不同剂量血液滤过对脓毒血症患者肾功能炎症反应疾病程度及治疗转归的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量血液滤过对脓毒血症患者的肾功能、炎症反应、疾病程度及治疗转归的影响.方法 选取86例脓毒血症患者作为研究对象,所有患者均在常规治疗的基础上给予连续性静脉血液滤过(CVVH),持续时间>24 h,根据置换剂量不同分为A组(35 ml·kg-1·h-1,40例)和B组(70 ml·kg-1·h-1,46例...     

脓毒血症伴急性肾损伤肾脏替代治疗时机的探讨

目的:探讨脓毒血症伴急性肾损伤肾脏替代治疗的最佳治疗时机及疗效。方法:选取我院2017年1月至2019年6月期间收治的90例脓毒血症伴急性肾损伤患者,按照治疗时机的不同分为两组,观察组(45例)于48 h内启动持续肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)治疗,对照组(45例)于晚期启动CRRT,对两组治疗效果进行比较。结果:治疗半个月、1个月后,观察组存活率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),观察组APACHEⅡ评分均显著显低于对照组(P<0.01);治疗3个月后,观察组血肌酐、尿量、IL-1β改善情况优于对照组(P<0.01);观察组心血管事件发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:早期予以脓毒血症伴急性肾损伤患者CRRT效果理想,有利于改善患者炎症反应,稳定患者内环境,提高患者存活率。     

连续性血液净化在救治脓毒血症患者中的应用

目的研究分析连续性血液净化在脓毒血症患者救治中的临床应用价值。方法 63例脓毒血症患者,依据住院单双号随机分为对照组(33例)和研究组(30例)。对照组患者给予常规治疗,研究组患者在对照组治疗基础上采取连续性血液净化治疗。观察比较两组患者的治疗效果。结果治疗后研究组各项生命体征均优于对照组;研究组治疗后细胞因子水平均优于对照组;研究组死亡率显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论连续性血液净化可有效改善脓毒血症患者生命体征,降低炎症因子水平和死亡率,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

连续性血液滤过对脓毒血症并急性肾损伤的疗效观察

目的探讨连续性血液滤过（CRRT）对脓毒血症并急性肾损伤（AKI）的疗效。方法选择30例脓毒血症致AKI患者,随机分为两组,一组给予常规治疗,另一组给予常规治疗加CRRT治疗。监测治疗前后生命体征、肾功电解质及预后情况。结果治疗组与对照组相比,生命体征平稳,肾功电解质、酸碱平衡、预后有明显改善（P〈0.05）。结论尽早的CRRT对脓毒血症并急性肾损伤患者有很好的治疗效果。     

连续性血液净化治疗重症脓毒血症的护理观察

目的:探讨连续性血液净化治疗重症脓毒血症的护理效果。方法:从某院所收治的重症脓毒血症患者当中选取84例为研究对象,将这些患者随机分为对照组和治疗组两组,每组各42例。两组患者均采取连续性血液净化治疗,对照组在治疗的同时给予常规护理,治疗组在治疗的同时给予整体护理,对比分析两组的治疗效果。结果:经过连续性血液净化治疗以及一段时间的护理之后,治疗组总有效率为95.2%显著高于对照组73.8%,两组之间存在显著差异,具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组满意度92.9%要显著高于对照组73.8%,两组差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:对重症脓毒血症患者进行连续性血液净化治疗的同时给予科学合理的综合护理措施,能够有效提高治疗效果,提高患者的满意度。     

连续性血液净化治疗重症脓毒血症患者的护理体会

目的探讨连续性血液净化治疗重症脓毒血症患者的护理效果。方法选取2016年10月至2017年10月期间,在我院接受连续性血液净化治疗的重症脓毒血症患者92例,采用奇偶分组法将患者分为2组,对照组患者接受常规护理干预,实验组接受综合护理干预。结果实验组患者的临床治疗总有效率为93.48%(43/46),高于对照组总有效率(73.91%),P<0.05。结论接受连续性血液净化治疗的重症脓毒血症患者实施综合护理干预,能够有效提高患者的治疗效果,值得推广应用。     

分析连续性血液净化治疗急性肾功能衰竭的临床应用

目的分析临床采用连续性血液净化治疗急性肾功能衰竭患者的实际治理奥效果。方法选择本院2018年3月至2019年3月接收急性肾功能衰竭患者100例,依据研究需求,随机分配为对照组与观察组,其中对照组患者采用间隙性血液净化治疗方法,观察组患者采用连续性血液净化治疗方法,对比两组患者疾病治疗效果、并发症发生率以及患者肾功能改善情况。结果两组患者临床采用不同药物治疗后,观察组患者临床治疗效果以及并发症发生率显著优于对照组,且对照组患者肾功能改善情况明显差于观察组,两组患者临床治疗效果对比差异具有统计学含义(P<0.05)。结论临床采用连续性血液净化治疗方法,能够有效提高急性肾功能衰竭患者肾功能恢复,治疗效果显著,且不良反应低,对确保患者生命安全具有重要意义,值得临床推广使用。     

血液净化在急性肾损伤治疗中的临床效果及肾功能恢复率的分析

目的探索血液净化在急性肾损伤治疗中的临床效果及肾功能恢复率。方法选取2014年8月23日至2017年8月23日我院急性肾损伤100例患者,抽签化分组,即50例每组,对照组和观察组分别采用常规保守治疗和血液净化治疗。结果观察组患者的肾功能恢复时间(25.41±4.86)h、小便出现时间(10.37±1.52)h、肾功能恢复率(96.00%)、不良反应发生率(2.00%)、血尿素氮(5.11±0.38)mmol/L、血肌酐(88.15±2.45)mmol/L、血钾(3.68±1.41)mmol/L、血钙(2.85±0.24)mmol/L均优于对照组(P <0.05)。结论对急性肾损伤患者实施血液净化治疗效果显著,能够提高肾功能恢复率。     

连续性血液净化在重症脓毒血症患者中的应用效果及对血小板的影响

目的探究临床上重症脓毒血症的治疗中,采用连续性血液净化的效果和价值。方法选取2018年6月至2021年6月南宁市第一人民医院收治的100例重症脓毒血症患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组（50例）和试验组（50例）,对照组采用常规治疗方法,试验组采用连续性血液净化治疗方法。比较两组患者的不良反应总发生率、临床疗效、血小板含量、肾功能指标以及炎症因子水平。结果 试验组的不良反应总发生率低于对照组,且临床疗效高于对照组,血小板含量低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗前两组的肌酐、尿素氮、C反应蛋白（CRP）、降钙素原（PCT）、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,治疗后,试验组的肌酐、尿素氮、CRP、PCT、TNF-α低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 对重症脓毒血症患者进行连续性血液净化治疗的效果显著,能够改善患者的肾功能指标以及炎症因子水平。     

连续性血液滤过在妊高症合并急性肾损伤患者中应用研究

目的 探讨连续性血液滤过对妊高症合并急性肾损伤患者的治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析11例妊高症合并急性肾损伤患者进行连续血液滤过治疗的肾功能情况,对其治疗前后主要指标及预后进行分析.结果 与治疗前相比,治疗后血尿素氮、肌酐、谷丙转氨酶、总胆红素、C-反应蛋白下降,差异有统计学意义(均P＜ 0.05);急性肾损伤2～3期患者在入科(10.2±6.5)h内开始血液净化治疗,肾功能在(4.7±2.8)d恢复.结论 早期连续血液滤过治疗对妊高症合并2～3期急性肾损伤患者有利.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.