47±4.60)分、(0.33± 0.48)分;两组各指标比较,差异无统计学意义。术后1年唑来膦酸组腰椎骨密度平均为(0.76±0.06)g/cm²,髋部平均为 (0.75±0.04)g/cm²,降钙素组腰椎骨密度平均为(0.75±0.07)g/cm²,髋部平均为(0.74±0.07) g/cm²。唑来膦酸组患者术后1 年与术前骨密度比较差异有统计学意义。术后1年,两组骨密度比较,差异有统计学意义。结论 老年骨质疏松性股骨 转子间骨折内固定术后应用唑来膦酸未对骨折愈合和髋关节功能恢复造成影响,术后1年骨密度明显升高。     

三维CT评价特发性脊柱侧凸患者术后肺形态学变化的研究

 目的 利用三维CT评价特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱后路内固定融合术后肺容积、肺高度、顶椎平面肺横截面积和凸侧/凹侧肺容积比的变化,探讨特发性脊柱侧凸患者矫形术后肺容积与肺功能之间的关系。方法 自2009年4至2013年8月,共30例符合入选标准的患者纳入研究。男9例,女21例;年龄11.3~18.0岁,平均15.7岁。Lenke分型：Ⅰ型19例、 Ⅱ型4例、 Ⅲ型7例。Risser征：3级11例、4级7例、5级12例。所有患者均于术前和术后1周左右进行脊柱三维CT扫描,CT扫描时患者仰卧位并保持深吸气末期。将所有CT扫描的资料导入工作站,利用Syngo软件分别测量肺容积、肺高度和顶椎平面肺横截面积。结果 特发性脊柱侧凸患者术前左侧肺高度为(21.4±2.6)cm,术后为(22.6±2.5)cm;右侧肺高度手术前为(21.9±2.1)cm,术后增加至(22.7±2.7) cm。术前的顶椎平面肺横截面积为(232.9±43.6) cm²,术后减小至(223.1±38.4) cm²。左侧肺容积、右侧肺容积、总肺容积以及凸侧/凹侧肺容积比的手术前后改变均无统计学意义。左肺高度、右肺高度和顶椎平面肺横截面积的改变与患者的性别、年龄、Lenke分型、Risser征、主胸弯的矫正率以及胸椎后凸的矫正率之间无明显的相关性。结论 特发性脊柱侧凸患者后路内固定融合术后即刻发生了肺形态的变化,但术后即刻肺容积没有变化,仅表现为肺高度的增加。     

膝关节单髁置换术治疗晚期膝关节自发性骨坏死

 目的 探讨膝关节单髁置换术治疗晚期膝关节自发性骨坏死的手术技术与疗效。方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2013年6月收治的27例（27膝）采用膝关节单髁置换术治疗的晚期膝关节自发性骨坏死患者的病例资料。男12例,女15例;年龄52~82岁,平均（64.6±8.6）岁。体重指数18.0~30.2 kg/m²,平均（24.2±2.9） kg/m²。左侧13例,右侧14例。均发生在内侧间室,位于股骨远端内侧髁25例,胫骨内侧平台2例。Mont膝关节骨坏死分期Ⅲ期11例,Ⅳ期16例。采用Biomet公司第3代Oxford单髁假体行膝关节单髁置换术。术后3、6、12个月及以后每年随访1次。对患者满意率、膝关节疼痛视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）、关节活动度、HSS膝关节评分进行评估。结果 全部病例随访6~59个月,平均27.8个月。随访期间无感染、假体脱位、假体松动、下肢静脉血栓形成、肺栓塞、心脑血管意外、创伤后精神障碍等并发症发生。1例于术后3年发生车祸致胫骨平台外侧骨折及股骨内侧髁撕脱骨折而行翻修术。1例出现股骨假体旋转超过10°,1例出现胫骨下透光线。末次随访时患者满意率为96.3%（26/27）;疼痛VAS评分由术前（6.9±0.9）分降至（2.0±1.1）分;HSS膝关节评分由术前（61.3±9.7）分增至（93.0±4.8）分,优良率96.3%（26/27）;膝关节活动度为125.7°±9.6°;股胫角为177.7°±3.1°。结论 膝关节单髁置换术治疗晚期膝关节自发性骨坏死近期疗效满意,具有创伤小、症状改善明显、术后关节功能良好的特点。     

模拟高空跳伞着陆状态下踝关节动态角速度与垂直反作用力的测定

 目的 通过模拟高空跳伞着陆训练环境测定不同高度半蹲式跳伞着陆状态下的踝关节角速度、地面垂直反作用力,为预防跳伞着陆踝部损伤提供生物力学依据。方法 募集18名健康志愿者,包括空军地勤人员9名、职业跳伞人员9名。两组受试者身高、体重的差异无统计学意义。受试者分别从30 cm和60 cm高的跳台以半蹲式跳伞着陆并腿姿势跳落到测力台上。高速摄像机记录着陆过程,测定踝关节跖屈角位移及时间、地面垂直反作用力,计算角速度,分析踝关节动态角位移、角速度、垂直作用力与不同高度的相关性。结果 30 cm高度：地勤人员组与跳伞运动员组踝关节角位移分别为25.73°±8.13°、20.05°±12.27°,垂直反作用力分别为（3 372.4±748.6） N、（5 181.5±1 726.2） N,受力时间分别为（0.049±0.015） s、（0.012±0.004） s,缓冲时间分别为（1.397±0.746） s、（1.737±0.451） s,差异均有统计学意义。60 cm高度：地勤人员组与跳伞运动员组踝关节角速度分别为（25.45±15.01） °/s、（16.51±4.18） °/s,垂直反作用力分别为（4 616.0±1124.7） N、（7 119.5±2 307.4） N,受力时间分别为（0.048±0.013） s、（0.015±0.006） s,缓冲时间分别为（0.922±0.347） s、（1.617±0.547） s,差异均有统计学意义。结论 从不同的测试高度跳下,跳伞运动员组的地面垂直反作用力大于地勤人员组,但角速度及角位移小于地勤人员组。对比地勤人员组,跳伞运动员组的受力时间短而缓冲时间更长。     

富血小板血浆在膝关节前十字韧带重建术中的应用

 目的 探讨富血小板血浆在膝关节前十字韧带重建术中应用的效果。方法 2010年1月至2013年1月,将40例拟接受初次膝关节前十字韧带重建的单纯前十字韧带断裂患者随机分为两组,每组20例。采用自体股薄肌腱和半腱肌腱移植物进行重建。一组术中应用自体富血小板血浆和血凝酶浸泡移植物（富血小板血浆组）,另一组应用同等剂量的生理盐水和血凝酶浸泡移植物（生理盐水组）。术后1、3、12个月进行随访,评估术后引流量、伤口炎性反应程度、伤口愈合等级、前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验、膝关节功能Lysholm评分及KNEELAX3检查。结果 术后随访12~24个月,平均18个月。富血小板血浆组引流量为（142±24） ml,与生理盐水的差异有统计学意义。术后第4天,富血小板血浆组伤口炎症反应程度为轻者1例、中1例、无反应18例,生理盐水组分别为2例、2例、16例。富血小板血浆组伤口均达甲级愈合;生理盐水组甲级愈合19例、乙级愈合1例。两组术前前抽屉试验、Lachman试验及轴移试验均为阳性,术后均为阴性。富血小板血浆组Lysholm评分由术前（39.8±8.9）分提高至术后12个月（92.1±2.7）分,术后评分与生理盐水组比较差异无统计学意义;富血小板血浆组KNEELAX3测量结果由术前（9.4±1.2） mm降至术后12个月（1.2±1.1） mm,术后结果与生理盐水组比较差异有统计学意义。结论 膝关节前十字韧带重建术中使用富血小板血浆浸泡移植物可减少术后引流量,促进骨隧道内腱骨结合部的愈合及膝关节功能的恢复。     

3D 打印钛合金骨小梁金属臼杯全髋关节置换术的短期疗效

 目的 评估 3D 打印钛合金骨小梁金属(titanium trabecular metal,TTM）臼杯在初次全髋关节置换术（total hip arthroplasty, THA）中应用的短期疗效。方法 2012 年 5 月至 2013 年 6 月,选取 19 例（20 髋）进行初次全髋关节置换术的患者按采用臼杯类型不同分为 TTM 组和 Pinnacle 组。TTM 组 9 例（10 髋）,男 7 例,女 2 例;年龄 54~65 岁,平均（61.0±3.5）岁。 Pinnacle 组 10 例（10 髋）,男 6 例,女 4 例;年龄 51~67 岁,平均（61.3±4.8）岁。术后 6、12 和 24 周进行随访,通过影像学检查评估髋臼假体的稳定性和髋臼表面与骨界面的骨长入能力;采用 SF-36 健康调查量表、WOMAC 健康调查表和 Harris 髋关节功能评分评估患者关节功能。结果 TTM 组术后 6 个月,Harris 髋关节功能评分由术前平均（48.2±5.5）分提高到（89.5± 4.0）分,SF-36 健康调查量表分值由术前（329.1±86.7）分提高到（763.8±15.1）分,WOMAC 健康调查表分值由（18.8±11.0）分改善到（1.3±0.9）分,差异均有统计学意义。与 Pinnacle 组（术后 6 个月）比较,Harris 髋关节功能评分、SF-36 健康调查量表分值、WOMAC 健康调查表分值两组的差异均无统计学意义。两组术后影像学评估显示术后臼杯稳定,无松动及移位;所有患者均未出现进行性增加的透亮线。 TTM 组 2 例髋臼假体植入后存在透亮线,均位于 2 区和 3 区,术后 6 个月随访时透亮线消失;1 例髋臼后壁存在骨缺损,行股骨头骨块植骨后髋臼假体稳定,随访过程中植骨块与臼杯接触紧密,未出现松动现象。结论 全髋关节置换术中采用 3D 打印钛合金骨小梁金属臼杯的初始稳定性好、早期骨长入良好,短期疗效满意;长期效果有待于进一步随访结果。     

Ponté截骨联合椎间隙颗粒骨打压植骨治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形

 目的 探讨Ponté截骨联合椎间隙颗粒骨打压植骨矫正陈旧性胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形的有效性与安全性。方法 2010年6月至2013年3月,手术治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形13例,男7例,女6例;年龄32~78岁,平均54.5岁;伤椎为T₁₁ 1例、T₁₂ 4例、L₁ 5例、L₂ 3例。均存在进行性加重的腰背部疼痛、后凸畸形及不等程度的神经功能障碍。采用Ponté截骨,椎间隙松解并完整保留前纵韧带及尽量保留骨性终板,椎间隙内颗粒骨打压植骨实现初步矫形,再利用矫形棒进行二次矫形矫正后凸畸形。采用后凸Cobb角变化、植骨融合情况、视觉模拟评分(visual analog scale,VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)、ASIA神经功能分级评价疗效。结果 均获得9~36个月的随访,平均(20.0±9.1)个月。随访12个月时均获得骨性融合。脊柱局部后凸角由术前平均42.2°(26°~54°)改善为术后平均7.1°(-7°~13°),平均矫正率为83.2%。骶骨后上角至脊柱矢状轴线的距离由术前平均2.91 cm(-3.0~7.8 cm)减小至术后1.35 cm(-0.5~3.8 cm),胸椎后凸角、腰椎前凸角、骶骨水平角均有不等程度地改善。VAS评分由术前平均(6.38±0.87)分降低至末次随访时平均(2.23±0.83)分,ODI评分由术前平均(55.0±12.1)分降低至末次随访时平均(20.6±7.3)分,差异均有统计学意义。ASIA分级术前C级6例(术后D级2例、E级4例)、D级7例均为E级。 结论 应用Ponté截骨联合椎间隙颗粒骨打压植骨治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形具有矫正角度大、融合率高、手术创伤小、并发症少等优势。     

重度膝关节外翻畸形的全膝关节置换术

 目的 探讨重度膝关节外翻畸形全膝关节置换术的手术方法及临床效果。方法 对2007年1月至2012年12月采用全膝关节置换治疗的重度膝关节外翻畸形患者22例（23膝）进行回顾性分析。男7例,女15例;年龄41~78岁,平均65岁。股胫角（股骨和胫骨解剖轴线的夹角）22°~50°,平均为34.6°。骨关节炎17例,类风湿关节炎5例。髌骨完全脱位3例3膝,内侧不稳定1例1膝,屈曲挛缩畸形3例4膝。21例22膝采用后稳定型假体,1例1膝采用限制型假体。髌旁内侧入路、常规截骨及单纯外侧软组织松解,术中行髌骨置换5例。以膝关节活动度、X线股胫角及美国特种外科医院（Hospital for Special Surgery,HSS）膝关节评分评价术后疗效。结果 全部病例随访时间1~5年,平均2.5年。膝关节活动度由术前平均43.7°±5.8°（0°~80°）提高至末次随访时110.6°±7.5°（80°~130°）,HSS膝关节评分由术前平均（19.6±4.7）分（6~34分）提高至末次随访时（89.7±3.6）分（84~96分）,手术前后的差异有统计学意义。外翻畸形基本得到矫正,末次随访时股胫角平均为8.6°±0.8°（0°~12°）,较术前34.6°±2.4°（22°~50°）明显改善,手术前后的差异有统计学意义。术后2例2膝有膝关节内侧不稳症状,给予膝关节支具保护;1例1膝术前严重髌骨脱位患者术后存在半脱位,未予特殊处理;2例2膝术后出现腓总神经麻痹,未予特殊处理。随访期间未发生感染、松动及深静脉血栓形成等并发症。结论 对重度膝关节外翻畸形患者可采用常规截骨、单纯外侧软组织松解及后稳定型假体植入,能较好地矫正外翻畸形,近期疗效满意。     

一期翻修治疗全膝关节置换术后假体周围慢性感染的实验研究

 目的 通过动物实验探讨一期翻修治疗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌所致假体周围慢性感染的疗效。方法 48只新西兰兔行右膝关节置换,术后 4周接种耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌建立假体周围感染模型。接种 4周后,随机分为两组院实验组一期翻修,对照组行二期翻修第一步抗生素骨水泥填充术。监测置换前,翻修前,翻修后 1、3、5、7天和 2、4、6、12周的 C反应蛋白和红细胞沉降率。翻修后 12周处死,膝关节取样进行细菌培养。培养结果阳性为再感染,阴性为治愈。结果 5只实验动物出组。实验组再感染率为 22.7%(5/22),对照组再感染率为 14.3%(3/21), 两组差异无统计学意义(χ²= 0.102,P=0.750)。翻修后两组 C反应蛋白均升高,第 3天达峰值,第 4周恢复至初次置换前水平,两组差异无统计学意义(F=0.157,P=0.694)。翻修后两组红细胞沉降率均升高,第 5天达峰值,第 12周恢复至初次置换前水平,两组差异无统计学意义(F=0.936,P=0.339)。结论 在明确菌种及其抗菌谱的前提下,治疗由高毒力细菌引起的膝关节假体周围慢性感染,一期翻修的近期疗效与二期翻修无差异。     

二膦酸盐对兔膝关节不稳早期软骨 下骨生化改变的影响

 目的观察兔膝关节不稳早期软骨下骨基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metallo proteinase-9,MMP-9)和组织蛋白酶K(cathepsinK,CK)的表达变化及二膦酸盐的抑制作用,探讨其机制及二膦酸盐的作用途径。方法健康雄性新西兰大白兔50只,随机数字表法分为对照组(n=10)、模型组(n=20)和二膦酸盐组(n=20)。采用Hulth兔膝关节不稳模型的制作方法右侧膝关节造模,分别于造模后2周和10周行空气栓塞处死,各时相点模型组和二膦酸盐组各取10个右膝关节的股骨内侧髁,对照组取5个右膝关节的股骨内侧髁,用SP免疫组织化学染色方法检测各组在2周和10周时软骨下骨MMP-9和CK的表达变化,并进行比较分析。结果对照组、二膦酸盐组和模型组在兔膝关节不稳造模后2周时均有MMP-9和CK阳性表达细胞,MMP-9阳性表达率分别为4%、10%和92%,CK阳性表达率分别为8%、12%和90%;10周时亦均有MMP-9和CK阳性表达细胞,MMP-9阳性表达率分别为4%、8%和72%,CK阳性表达率分别为8%、10%和68%。二膦酸盐能明显减少MMP-9和CK阳性表达;与模型组比较差异有统计学意义。 结论二膦酸盐可阻抑兔膝关节不稳早期软骨下骨MMP-9和CK的表达,抗骨吸收以减少软骨下骨的病理改变,从而保护关节软骨。     

The impact of pathological fractures on surgery,morbidity, functional and oncological outcomes in patients with primary bone sarcomas

Background Although rare, pathological fractures may occur in primary bone sarcomas. There have been studies reporting that such patients have a poorer prognosis than those without a pathological fracture. This study investigates the impact of pathological fractures on surgery, morbidity, functional and oncological outcomes in patients with primary bone sarcomas.Patients and methods A retrospective analysis of 568 patients with primary bone sarcomas, treated between 2005 and 2019, was performed. The study included 41 patients with a pathological fracture and 51 control patients who did not have a pathological fracture. A multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to investigate the impact of pathological fractures and further independent variables on amount of intraoperative bleeding, duration of surgery, number of muscles and major neurovascular structures included in resection, tumor volume, surgical volume, Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) functional score, postoperative complication rate, and local recurrence, distant metastasis, and survival rates.Results There were 36 (39%) female and 56 (61%) male patients. No statistically significant difference was noted in tumor volume, tumor/surgical volume percentage, number of major neurovascular structures included in resection, postoperative complication rate, and local recurrence, distant metastasis, and survival rates between the two groups (p > 0.05). A significantly higher amount of intraoperative bleeding and number of transfused blood components, a longer duration of surgery, and a higher amount surgical volume and number of resected muscles were detected in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (p=0.001, p=0.002, p=0.007, p=0.007, p < 0.001, respectively). The MSTS functional scores were lower in patients with a pathological fracture than in those without a pathological fracture (p=0.001).Conclusion We conclude that a pathological fracture through a primary bone sarcoma has no adverse effect on prognostic factors such as local recurrence, distant metastasis, and survival. However, pathological fractures increase the amount of intraoperative bleeding and surgical volume and result in a longer surgery, in addition to decreased functional outcomes.     

Systematic mapping of the subchondral bone 3D microarchitecture in the human tibial plateau: Variations with joint alignment

Tibial subchondral bone plays an important role in knee osteoarthritis (OA). Microarchitectural characterization of subchondral bone plate (SBP), underlying subchondral trabecular bone (STB) and relationships between these compartments, however, is limited. The aim of this study was to characterize the spatial distribution of SBP thickness, SBP porosity and STB microarchitecture, and relationships among them, in OA tibiae of varying joint alignment. Twenty‐five tibial plateaus from end‐stage knee‐OA patients, with varus (n = 17) or non‐varus (n = 8) alignment were micro‐CT scanned (17 μm/voxel). SBP and STB microarchitecture was quantified via a systematic mapping in 22 volumes of interest per knee (11 medial, 11 lateral). Significant within‐condylar and between‐condylar (medial vs. lateral) differences (p < 0.05) were found. In varus, STB bone volume fraction (BV/TV) was consistently high throughout the medial condyle, whereas in non‐varus, medially, it was more heterogeneously distributed. Regions of high SBP thickness were co‐located with regions of high STB BV/TV underneath. In varus, BV/TV was significantly higher medially than laterally, however, not so in non‐varus. Moreover, region‐specific significant associations between the SBP thickness and SBP porosity and the underlying STB microarchitecture were detected, which in general were not captured when considering the values averaged for each condyle. As subchondral bone changes reflect responses to local mechanical and biochemical factors within the joint, our results suggest that joint alignment influences both the medial‐to‐lateral and the within‐condyle distribution of force across the tibia, generating corresponding local bony responses (adaptation) of both the subchondral bone plate and underlying subchondral trabecular bone microarchitecture. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1927–1941, 2017.

     

The Clinical and Radiological Outcome of Stages 1 and 2 Enneking Benign Bone Lesions with Pathological Fracture

BackgroundPresentation of benign lesions with a pathological fracture may be confusing to general orthopedic surgeons regarding missing a fracture in a pathological bone, the need for special care for these lesions, and the potential for healing of these fractures. The objective of this work was to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of the treatment of patients with stages 1 and 2 Enneking benign bone-tumors presented with pathological fractures.MethodsThis retrospective study included 66 patients who presented with a pathological fracture through stage 1 or 2 Enneking benign bone lesions and were received at the emergency unit of the orthopedic department between 2014 and 2018. Demographic data and patient's evaluation were collected. Lesion-size (length, width, and depth) was calculated from the X-ray. Surgical intervention was planned in 28 patients. The indication for surgery was either fracture fixation or curettage of the lesion with or without augmentation. There were no repeated surgeries or local recurrences. The filling of the cavity was classified according to modified Neer's classification.ResultsSixty-six patients, 45 males, and 21 females were included. Forty-two affections were right while 24 were left. The mean age was 14.9 ± 8.6 (range, 3-40) years. The most common radiological diagnoses were simple bone-cysts 43.9% (n = 29), followed by non-ossifying fibroma 27.3% (n =18). The mean length of the lesions was 4.4 ± 2.6 (range, 1 - 12) cm, width was 1.6 ± 0.8 (range, 0.3- 4.5) cm, and depth was 1.8 ± 0.9 (range, 0.3 - 5) cm. The mean follow-up was 24.15 ± 18.7 months. Minor complications occurred in 7 patients (10.6%). Fifty-four out of 65 lesions (83%) showed either almost complete or partial filling of the lesions. There was no significant difference regarding the filling of the lesions according to the modified Neer's classification between those who were treated conservatively and those who underwent surgical intervention P-value = 0.783.ConclusionCareful diagnosis of a pathological fracture through stages 1 and 2 Enneking benign bone tumors is essential before initiating treatment. These fractures have good potential for bone healing and a low incidence of complications even with conservative treatment. Special surgical care of the lesion is not mandatory in all situations and should be individualized.Level of evidence: Level III, retrospective.     

Infiltrative nature of tumor-induced osteomalacia lesions in bone: Correlation between radiological and histopathological features

ObjectiveTumor-induced osteomalacia is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome usually caused by phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors, which commonly occur in bone. This study aimed to investigate the radiological features of tumor-induced osteomalacia lesions in bone, and their correlation with its histopathology.Materials and methodsThis study included 13 patients with tumor-induced osteomalacia treated between January 2000 and April 2018 at our hospital. All patients were surveyed to detect the tumor causing the condition. Diagnostic imaging studies of the suspected tumors were obtained before tumor removal. We evaluated the radiological features of all tumors, investigated histopathological findings in 10 cases that underwent surgery, and obtained evaluable tumor specimens.ResultsThe tumors were classified into the following three types by CT: sclerotic (n = 4), lytic (n = 7), and mixed (n = 2). In two cases, lytic lesions focally invaded the surrounding cancellous bone, detected by the soft tissue-window of CT, not the bone-window. Histopathology revealed inter-trabecular invasion in all cases, regardless of radiological features. Osteoclasts were seen in lytic types, and creeping substitution-like thickened trabecular bone and calcification were observed in sclerotic types. In all cases, focal invasion of the tumor into cortical bone was seen.ConclusionsTumor-induced osteomalacia lesions in bone showed a wide variety of radiological features, and tended to invade into cancellous and cortical bone. These findings suggest that extended curettage or resection of thinned cortical bone may be necessary. This might improve the cure rate of surgeries for tumor-induced osteomalacia lesions in bones.     

股骨干良性骨肿瘤刮除植骨术后早期病理性骨折的相关因素分析

 目的 探讨股骨干良性骨肿瘤刮除植骨术后早期病理性骨折的相关因素。方法 回顾性分析2004年3月至2011年3月收治的47例经股外侧入路刮除植骨治疗股骨干良性骨肿瘤患者的资料,根据术后是否发生早期病理性骨折分组。骨折组13例,男11例,女2例;年龄16～61岁,平均42.7 岁;术后至发生骨折时间21～36 d,平均22.3 d。未骨折组34例,男23例,女11例;年龄15～60岁,平均39.1 岁。骨折与未骨折组肿瘤绝对宽度与骨干横径比值、骨窗缺损宽度与骨干矢状径的比值、骨窗缺损长宽比、骨窗缺损形态、骨肿瘤分级、致伤暴力及医嘱依从性等进行统计分析。结果 骨折组骨窗缺损长宽比平均为3.72±3.58,未骨折组平均为2.67±6.35。骨折组潜伏期患者1例、活跃期6例、侵袭期6例,未骨折组潜伏期患者21例、活跃期10例、侵袭期3例,两组比较差异均有统计学意义。骨折组4例医嘱依从性差,9例良好。肿瘤绝对宽度与骨干横径比值、骨窗缺损宽度与骨干矢状径比值、骨窗缺损形态两组比较差异无统计学意义。结论 骨窗缺损长宽比>4、肿瘤分级致切缘扩大、骨皮质损害广泛为骨折高危因素,对具备术后病理骨折高危因素的患者应予以预防性内固定。     

Magnetic resonance-detected subchondral bone marrow and cartilage defect characteristics associated with pain and X-ray-defined knee osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the presence of subchondral bone marrow abnormalities (bone marrow edema (BME)) and cartilage defects, determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), would explain the difference between painful osteoarthritis of the knee (OAK) compared with painless OAK or pain without OAK. METHOD: Four groups of women (30 per group), aged 35-55 years, were recruited from the southeast Michigan Osteoarthritis cohort (group 1: painful OAK; group 2: painless OAK; group 3: knee pain without OAK; and group 4: no OAK or knee pain). OAK was defined by a Kellgren-Lawrence score of 2 or greater, while pain was based on self-report. BME and cartilage defects were identified from MRI. RESULTS: BME lesions were identified in 56% of all knees. BME lesions were four times (95% CI=1.7, 8.7) more likely to occur in the painless OAK group as compared with the group with pain, but no OAK. BME lesions >1cm were more frequent (OR=5.0; 95% CI=1.4, 10.5) in the painful OAK group than all other groups. While the frequency of BME lesions was similar in the painless OAK and painful OAK groups, there were more lesions, >1cm, in the painful OAK group.About 75% of all knees had evidence of some cartilage defect, of which 35% were full-thickness defects. Full-thickness cartilage defects occurred frequently in painful OAK. One-third of knees with full-thickness defects and 47% of knees with cartilage defects involving bone had BME >1cm. Women with radiographic OA, full-thickness articular cartilage defects, and adjacent subchondral cortical bone defects were significantly more likely to have painful OAK than other groups (OR=3.2; 95% CI=1.3, 7.6). CONCLUSION: The finding on MRI of subchondral BME cannot satisfactorily explain the presence or absence of knee pain. However, women with BME and full-thickness articular cartilage defects accompanied by adjacent subchondral cortical bone defects were significantly more likely to have painful OAK than painless OAK.     

Subchondral tibial bone mineral density predicts future joint space narrowing at the medial femoro-tibial compartment in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Preliminary studies have shown that dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) produces images of sufficient quality for a precise and accurate measurement at density of the subchondral bone. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between baseline subchondral tibial bone mineral density (BMD) and joint space narrowing observed after 1 year at the medial femoro-tibial compartment of the knee joint. Fifty-six consecutive patients, from both genders, with knee osteoarthritis diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria, were included in the study. Radiographic posteroanterior views were taken, at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up. Minimum joint space width (JSW) measurement, at the medial femoro-tibial joint, was performed with a 0.1-mm graduated magnifying lens. Baseline BMD of the subchondral tibial bone was assessed by DXA. The mean +/- SD age of the patients was 65.3 +/- 8.7 years, with a body mass index of 28.0 +/- 4.9 kg/m(2). The minimum JSW was 3.5 +/- 1.5 mm and the mean BMD of the subchondral bone was 0.848 +/- 0.173 g/cm(2). There was a significant negative correlation between subchondral BMD and 1-year changes in minimum JSW (r = -0.43, p = 0.02). When performing a multiple regression analysis with age, sex, body mass index, and minimum JSW at baseline as concomitant variables, BMD of the subchondral bone as well as JSW at baseline were independent predictors of 1-year changes in JSW (p = 0.02 and p = 0.005, respectively). Patients in the lowest quartile of baseline BMD (<0.73 g/cm(2)) experienced less joint space narrowing than those in the highest BMD quartile (>0.96 g/cm(2)) (+0.61 +/- 0.69 mm versus -0.13 +/- 0.27 mm; p = 0.03). Assessment of BMD of the subchondral tibial bone is significantly correlated with future joint space narrowing and could be used as a predictor of knee osteoarthritis progression.     

Reconstructive procedures for segmental resection of bone in giant cell tumors around the knee

Background:

Segmental resection of bone in Giant Cell Tumor (GCT) around the knee, in indicated cases, leaves a gap which requires a complex reconstructive procedure. The present study analyzes various reconstructive procedures in terms of morbidity and various complications encountered.

Materials and Methods:

Thirteen cases (M-six and F-seven; lower end femur-six and upper end tibia -seven) of GCT around the knee, radiologically either Campanacci Grade II, Grade II with pathological fracture or Grade III were included. Mean age was 25.6 years (range 19-30 years).Resection arthrodesis with telescoping (shortening) over intramedullary nail (n=5), resection arthrodesis with an intercalary allograft threaded over a long intramedullary nail (n=3) and resection arthrodesis with intercalary fibular autograft and simultaneous limb lengthening (n=5) were the procedure performed.

Results:

Shortening was the major problem following resection arthrodesis with telescoping (shortening) over intramedullary nail. Only two patients agreed for subsequent limb lengthening. The rest continued to walk with shortening. Infection was the major problem in all cases of resection arthrodesis with an intercalary allograft threaded over a long intramedullary nail and required multiple drainage procedures. Fusion was achieved after two years in two patients. In the third patient the allograft sequestrated. The patient underwent sequestrectomy, telescoping of fragments and ilizarov fixator application with subsequent limb lengthening. The patient was finally given an ischial weight relieving orthosis, 54 months after the index procedure.After resection arthrodesis with intercalary autograft and simultaneous lengthening the resultant gap (∼15cm) was partially bridged by intercalary nonvascularized dual fibular strut graft (6-7cm) and additional corticocancellous bone graft from ipsilateral patella. Simultaneous limb lengthening with a distal tibial corticotomy was performed on an ilizarov fixator. The complications were superficial infection (n=5), stress fracture of fibula (n=2). The stress fracture fibula required DCP fixation and bone grafting. The usual time taken for union and limb length equalization was approximately one year.

Conclusion:

Resection arthrodesis with intercalary dual fibular autograft and cortico-cancellous bone grafting with simultaneous limb lengthening achieved limb length equalization with relatively short morbidity.