降钙素在老年不稳定型股骨转子间骨折应用

 目的 比较采用股骨近端防旋转髓内钉(proximal femoral nail antirotation, PFNA)联合鲑鱼降钙素与单纯行 PFNA治疗老年不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法 前瞻性研究2009年1月至2011年12月,采用PFNA治疗 120例老年不稳定型股骨转子间骨折患者资料。术前随机将患者分为降钙素组(PFNA治疗联合应用鲑鱼降钙素)和对照组(单纯PFNA治疗)。降钙素组60例,男28例,女32例;年龄71~82岁,平均75.1岁;Evans?Jensen分型：ⅡA型20例,ⅡB 型32例,Ⅲ型8例。对照组60例,男27例,女33例;年龄70~83 岁,平均74.9岁;Evans?Jensen分型：ⅡA型22例,ⅡB型32 例,Ⅲ型6例。两组患者均为低能量损伤。术后观察骨折愈合情况,测量健侧髋关节骨密度,记录患者Harris评分及SF?12 量表评分,记录手术相关并发症、药物不良反应与其他部位骨折等情况。结果 113例患者获得至少2年以上的完整随 访,降钙素组55例,对照组58例。除对照组4例骨折延迟愈合外,其余患者术后6个月X线片均示骨折愈合良好;术后1年,所有患者骨折均愈合。术前降钙素组健侧髋部平均骨密度T值为-2.54±0.35,对照组为-2.53±0.27;术后6个月、1年、2年降钙素组健侧髋部平均骨密度T值分别为-1.82±0.27、1.33±0.23、-1.17±0.16,对照组分别为-2.14±0.32、-1.91±0.23 、-2.01±0.27,降钙素组患者骨密度明显提高。术后两组患者Harris评分和术后1年SF?12量表评分比较,差异均无统计学意义 。术后2年两组患者SF?12量表评分比较,差异有统计学意义。降钙素组仅1例患者术后3个月发生桡骨远端骨折,对照组 术后13~23个月,4例发生腰椎压缩性骨折,1例发生桡骨远端骨折,1例发生健侧髋部骨折。结论 PFNA治疗老年不稳 定型股骨转子间骨折具有固定牢靠,骨折愈合率高等优点,而联合鲑鱼降钙素治疗,可有效改善患者骨密度,提高骨折愈 合质量,降低再骨折风险,提高患者生活质量。     

密固达在老年骨质疏松治疗中的安全观察

目的本研究通过与口服阿仑膦酸钠(alendronate sodium)的对比,旨在评价老年人使用唑来膦酸注射液(zoledronic acid)的疗效、应用、安全性、依从性。方法回顾性分析2012年8月至2013年9月,重庆医科大学附属第一医院的116例原发性骨质疏松患者的医疗记录。两组药物组各包含58例,选取绝经后妇女、60岁以上原发性骨质疏松患者且首次使用阿仑膦酸钠/唑来膦酸注射液患者入组。通过对比两组用药前后腰椎和(或)髋部骨密度改变、依从性、不良反应和新发骨折率,比较两种药物的疗效。结果两组入组患者性别、年龄、骨密度相似。唑来膦酸注射液组的骨密度增加量比阿仑膦酸钠组有显著差异,其中腰椎骨密度(P=0.007)、髋部骨密度(P=0.006)。唑来膦酸注射液组有更多的不良反应(n=50);新发骨折数较阿仑膦酸钠组少(n=12)。两组患者中,疼痛为主的主观症状以视觉模拟标度尺(visual analogue scale,VAS)表示,唑来膦酸注射液组中疼痛症状明显缓解(P0.01)。两组中治疗前后血钙(blood calcium,BC)和碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AP)均无明显差异。结论唑来膦酸注射液治疗老年性骨质疏松更优于阿仑膦酸钠。在提高腰椎及髋部骨密度方面疗效相似。虽然在治疗前3天有更多的不良反应,但减少了新发骨折率,缓解症状更显著。两组药物对血生化的影响均无明显差异。     

二磷酸盐对癫痫病人骨质疏松及骨折风险保护作用研究

目的 观察二磷酸盐对癫痫病人骨质疏松及骨折风险保护作用。方法 根据纳入及排出标准筛选于2015年6月－2016年6月于华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院神经内科、神经外科就诊的癫痫病人112例,采用随机分配将病人分为治疗组55例,对照组57例。治疗组给予口服阿仑膦酸钠70mg,qw.,同时给予碳酸钙D3片口服。对照组仅给予碳酸钙片D3片。通过测量治疗前后两组病人血清25-羟维生素D水平、腰椎及股骨上段骨密度值,并统计骨折情况进行保护效应分析。结果 随访1年,血清25羟维生素D水平、股骨上段总骨密度值分别为在治疗组和对照组分别为(27.94±7.97)ng/ml vs.(27.84±7.45)ng/ml、(0.95±0.12)g/cm₂ vs.(0.91±0.11)g/cm₂,其差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗组及对照组腰椎总骨密度值分别为(1.16±0.12)g/cm₂与(1.06±0.13)g/cm₂,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。对照组病人发生骨折6例(10.53%),治疗组中无病人发生骨折,两组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组病人的不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 二磷双盐能够安全有效地改善癫痫病人骨质疏松状态,并且可以预防癫痫病人骨折的发生。     

唑来膦酸盐(5mg)干预绝经后骨质疏松症对骨量的影响

 目的 观察唑来膦酸盐(5 mg, 单次)治疗绝经后骨质疏松症妇女骨密度和跌倒风险的作用。方法 采用随机对照研究, 观察期为1 年。91 例绝经后骨质疏松症妇女经知情同意后, 随机分为两组。唑来膦酸盐组45 例院唑来膦酸盐5 mg(30 min 静脉滴注, 1 次), 骨化三醇0.25 ug 和钙剂600 mg 及维生素D 125 ID(1 次/d, 1 年); 对照组46 例院骨化三醇0.25 滋g 和钙剂600 mg 及维生素D 125 ID(1 次/d, 1 年)。用药前和用药12 个月后测量腰椎尧髋部及股骨颈骨密度和跌倒风险, 并进行患者不良反应和随访情况进行比较。结果 干预1 年后, 两组各有41例患者得到随访。与干预前自身比较, 唑来膦酸盐组患者腰椎尧髋部总量和股骨颈骨量均明显增加, 分别为5.8%, 3.9%和2.9%, 差异均有统计学意义; 对照组患者腰椎骨量与干预前自身比较有明显增加, 达4.4%。两组患者经治疗后跌倒风险较治疗前均明显降低, 组间比较差异无统计学意义。唑来膦酸盐组患者未见无法耐受的不良反应。结论 唑来膦酸盐(5 mg, 单次)治疗绝经后骨质疏松症可明显提高腰椎尧髋部和股骨颈骨密度, 联合应用活性维生素D 能进一步降低跌倒风险。唑来膦酸盐(5 mg)是临床骨质疏松症长期治疗疗效得以保证的重要手段。     

唑来膦酸与特立帕肽对骨质疏松患者腰椎椎间融合影响的对比分析

目的：比较唑来膦酸与特立帕肽对骨质疏松患者腰椎间融合的影响。方法：前瞻性纳入2016年3月至2018年10月行后路腰椎间融合术合并骨质疏松患者91例,根据患者自行选择接受的治疗方式分为基础对照组22例、唑来膦酸组39例和特立帕肽组30例,分别采用基础抗骨质疏松治疗、辅助唑来膦酸或者特立帕肽抗骨质疏松治疗促进椎间骨融合。术后1年、2年随访时采用双能X线骨密度仪测量髋部骨密度,采用CT检查评估椎间融合情况,同时记录腰腿痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分和下肢Oswestry功能障碍指数（ODI）评分以评估临床效果。结果：最终基础对照组21例、唑来膦酸组37例及特立帕肽组26例完成2年随访。三组患者术前一般临床资料差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,具有可比性。术后1年,特立帕肽组、唑来膦酸组患者髋部骨密度均较术前提高（P<0.05）;特立帕肽组患者椎间融合率均高于基础对照组及唑来膦酸组患者（P<0.05）。术后2年,特立帕肽组、唑来膦酸组患者髋部骨密度均高于基础对照组患者（P<0.05）,且特立帕肽组患者髋部骨密度高于唑来膦酸组患者（P<0.05）;特立帕肽组、唑来膦...     

唑来膦酸对女性骨质疏松症的疗效及其对骨标志物的影响

目的探讨唑来膦酸注射液(密固达)对女性不同原因所致骨质疏松的临床疗效及其对骨代谢标志物的影响。方法回顾性分析2012年4月至2016年7月在长海医院风湿免疫科接受唑来膦酸治疗的119例女性骨质疏松症患者,根据病情分为原发性骨质疏松组和继发性骨质疏松组,其中原发性骨质疏松组66例,年龄52~87岁,平均69.8±9.6岁;继发性骨质疏松组53例,年龄51~82岁,平均66.1±8.4岁;原发性骨质疏松组患者发病年龄高于继发性骨质疏松组患者(P0.05),两组患者在陈旧性骨折史、血钙、血磷、BUN、Cr、骨代谢标志物、骨密度等方面差异均无统计学意义。所有患者均接受每年1次5mg唑来膦酸,联合骨化三醇0.25μg/日和600 mg碳酸钙D3片/日治疗1年。比较两组患者治疗前和治疗1年后腰椎和髋部骨密度及骨代谢相关指标,观察患者药物不良反应和新发骨折情况。结果与治疗前比较,原发性骨质疏松组患者治疗1年后腰椎和髋部骨密度值均明显增加(P0.05或0.01);骨代谢标志物P1NP、β-CTX、N-MID水平均明显下降(P0.01),25羟基维生素D水平明显升高(P0.01)。继发性骨质疏松组患者治疗1年后腰椎(L_2、L_3、L_4、L_(1-4))、髋部大粗隆和髋部平均骨密度值均明显增加(P0.05或0.01),骨代谢标志物P1NP、β-CTX、N-MID水平均明显下降(P0.01)。治疗1年后,继发性骨质疏松组患者N-MID明显低于原发性骨质疏松组(P0.01),两组间腰椎、髋部骨密度值及骨代谢标志物P1NP、β-CTX、25羟基维生素D、PTH水平无明显差异。两组患者治疗前后的血钙、血磷、BUN、Cr水平均无明显变化。治疗期间两组均无新发骨折。原发性骨质疏松组患者出现2例发热,继发性骨质疏松组3例发热,两组患者不良反应发生率无差异。结论唑来膦酸治疗不同原因导致的女性骨质疏松患者能够有效改善骨代谢标志物水平,降低骨吸收,显著提高腰椎、髋部的骨密度,降低骨折风险,不良反应少。     

5mg唑来膦酸治疗绝经后骨质疏松及其骨折

目的 探讨5mg唑来膦酸每年1次在干预绝经后妇女不同原因所致骨质疏松及其骨折的作用. 方法 2009年10月至2009年12月收治且符合纳入标准的绝经后妇女骨质疏松患者89例,根据病情分为两组:A组(原发性骨质疏松)47例,年龄47～83岁,平均63.7岁;其中骨折患者27例,6个月内均未服用影响骨代谢的药物.B组(继发性骨质疏松)44例,年龄45 ～78岁,平均62.5岁;其中骨折患者28例;同时伴有类风湿关节炎(6例)、乳腺癌术后(9例)、子宫内膜癌术后(3例)、消化系统溃疡(7例)、溃疡性结肠炎(3例).所有患者均接受5 mg唑来膦酸,30 min静脉注射治疗,每年1次,骨化三醇0.25 μg和钙剂600 mg及维生素D125 IU,1次/d.分别比较两组患者治疗前和治疗后12个月时腰椎和髋部骨密度及跌倒风险指数(FI),观察患者治疗依从性和药物不良反应. 结果 所有新鲜骨折患者在治疗3个月后随访,骨折愈合良好,未出现骨折延迟愈合或不愈合.治疗12个月后,A、B组分别有43例、42例患者获得随访.A组骨密度增加:腰椎5.8％、股骨颈2.9％、Words区5 2％、大转子5.3％和髋部总量3.9％,FI降低26.1％;B组骨密度增加:腰椎3.4％、股骨颈2.1％、Words区3.2％、大转子3.0％和髋部总量2.5％,FI降低21.8％.与治疗前自身比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0 05).A、B组各有1例发生骨折,均行保守治疗.两组患者血钙、血磷测定均在正常范围内,部分患者有不良反应.结论 每年1次5 mg唑来膦酸治疗绝经后骨质疏松可显著提高腰椎、髋部及股骨颈的骨密度,降低跌倒风险,是一种方便高效的临床骨质疏松治疗手段.     

鲑鱼降钙素注射液与唑来膦酸钠注射液治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的临床疗效对比

目的对比鲑鱼降钙素注射液与唑来膦酸钠注射液在治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的临床疗效研究。方法本研究收集了2010年2月-2016年2月在南昌大学第三附属医院治疗的绝经后骨质疏松症患者82例,分为鲑鱼降钙素注射液治疗组(40例,治疗时间3个月/年,连续3年),唑来膦酸钠注射液组(42例,治疗时间1次/年,5 mg/次,连续3年)。同时口服碳酸钙D3(600 mg/d)、骨化三醇(0.25μg/d)。采集患者基线及治疗3年后骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)、肾功能、血钙(blood calcium,BC)、血磷(blood phosphorus BP)、骨碱性膦酸酶(bone alkaline phosphatase,BALP);进行组间及治疗前后对照;以视觉模拟标度尺(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分评估骨痛情况,判定临床疗效;对比两组患者不良反应的发生人次及发生率。结果(1)对两组患者肾功能、血钙、血磷、骨碱性膦酸酶水平进行组间及治疗前后比较,差异均无统计学意义,P0.05;(2)两组患者治疗后骨痛评价:两组患者VAS评分均较治疗前降低,但鲑鱼降钙素组VAS评分较唑来膦酸钠组显著降低,差异有统计学意义,P0.05;(3)两组患者治疗后面积骨密度值较治疗前均显著升高,P0.05。唑来膦酸钠组患者腰椎、股骨颈骨密度升高幅度高于鲑鱼降钙素组,两组比较差异有统计学意义,P0.05;(4)在本研究中唑来膦酸钠组不良反应发生率低。结论唑来膦酸钠与鲑鱼降钙素治疗3年均有效提高了绝经后骨质疏松症患者的骨密度,其中唑来膦酸钠组优于鲑鱼降钙素组。两种治疗均有效减轻患者骨痛症状,鲑鱼降钙素组临床疗效优于唑来膦酸钠组。     

经皮椎体成形术联合唑来膦酸治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效观察

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术联合唑来膦酸治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2015-04—2020-03诊治的61例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折,29例采用经皮椎体成形术联合唑来膦酸治疗(观察组),32例单纯采用经皮椎体成形术治疗(对照组)。比较2组骨折愈合时间以及术后1年疼痛VAS评分、ODI指数、椎体前缘高度、伤椎Cobb角、腰椎骨密度值、髋部骨密度值。结果 2组均顺利完成手术并获得至少1年的随访。2组术后均未出现神经根压迫、感染、骨水泥渗漏、肺栓塞及脊髓功能障碍等并发症。2组骨折愈合时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后1年2组疼痛VAS评分、ODI指数、椎体前缘高度、伤椎Cobb角比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组腰椎骨密度值与髋部骨密度值较对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经皮椎体成形术联合唑来膦酸治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折可以取得满意的临床疗效,患者术后骨密度值恢复满意。     

绝经后股骨颈骨折股骨头骨铁含量、血清铁蛋白与骨密度相关性研究

 目的 探讨女性绝经后股骨颈骨折股骨头骨铁含量、血清铁蛋白与髋部骨密度的相关性。方法 2010年6月至2013年3月,收集156例股骨颈骨折行髋关节置换的绝经后女性患者资料,年龄56~92岁,平均(72.40±8.97)岁;按每10岁年龄段分组,共分5组,即≤ 60岁组、61~70岁组、71~80岁组、81~90岁组、≥91岁组。患者入院后第2天留空腹血清标本测定血清铁蛋白和骨代谢指标;对髋关节置换术后留取的股骨头组织行骨铁含量检测和骨铁染色,术后第10天行髋部和腰椎骨密度(DXA)检测。结果 5组之间骨铁、血清铁蛋白、转铁蛋白、总铁结合力、Ⅰ型原胶原氨基端延长肽、Ⅰ型胶 原C端肽β降解产物、髋部和L1~4骨密度存在组间差异。髋部和L1~4骨密度随年龄增加而下降,骨铁和血清铁蛋白随年龄增 加而升高,骨铁和血清铁蛋白检测值均在81~90岁年龄组达到峰值,156例患者的平均骨铁量为96.81 μg/g,平均血清铁蛋白为235.66 μg/L。156例患者中,血清铁蛋白＞200 μg/L的患者为100例(100/156,64.1%)。骨铁、血清铁蛋白、年龄、体重指数可进入髋部骨密度回归模型,股骨颈R2=0.443,Wards三角R2=0.397,大转子R2=0.322,全股骨R2=0.379;控制年龄、体重、体重指数等因素,骨铁和血清铁蛋白与髋部骨密度呈负相关,与腰椎骨密度无明显相关性。结论 发生股骨颈脆性骨折的绝经后女性患者体内存在铁蓄积,股骨头骨铁含量随年龄增加而升高,骨铁增加和血清铁蛋白升高可能是髋部骨密度下降的独立危险因素,铁蓄积与绝经后骨质疏松症存在相关性。     

Differential effects of estrogen treatment on bone mineral density of the spine,hip, wrist and total body in late postmenopausal women

It is commonly believed that estrogen is effective only in preventing menopause-related loss of bone mineral. However, recent studies found significant increases in bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine in response to estrogen, particularly in older women. The degree to which estrogen can restore BMD of the hip is uncertain. In the present study, changes in BMD of the lumber spine (L2–4), hip (neck, trochanter and Ward's triangle), wrist (ultradistal) and total body in response to 1 year of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in women 10 or more years past menopause. Twelve women, aged 61–74 years, received conjugated estrogens 0.625 mg and cyclic medroxyprogesterone acetate 5 mg; 12 women who did not receive HRT were controls. Calcium intake was adjusted to approximately 1500 mg/day in all subjects. There were no differences between the groups in BMD prior to treatment. Increases in BMD of the lumbar spine (mean±SD, 0.041±0.030 g/cm²), hip (neck, 0.019±0.018 g/cm²; trochanter, 0.017±0.012 g/cm²; Ward's triangle, 0.026±0.029 g/cm²) and total body (0.013±0.016 g/cm²) occurred in response to HRT, and these changes were significantly different from those in controls (spine, 0.005±0.020 g/cm²; neck, –0.007±0.026 g/cm²; trochanter, 0.002±0.014 g/cm²; Ward's triangle, 0.003±0.019 g/cm²; total body, –0.001±0.017 g/cm²). HRT appears to be most effective at weight-bearing sites that have a high cancellous bone content. This study demonstrates that HRT significantly increases bone mass of the lumbar spine and proximal femur in osteopenic, late postmenopausal women, and may, therefore, be effective in preventing osteoporotic fractures at these sites in this population.     

Femoral and spinal bone mineral density in Japanese osteoporotics with hip fracture

In the present study, bone mineral density (BMD) of femoral neck and lumbar spine was compared between 38 Japanese female patients with hip fracture (age 63–89 years, mean±SD 76±7 years) and 162 age-matched female controls (age 62–90 years, mean±SD 75±7 years). BMD was measured in the femoral neck and lumbar spine (L2–4) using dual-photon absorptiometry (Norland model 2600). BMD values of femoral neck as well as lumbar spine were significantly lower in patients with hip fracture than in controls (0.504±0.097 v 0.597±0.101,p<0.01, for femoral neck; 0.661±0.146 v 0.720±0.128,p<0.05, for lumbar spine). Patients with hip fracture and controls were stratified according to their BMD levels at two measuring sites, and the ratio of the number of patients and controls at each BMD level was calculated as an indicator of fracture rate. This ratio showed an exponential increase as the femoral neck BMD declined, but only a gradual increase as the lumbar spine BMD declined. Specificity-sensitivity analysis revealed that BMD values of 0.59 and 0.54 g/cm² at the femoral neck provided a specificity of 52% and 68% with a sensitivity of 90% and 75%, respectively. These findings suggest that Japanese patients with hip fracture are more osteoporotic than age-matched controls and that the selective measurement of femoral neck would be useful for predicting the risk of hip fracture.     

Preferential low bone mineral density of the femoral neck in patients with a recent fracture of the proximal femur

Bone mass is an important determinant of resistance to fractures. Whether bone mineral density (BMD) in subjects with a fracture of the proximal femur (hip fracture) is different from that of age-matched controls is still debated. We measured BMD of the femoral neck (FN) on the opposite side to the fracture, as well as femoral shaft (FS) and lumbar spine (LS) BMD by dual-photon absorptiometry in 68 patients (57 women and 11 men, mean age 78.8±1.0) 12.4±0.8 days after hip fracture following a moderate trauma. These values were compared with BMD of 93 non-fractured elderly control subjects (82 women and 11 men), measured during the same period. As compared with the controls, FN BMD was significantly lower in fractured women (0.592±0.013 v. 0.728±0.014 g/cm²,P<0.001) and in fractured men (0.697±0.029 v. 0.840±0.052,P<0.05). Expressed as standard deviations above or below the mean BMD of age and sex-matched normal subjects (Z-score), the difference in FN BMD between fractured women and controls was highly significant (–0.6±0.1 v. +0.1±0.1,P<0.001). As compared with mean BMD of young normal subjects, BMD was decreased by 36.9±1.4 and 22.4±1.5% (P<0.001) in fractured and control women, respectively. There was no significant difference between FN BMD of 33 women with cervical and 24 with trochanteric hip fractures (0.603±0.017 v. 0.577±0.020). FN BMD was lower than 0.705 g/cm² in 90% of fractured women. The prevalence of fracture increased with decreasing FN BMD, reaching 100% with values below 0.500 g/cm². FS and LS BMD were significantly lower in women with hip fracture than in controls (1.388±0.036 v. 1.580±0.030,P<0.001, for FS, and 0.886±0.027 v. 0.985±0.023,P<0.01, for LS), but these differences were not significant when expressed as a Z-score. In men with a recent hip fracture, FS BMD was significantly lower than in controls (1.729±0.096 v. 2.069±0.062,P<0.01), but the difference at the LS level did not reach statistical significance. These results indicate that both women and men with a recent hip fracture had decreased bone mineral density of the femoral neck, femoral shaft and lumbar spine. However, the difference appeared to be of higher magnitude for the femoral neck suggesting a preferential bone loss at this site.     

Bone mineral density in patients with cervical and trochanteric fractures of the proximal femur

The bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal femur, spine and radius shaft was determined in 75 women with atraumatic fractures of the proximal femur (FXf) (average age: 70.1±9.6 years) and 51 controls of similar age. Fractures were classified as either cervical (n=36) or trochanteric (n=39) on the basis of radiographic and surgical finding. The BMD of spine and proximal femur was determined by dual-photon absorptiometry (Lunar DP3) and the BMD of the radius shaft by single photon absorptiometry. The BMD of patients with FXf was significantly decreased over all skeletal sites compared to controls of similar age. No significant correlation was found between age and the BMD of the femoral neck in patients with FXf. Patients with trochanteric FXf were older and thinner (average: age, 72.9±9.4 years; weight, 53.1±7.8 kg) compared with patients with cervical fractures (age, 67.2±8.9 years; weight, 59.3±8.3 kg). Likewise the BMD of trochanteric FXf was lower at all measured sites: femoral neck, 0.548±0.066 g/cm² vs 0.624±0.055 g/cm² (P<0.001); L2-L4, 0.799±0.115 g/cm² vs 0.925±0.106 g/cm² (P<0.001); radius shaft, 0.454±0.057 g/cm² vs 0.502±0.083 g/cm² (P<0.05). Of the patients with trochanteric fractures 66% had concomitant vertebral fractures, while this occurred in only 28% of the patients with cervical fractures (P (Fisher)=0.0007). In summary, females with trochanteric FXf are older, thinner, have less bone mass in all measured sites and suffer with a significantly greater frequency of vertebral fractures. These patients have a generalized osteoporosis of the skeleton. Patients with cervical FXf seem to have more specific loss of the proximal femur (regional osteoporosis). The physiopathological process leading to trochanteric and cervical fractures is probably different.     

Evaluation of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone mineral measurement—comparison of a single-beam and fan-beam design: The effect of osteophytic calcification on spine bone mineral density

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a single-beam (SB) design is a well-established procedure for measuring bone mineral area density (BMD). Recently, fan beam (FB) techniques have become available to measure BMD. We evaluated the QDR1000 and QDR2000 densitometers with regard to precision and cross-compared values using single beam (SB) and FB techniques. To study the effect of osteoarthritic changes on bone measurement (BMC in g) and bone mineral area density (BMD in g/cm²), both parameters were measured in patients with and without osteophytic calcifications (OC) of the lumbar spine. Precision errors for BMD in vitro over 1 and 6 months using the QDR2000 were 0.4% and 0.6% for SB and 0.5% and 0.7% for the three FB modes. For QDR1000 only SB is available. Using this scan mode, the BMD difference (=0.1%) in vitro between QDR1000 and QDR2000 was not significant. The short-term (same day) reproducibility of BMD in vivo was 0.85% for SB mode and 1.1% for FB scan mode (n=33). The midterm (1 month) precision errors were 0.9% for SB and 1.5% for FB (n=11). The spine BMD of 751 patients from our outpatient clinic and department of rheumatology was 1.7% lower with FB than with SB (0.878±0.137 versus 0.888±0.146 g/cm²). Lower (1.8%) BMD values were also found in the hip with FB compared to SB (0.805±0.111 versus 0.821±0.111 g/cm²). There was a highly significant (P<0.00001) correlation between SB and FB on the spine (r =0.99) and hip (r=0.98) using the QDR2000. Correlations found QDR1000 and QDR2000 were lower on the spine (r=0.97) hip (r=0.93). In contrast to hip BMD, spine BMD was significantly higher in women (n=78) with OC (FB: 0.894±0.134 g/cm², SB: 0.900±0.140 g/cm²) than in normals (n=148) (FB: 0.844±0.130 g/cm², SB: 0.865±0.140 mals (n=148) (FB: 0.844±0.130 g/cm², SB: 0.865±0.140 g/cm²) (P<0.05). The FB mode provides reproducible data in vitro and in vivo, though not as precise as SB. FB results in vivo are 1–2% lower than FB results, even with identical results in vitro. Women with OC present with higher BMD values in spine scans than normals.     

Alendronate decreases the fracture risk in patients with prostate cancer on androgen‐deprivation therapy and with severe osteopenia or osteoporosis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate changes in bone mass and fracture risk in patients with prostate cancer on androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) and with a basal T‐score of >?2.0, who were treated with an oral bisphosphonate, as such patients treated with ADT are at increased risk of bone loss and bone fracture.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We selected 61 patients with prostate cancer treated with ADT; 31 were treated with oral alendronate 70 mg once‐weekly and a control group of 30 were not. At baseline and 12 months we measured bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. All patients had severe osteopenia or osteoporosis at baseline. The risk of femoral neck fracture was calculated at baseline and 12 months (Z‐score 2.7).

RESULTS

Patients treated with alendronate had a significant increase in BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck after 1 year of follow‐up, with mean (sd ) values of 1.06 (0.26) vs 1.01 (0.21) g/cm² at baseline (P < 0.001), and 0.75 (0.07) vs 0.73 (0.07) g/cm² (P = 0.03), respectively, while the control group had a significant loss of BMD at the total hip of 0.79 (0.14) vs 0.81 (0.13) g/cm² (P = 0.03). BMD was significantly improved at the three locations in patients treated with alendronate compared with the control group, with differences at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip of 0.05 (0.07) vs 0.01 (0.10) (P = 0.001), 0.01 (0.04) vs ?0.002 (0.03) (P = 0.04) and 0.01 (0.04) vs ?0.01 (0.02) g/cm², respectively (P = 0.001). Patients treated with alendronate had a significant decrease in the fracture risk at the femoral neck, by ?0.54 (1.29) (P = 0.04) after 1 year of follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment with once‐weekly 70 mg alendronate significantly improved the BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck in patients with prostate cancer with severe osteopenia or osteoporosis and on ADT, and significantly decreased the risk of femoral neck fracture.     

Changes in Bone Mineral Density with Age in Men and Women: A Longitudinal Study

We performed a prospective study to evaluate the normal changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in the forearm, hip, spine and total body, and to study the agreement between changes in BMD estimated from cross-sectional data and the actual longitudinal changes. Six hundred and twenty subjects (398 women, 222 men; age 20–89 years) without diseases or medication known to affect bone metabolism undertook baseline evaluations, and 525 (336 women, 189 men) completed the study. BMD was measured twice 2 years apart by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. From cross-sectional evaluations the only premenopausal bone loss (<0.003 g/cm²/year) was found in the hip. In women after menopause and in men an age-related bone loss (0.002–0.006 g/cm²/year) was found at all sites. The data from the longitudinal evaluation showed a small bone loss in women before menopause at the hip and lumbar spine (<0.4%/year (<0.004 g/cm²/year)); this bone loss nearly tripled in the early postmenopausal years (<10 years since menopause), and thereafter decreased to the premenopausal rate for the hip, and to zero for the lumbar spine. The most pronounced bone loss after menopause occurred in the forearm (1.2 %/year (0.006 g/cm²/year)), and it remained constant throughout life. In men there was a small longitudinal bone loss in the hip throughout life, and a small bone loss in the distal forearm after the age of 50 years. In all groups, except for the early postmenopausal women, we found a small increase in total body BMD with age. When comparing the changes in BMD estimated from cross-sectional data with the longitudinal changes, only the hip and forearm generally displayed agreement, whereas the changes in the total body and spine generally were incongruous. In conclusion, the hip and forearm appear to be the sites with the best agreement between the cross-sectional estimated and the longitudinal age-related changes in BMD. Received: 22 August 2000 / Accepted: 22 June 2001     

The association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and bone mineral density at the spine,hip and whole-body in premenopausal women

The genetic influence on bone mineral density (BMD) is thought to be mediated in part by alleles at the vitamin D receptor (VDR) locus. In order to assess the effect of VDR on BMD in premenopausal women, we studied 470 healthy white subjects, aged 44–50 years, participating in the Women's Healthy Lifestyle Project. Each participant was genotyped for theBsmI polymorphism at the VDR gene locus. BMD at the lumbar spine, hip and whole-body, and the whole-body soft tissue composition, were measured cross-sectionally using a Hologic QDR 2000 densitometer. The presence of a polymorphic restriction site at the VDR gene locus was specified asb, whereas absence of this site wasB. The frequency distribution of the VDR genotype was:bb, 20.6%;Bb, 39.1%; andBB, 40.2%. Spinal BMD (mean±SD) was significantly lower in women with VDR genotypeBB (1.038±0.11 g/cm²) as compared with those with genotypebb (1.069±0.12 g/cm²,p<0.05). Trochanter BMD was 2.7% lower in those with genotypeBB versusbb (0.685±0.10 g/cm² vs 0.708±0.09 g/cm²). A similar trend was shown at each subregion of the hip, but not at the whole-body. In premenopausal women, allelic status at the VDR locus contributed to variations in spinal and trochanteric BMDs, but the absolute difference in BMDs was small, amounting to 0.26 and 0.23 standard deviations, respectively. It is concluded that in this population of healthy premenopausal women there was a significant association between polymorphisms at the VDR gene locus and both spinal and trochanteric BMDs, yet no association was demonstrated for the whole-body BMD.     

Reproducibility of bone mineral density measurements using dual X-ray absorptiometry in daily clinical practice

Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements are frequently performed repeatedly for each patient. Subsequent BMD measurements allow reproducibility to be assessed. Previous studies have suggested that reproducibility may be influenced by age and clinical status. The purpose of the study was to examine the reproducibility of BMD by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and to investigate the practical value of different measures of reproducibility in three distinct groups of subjects: healthy young volunteers, postmenopausal women and patients with chronic rheumatic diseases. Two hundred twenty-two subjects underwent two subsequent BMD measurements of the spine and hip. There were 60 young healthy subjects, 102 postmenopausal women and 60 patients with chronic rheumatic diseases (33 rheumatoid arthritis, 10 ankylosing spondylitis and 10 other systemic diseases). Forty-five patients (75%) among the third group were receiving corticosteroids. Reproducibility was expressed as the smallest detectable difference (SDD), coefficient of variation (CV), least significant change (LSC) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Sources of variation were investigated by linear regression analysis. The median interval between measurements was 0 days (range 0–7). The mean difference (SD) between the measurements (g/cm²) was –0.0001 (±0.003) and –0.0004 (±0.002) at L1-L4 and the total hip, respectively. At L1-L4 and the total hip, SDD (g/cm²) was ±0.04 and ±0.02, CV (%) was 2.02 and 1.29, and LSC (%) 5.60 and 3.56, respectively. The ICC at the spine and hip was 0.99 and 0.99, respectively. Only a minimal difference existed between the groups. Reproducibility in the three groups studied was good. In a repeated DXA scan, a BMD change, the least significant change (LSC) or the SDD should be regarded as significant. Use of the SDD is preferable to use of the CV and LSC because of its independence from BMD and its expression in absolute units. Expressed as SDD, a BMD change of at least ±0.04 g/cm² at L1-L4 and ±0.02 g/cm² at the total hip should be considered significant. This reproducibility seems independent from age and clinical status and improved in the hips by measuring the dual femur.     

Efficacy and safety of 2 g/day of strontium ranelate in Asian women with postmenopausal osteoporosis

Strontium ranelate is a new effective anti-osteoporotic treatment having a unique mode of action, reducing bone resorption while promoting continued bone formation, with a broad range of anti-fracture efficacy at vertebral as well as peripheral sites. In Phase III studies, it has proven its early and sustained efficacy against vertebral fractures in Caucasians along with a significant increase in lumbar bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this randomized double-blind study was to demonstrate the efficacy of strontium ranelate (2 g/day) on lumbar spine bone mineral density and the clinical and biological safety in Asian postmenopausal osteoporotic patients compared to placebo over 1 year. Three hundred and twenty-nine eligible women from mainland China, Hong Kong and Malaysia were randomized into the study. The baseline characteristics were similar in the treatment and placebo groups: mean age of 66.2 ± 6.5 years, time since menopause 17.6 ± 7.2 years. In the Full Analysis Set (FAS, N = 302), the mean baseline lumbar L2–L4 BMD was 0.715±0.106 g/cm² in the strontium ranelate group and 0.708 ± 0.109 g/cm² in the placebo group. The mean baseline femoral neck BMD was 0.575 ± 0.074 g/cm² and 0.566 ± 0.069 g/cm² respectively and mean total hip BMD was 0.642 ± 0.080 g/cm² and 0.631 ±0.088 g/cm² respectively. The overall compliance was 91.4% in the study drug group, and 97.4% in the placebo group. After 1 year of treatment, the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip BMD in the treated group was significantly increased by 3–5% as compared to placebo. Strontium ranelate was well tolerated. The most frequently reported emergent adverse events were comparable in both groups (60.4% versus 60.0%), with majority of them being mild gastrointestinal disorders. There were no clinically relevant changes in laboratory tests, such as blood routine, hepatic and renal function. It is thus concluded that the effects of 2 g/day strontium ranelate on BMD and its safety profile in this cohort of postmenopausal osteoporotic Asian women were consistent with results obtained from Caucasian women in which the efficacy on the reduction in risk of fracture has been proven.