妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血清内脂素表达的研究

目的：探讨内脂素(visfatin)与体质量指数(BMI)、血脂[甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)]、胰岛素抵抗(IR)的关系。方法采用电化学发光法和酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)以及全自动生化仪分别测定52例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇(GDM组)和52例糖耐量正常孕妇(NGT组)的空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、visfatin水平。计算BMI和胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)。结果①GDM组孕妇BMI明显高于NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②GDM组孕妇TG高于NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组孕妇TC比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③GDM组孕妇FPG、FINS、visfatin、IRI均高于NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 GDM孕妇血清visfatin水平明显升高,与机体针对甘油三酯升高和胰岛素抵抗产生的代偿反应有关。     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血清及脐血中preptin的水平

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病患者与正常健康孕妇血清及脐血中preptin水平变化及其在妊娠期糖尿病发病过程中的作用。方法选取妊娠期糖尿病患者(GDM组)33例,正常妊娠组(NGT组)33例,用ELISA方法测定preptin的浓度、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、血脂,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及记录体重、年龄、孕周、新生儿出生体重、阿氏评分。结果 GDM组血清及脐血preptin水平明显高于NGT组(P<0.01);孕妇preptin浓度与孕妇年龄、FINS、糖筛后1h血糖水平、脐血preptin呈正相关(P<0.05)。孕妇及脐血preptin与新生儿参数无相关性(P>0.05)。空腹血清preptin与胰岛素呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论妊娠期糖尿病患者血清preptin水平升高,可能为早期检测妊娠期糖尿病提供一种新的方法。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血清脂联素与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）患者血清脂联素（ADP）与胰岛素抵抗（IR）的关系。方法选择该院妇产科2010年1月-2013年1月收治的100例GDM患者作为GDM组,另选择同期正常妊娠、OGTT血糖正常的孕妇100例作为对照组。采用ELISA方法测定2组血清ADP水平,同时检测2组空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）和糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）。结果 GDM组患者血清HbA1c、FBG、FINS和HOMA-IR水平高于对照组,ADP水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。ADP与FINS、HOMA-IR呈显著负相关（P〈0.01）。结论 GDM患者血清脂联素（ADP）与胰岛素抵抗（IR）呈负相关,妊娠期低ADP水平是妊娠糖尿病的危险因素。     

血清胎球蛋白A对妊娠期糖尿病患者的影响

目的探讨血清胎球蛋白A(AHSG)对妊娠期糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗和糖脂代谢的影响。方法选择妊娠期糖尿病患者60例为观察组,选择同期正常血糖妊娠者60例为对照组,观察2组患者分娩前AHSG、空腹血糖(FPG)、HOMA-IRI、空腹胰岛素、餐后2 h胰岛素、Hb A1c、血脂指标等。结果观察组AHSG、FPG、HOMA-IRI水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);观察组空腹胰岛素、餐后2 h胰岛素水平、Hb A1c值均高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组TC、TG、LDL-C水平均高于对照组(P<0.05),而HDL-C则显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 AHSG水平与妊娠期糖尿病胰岛素抵抗密切相关,且同时影响患者血脂代谢,其具有一定相关性。     

GDM孕妇血清铁蛋白、NF-κB变化与胰岛素抵抗程度及不良妊娠结局的关系

探究妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇血清铁蛋白(SF)、核因子-κB(NF-κB)变化与胰岛素抵抗(IR)程度及不良妊娠结局的关系。选取2020年5月—2023年2月本院收治的GDM孕妇115例为观察组,另选取同期产检的115例耐糖量正常产妇为对照组,检测比较两组血清SF、NF-κB水平、血糖[空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2h PG)]及IR生化指标[空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素分泌指数(IS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMR-IR)],根据HOMR-IR划分IR程度,比较不同IR程度血清SF、NF-κB水平;随访并记录两组妊娠结局,比较GDM孕妇不同妊娠结局血清SF、NF-κB水平,分析其血清SF、NF-κB水平与IR程度、妊娠结局的相关性及SF、NF-κB联合检测对GDM孕妇不良妊娠结局的预测价值。观察组血清SF、NF-κB水平均高于对照组[(49.31±12.53)μg/L、(14.86±4.71) ng/mL vs(24.63±9.63)μg/L、(8.63±2.73) ng/mL;P<0.05];观察组FPG、2h PG、FINS、HOMR-IR均高于对照组,IS低于对照...     

2型糖尿病患者瘦素水平及与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素水平以及与胰岛素抵抗的关系.方法 采用生化分析仪及放射免疫法检测2型糖尿病患者40例及正常人30例空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)和瘦素水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).结果 2型糖尿病患者瘦素、FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR均高于正常对照组(P＜0.05),且瘦素水平与FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论 瘦素在2型糖尿病的发病中可能起到一定作用.     

妊娠期糖尿病患者肿瘤坏死因子与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的 研究妊娠期糖尿病患者肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)与胰岛素水平的关系.方法 采用氧化酶法测定普通2型糖尿病、妊娠期糖尿病患者及健康对照者的空腹血糖(FPG),放射免疫法检测血胰岛素(FINS)、TNF.采用稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)评价胰岛素敏感性.结果 妊娠期糖尿病患者TNF-α、FPG、FINS及HOMA-IR均高于2型糖尿病患者(P＜0.05),而糖尿病患者则高于健康对照者(P＜0.05).2型糖尿病及妊娠期糖尿病患者血清TNF-α与FINS、HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0.66、0.39,P＜0.05).结论 TNF与胰岛素抵抗可能共同参与了妊娠期糖尿病的形成和发展.     

高龄妊娠糖尿病患者铁代谢水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的探讨高龄妊娠糖尿病(GDM)患者铁代谢水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性。方法测定高龄GDM患者(GDM组,106例)、糖耐量正常的孕妇(对照组,106例)的血糖、血脂、血红蛋白(HB)及铁代谢等指标。比较2组贫血的发生情况,并采用Pearson线性相关和多元线性回归分析铁代谢水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性。结果与对照组比较,GDM组贫血的发生率明显降低(P<0.05)。胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)与孕前体质量指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FBG)、HB、甘油三酯(TG)、血清铁蛋白呈正相关,与空腹胰岛素(FINS)呈负相关(P<0.05);胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-IS)与孕前BMI、FBG、HB、TG、血清铁蛋白呈负相关,与FINS呈正相关(P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,孕前BMI、TG、HB及血清铁蛋白是GDM患者HOMA-IR的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论高龄GDM患者铁储备明显增加,且与胰岛素抵抗存在一定相关性,进一步加重了GDM的病情。     

2型糖尿病患者TNF-a与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-a)与2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗之间的关系.方法 采用ELISA法、已糖激酶法、放射免疫法检测51例2型糖尿病患者血清TNF-a、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS),并采用1/(FPG×FINS)、FINS/FPG及体重(kg)/身高(M2)分别计算胰岛素敏感性指数、胰岛素分泌指数(IS)及体重指数(BMI),与32例正常对照组进行对比分析.结果 2型糖尿病患者TNF-a、BMI、FINS、IS较正常对照组明显增高(P<0.01～0.001),LAI较正常对照组明显降低(P<0.001).相关分析表明:TNF-a与IAI呈负相关(P<0.05)与IS呈正相关(P<0.01).BMI与FINS呈正相关(P<0.05):结论 2型糖尿病存在高胰岛素血症(HINS)和IR、肥胖,TNF-a与IR之间有密切关系.     

超敏C反应蛋白细胞间黏附分子-1与妊娠糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的关系研究

目的研究炎症因子超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)与妊娠糖尿病(GDM)患者胰岛素抵抗的关系,探讨GDM的发病机制。方法比较72例GDM(GDM组)、66例妊娠期糖耐量减低组(GIGT)和64例口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)正常的孕妇(NGT组)的血清hs-CRP、sICAM-1、血糖(FBG)及空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平,计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果 GDM组血清HOMA-IR、FBG、FINS、hs-CRP、sICAM-1、OGTT时体质量增加值(GWG)均高于GIGT组(P<0.01),且GIGT组高于NGT组(P<0.01)。多元线性逐步回归分析显示HOMA-IR受hs-CRP、sICAM-1影响。结论 GDM患者血清hs-CRP、sICAM-1水平显著升高,加重了胰岛素抵抗。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.