The Role of Vitamin C,Vitamin E,and Selenium on Cadmium-Induced Renal Toxicity of Rats

The aim of this study was to determine whether vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium have protective effects against cadmium-induced renal toxicity of rats. Vitamin C (250 mg/kg/day), vitamin E (250 mg/kg/day), and sodium selenate (0.25 mg/kg/day) were given to rats orally for 8 days. Cadmium (2 mg/kg/day CdCl₂) was given to rats intraperitoneally. Vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium (in the same dose and time) were given 1 h prior to the administration of cadmium every day. The tissue and blood samples were taken from the rats for histological evaluation and biochemical analyses on the Day 9. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione (GSH) determination were made in kidney tissue. In addition, urea and creatinine levels were determined in serum. The damage to the kidney tissue was moderate in the rats given cadmium. In this group, the distinctive changes in the proximal tubules were observed. Degenerative changes in kidney tissue were also observed in rats given vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and cadmium. LPO levels significantly increased and GSH levels decreased in kidney tissues following cadmium administration. Serum urea and creatinine levels were also increased in rats given cadmium. The administration of vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium caused a significant decrease in LPO levels and an increase in GSH levels in the kidney of rats given cadmium. Serum urea and creatinine levels were decreased in rats given both the antioxidant and cadmium. It is concluded that vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium showed some protective effect on the rat kidney.     

Effects of Tityustoxin on Central Nervous System

Abstract

Tityustoxin mimics many effects of electrical stimulation causing cell depolarization that increases the uptake of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions and the release of acetylcholine in rat brain cortical slices and synaptosomes. Tityustoxin caused mobilization of acetylcholine from the cytoplasmic and crude vesicular fractions. The release of acetylcholine by tityustoxin is Na⁺ and Ca^{2 +} dependent and is inhibited by tetrodotoxin. Tityustoxin-stimulated release of acetylcholine is blocked by ω-Agatoxin an antagonist of P-type calcium channel. The toxin activates the voltage dependent sodium channel stimulating the turnover of inositol phosphates. Chemical groups in the cell membrane, particularly SH groups, are essential for the tityustoxin-induced release of acetylcholine. Tityustoxin increased the incorporation of ³²P into synapsin I and the effect is blocked by calmodulin inhibitors. Tityustoxin increased the release of norepinephrine, glutamate, γ-aminobutyric and excitatory aminoacids. It is concluded that tityustoxin is an important tool in studies of neurotransmitter release and signal transduction.     

Combined Effects of Xylene and Alcohol on the Central Nervous System

Abstract Ten healthy male students were exposed to m-xylene alone at concentrations of about 6 and 11.5 μmol/l and given a single dose of alcohol (0.4 and 0.8 g/kg) prior to exposure. The effects of these xylene concentrations and alcohol doses, as well as the combined effects of the two xylene concentrations with the higher alcohol dose on psychophysiological functions, such as body balance and reaction time, were assessed. Xylene alone did not significantly impair these functions, although there was a tendency towards impairment by the exposure to the higher xylene concentration. The impairment caused by alcohol alone was dose-dependent and exceeded that caused by xylene alone. The deleterious effects of xylene combined with alcohol were usually additive, although antagonism of alcohol effects on body balance by the higher xylene concentration was observed. The effects were pharmacodynamic rather than pharmacokinetic in nature.     

Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modelling of Zopiclone Effects on Human Central Nervous System

Abstract: The present data shows the pharmacokinetics and concentration-effect relationship of a single 7.5 mg oral dose of zopiclone in ten healthy volunteers. Plasma concentrations and effects of zopiclone on central nervous system as quantified by changes in saccadic peak velocity and digit symbol substitution test were measured for 17 hr after ingestion of zopiclone. Pharmacokinetics was described with a linear one-compartment open model. Maximum effects preceded peak plasma zopiclone concentrations causing a clockwise hysteresis, i.e. proteresis, in concentration versus effect loops. Therefore, pharmacodynamics was described both with a tolerance model and a model with distributional pseudo-tolerance where the concentration in the blood sampling site is assumed to equilibrate slower with arterial blood than the site of action of zopiclone. Both models related the changes in pharmacodynamics linearly to changes in zopiclone concentrations. The median (range) values for clearance, volume of distribution and elimination half-life were 21 (15-53) L/hr, 132 (58-161) L and 3.4 (1.7-5.7) hr, respectively. Both pharmacodynamic models were able to describe the relationship between zopiclone concentrations and changes in psychomotor performance equally well. However, because the pharmacodynamics of zopiclone were studied in a non-steady-state situation, the mechanism for proteresis, i.e. true tolerance versus distributional pseudotolerance cannot be identified.     

The Effect of Vitamin E and Selenium on Doxorubicin (Adriamycin®) Induced Delayed Toxicity in Mice

Abstract: The antagonistic action of repeated administration of vitamin E and selenium on the lethality caused by a single intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin 15 to 20 mg/kg has been investigated in mice. Mice were treated with vitamin E, 20 to 4100 mg/kg intraperitoneally/intramuscularly daily or once a week and/or selenium 27 μg/kg orally daily for 6 to 7 weeks, i.e. one or two weeks before and five weeks after doxorubicin administration. 30 mg/kg of doxorubicin intraperitoneally caused 100% lethality within 4 days, whereas 15 mg/kg caused no deaths within a week, but resulted in a delayed toxicity with a cumulative lethality of 80% at the end of the observation period of 6 months. Vitamin E protected the mice from the lethal effect of doxorubicin, 15 mg/kg during the administration, but the mice began to die when the vitamin E administration was discontinued. Selenium only protected the mice for two weeks in spite of the continuous administration of selenium. The combined administration of vitamin E and selenium had no protective effect on the lethality caused by doxorubicin, 20 mg/kg. The pathogenesis of the delayed lethality of a single doxorubicin administration in mice is discussed. It is concluded that vitamin E and/or selenium have no significant protective action against doxorubicin induced delayed lethality in mice.     

纳米二氧化钛神经毒性及其机制的研究进展

纳米二氧化钛（TiO2 NPs）作为一种新型纳米材料,已成为多个领域的研究热点。随着在日常生活中接触TiO2 NPs愈发容易,TiO2 NPs的毒性也逐渐受到关注。TiO2 NPs能够通过血脑屏障进入脑内并蓄积,引起脑组织、神经细胞的损伤,影响情感与认知,降低学习记忆能力。本文主要对近年来TiO2 NPs引起的体内、外神经毒性,以及其毒性机制如氧化应激、炎症反应、凋亡等的研究现状进行综述,旨在丰富TiO2 NPs的毒性研究数据库,为其日常安全使用提供科学依据。     

锂对中枢神经和血液系统的作用（三）

双相抑郁是最严重和最常见的精神病中的一种。全球患病率为1％～5％，如果不治疗，自杀率为15％。在15至24岁的年青人中，囚抑郁自杀列死亡原因的第三位。这是一种终身疾病，有很强的遗传倾向。锂、丙戊酸和卡马西平是目前治疗躁狂抑郁症的主要药物。锂对急性躁狂症效果明显。丙戊酸的疗效不确定，许多病人都不能耐受其体重增加的副作用。卡马西平仅有较弱的作用。近来还有一些其他的药物可供选用，包括奥氮平、     

木防己碱对中枢神经系统影响的实验观察

本文观察到Tr具有抑制小鼠的自主活动,加强戊巴比妥钠及水合氯醛对中枢的抑制作用,拮抗咖啡因与苯丙胺的兴奋作用,推迟出现戊四氮和士的宁惊厥的潜伏期,延长士的宁致小鼠惊厥后死亡的时间,本品尚有镇痛和降温作用,表明Tr具有镇静、镇痛、降温等中枢抑制作用。     

奥硝唑对映体对小鼠中枢抑制作用的机制探究

目的:探讨右奥硝唑中枢抑制效应与脑内γ-氨基丁酸(gamma amino butyric acid,GABA)系统的关系。方法:经不同剂量右/左奥硝唑处理后使用N,N-二甲基二吖啶硝酸盐(1-(Ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide,MQAE)荧光探针检测原代培养小鼠皮层神经元氯离子浓度,并通过western blot方法检测GABAA受体亚基的表达。尾静脉注射给予右/左奥硝唑后测定小鼠高架十字迷宫行为。结果:右奥硝唑剂量依赖性激活小鼠皮层神经元的氯离子通道,经右奥硝唑处理后的皮层神经元能增加GABAA受体α1亚基的水平,且右奥硝唑有潜在的抗焦虑活性。结论:右/左奥硝唑中枢作用不同,右奥硝唑较强的中枢抑制作用可能与激活GABA系统有关。     

Effects of Mulberry on The Central Nervous System: A Literature Review

Background Mulberry, including several species belonging to genus Morus, has been widely used as a traditional medicine for a long time. Extracts and active components of mulberry have many positive neurological and biological effects and can become potential candidates in the search for new drugs for neurological disorders.Objectives We aimed to systematically review the medical literature for evidence of mulberry effects on the central nervous system.Methods We conducted a systematic search in nine databases. We included all in vivo studies investigating the effect of mulberry on the central nervous system with no restrictions.Results We finally included 47 articles for quality synthesis. Our findings showed that mulberry and its components possessed an antioxidant effect, showed a reduction in the cerebral infarct volume after stroke. They also improved the cognitive function, learning process, and reduced memory impairment in many animal models. M. alba and its extracts ameliorated Parkinson''s disease-like behaviors, limited the complications of diabetes mellitus on the central nervous system, possessed anti-convulsant, anti-depressive, and anxiolytic effects.Conclusion Mulberry species proved beneficial to many neurological functions in animal models. The active ingredients of each species, especially M. alba, should be deeper studied for screening potential candidates for future treatments.     

Some Effects of Cassia italica on the Central Nervous System in Mice

This work examines some effects of the crude ethanolic extract of the medicinal plant Cassia italica, given at single oral doses of 0.25, 0.5 or 1 g kg^?1, on the central nervous system in mice. Several models of nociception have been used to examine the analgesic effect of the extract. HPLC fingerprinting of the extract was performed to ensure uniformity of the extract material used. In treated mice, the extract caused dose-related inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction, and in the formalin test of antinociception the extract reduced formalin-induced pain in the second (late) but not in the first (early) phase of the pain. Treatment with the extract at doses of 0.5 and 1 g kg^?1 significantly increased the reaction time in the hot-plate and warm-water tail-flick tests. Naloxone was ineffective in antagonizing the analgesic effect of C. italica on tail-flick and abdominal constriction tests, possibly indicating that the effect occurs via non-opiate pathways. The C. italica extract caused slight dose-related impairment of motor control which was significant only at a dose of 1 g kg^?1. Treatment at the three doses used did not affect the rectal temperature of normothermic mice, but was effective in significantly reducing the rectal temperature of hyperthermic rats, 0.5 and 1 h (but not 6 h) after administration of the extract at doses of 0.5 and 1 g kg^?1. The extract also produced progressive diminution in the ambulatory and total activity of treated mice for up to 2 h after administration. It is concluded that the crude ethanolic extract of C. italica has CNS depressant properties, manifested as antinociception and sedation.     

缬草挥发油对中枢神经系统药理作用的研究

观察了缬草挥发油对中枢神经系统的影响，结果表明，缬草挥发油具有良好的镇静与抗惊厥作用。     

Effects of 5-Fluorouracil Prodrugs on the Central Nervous System in Mice and Rats

The effects on the central nervous system (CNS) of mice and rats were determined for the 5-fluorouracil prodrugs, l-(2-tetrahydrofuranyl)-5-fluorouracil (FT), a combination of FT and uracil in a molar ratio of 1:4 (UFT), and l-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU). Both FT and UFT failed to produce a significant prolongation of hexobarital sleeping time in mice, while HCFU, at the same dose levels, caused a significant (P < 0.01) prolongation of hexo-barbital sleep. FT, UFT, and HCFU produced a slight suppression of coordinating ability in mice, but the effect of HCFU was more pronounced than that of FT and UFT. There were no significant changes in 5-hydroxytryptamine contents in the cerebral cortex and only small insignificant changes of dopamine contents in the corpus striatum by any of the drugs examined. Furthermore, HCFU was more potent than FT and UFT in potentiating the actions of ethanol. These results suggest that HCFU is more toxic to the CNS than are FT and UFT.     

The Effect and Mechanism of Oxysophoridine on Central Nervous System

Objectives To study the central pharmacological effects of oxysophoride and its basic mechanism.     

Selenium Content of Tissues in Finnish Infants and Adults with Various Diseases,and Studies on the Effects of Selenium Supplementation in Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis Patients

Abstract A low blood selenium level has previously been observed in healthy inhabitants of Finland ( Westermarck et al. 1977 ). In this study even lower blood selenium values were observed in patients with acrodermatitis entero-pathica, dystrophia musculorum progressiva (Duchenne), infantile and juvenile type of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), severe mental retardation caused by various factors, and myocardial infarction. The selenium content of the brain, heart, kidney and liver in patients of different ages was also determined. The highest selenium level was found in the kidney. The mean liver selenium concentrations in stillborn, premature and full-term neonates were 1.11 ± 0.23 (8), 1.21 ± 0.17 (12) and 0.93 ± 0.16 γg/g dry weight (12) respectively (the number of subjects in parentheses). The selenium values are considerably higher than those in infants of from one to nine months of age and adults, whose liver selenium values were 0.58 ± 0.21 (8) and 0.67 ± 0.08 γg/g dry weight (8) respectively. The vitamin E levels of serum in patients with NCL, as well as in subjects with severe mental retardation (controls), were low compared with values in healthy normal subjects. Sodium selenite supplementation in patients with NCL produced at least a transitory improvement without causing any toxic effects during one year of administration.     

硒和/或维生素E对实验性高脂血症大鼠心、肝、肾及血清中一氧化氮及一氧化氮合酶的影响

目的 :观察硒和/或维生素E(VE)对实验性高脂血症大鼠心、肝、肾、血清一氧化氮 (NO)及一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)的影响。方法 :对大鼠喂以高脂饲料致实验性高脂血症 ,然后分别分组给予硒和/或VE ,4wk后取血及心、肝、肾组织匀浆 ,采用硝酸还原酶等方法测定上述组织的NO和NOS含量。结果 :高脂饲料可致血清、心、肝、肾组织中NO含量及NOS活性降低 ;硒和/或VE能不同程度地增加这些组织中NO含量及心、肝、肾中的NOS活性 (P<0 05或P<0 01) ,且两者合用比单用作用更明显。结论 :硒和/或VE可致实验性高脂血症大鼠心、肝、肾及血清中的NO和NOS发生改变。     

Effects of Petroleum Ether Extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Tuber on Central Nervous System in Mice

The central nervous system activity of the petroleum ether extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius tuber was examined in mice, fed normal as well as healthy conditions. The petroleum ether extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius tuber at the doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg showed significant central nervous system activity in mice.     

不同剂量石菖蒲对中枢神经系统影响的实验研究

目的研究不同剂量石菖蒲对中枢神经系统的影响。方法观察不同剂量的石菖蒲对小鼠睡眠时间、缺氧生存时间的影响,以及对脑缺血大鼠脑含水量、细胞凋亡、内皮素(ET)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)等指标的影响。结果与对照组比较,各种剂量的石菖蒲能缩短小鼠睡眠持续时间及延长小鼠缺氧的生存时间;高剂量石菖蒲能明显降低脑缺血大鼠脑含水量和MDA水平,抑制脑组织细胞凋亡,增加SOD含量及GSH-Px活性。结论高剂量的石菖蒲对中枢神经系统保护作用最强,中、低剂量次之。     

Antinociceptive Effects and Central Nervous System Depression Caused by Oxycodone and Morphine in Rats

Abstract: Antinociception and central nervous system depression (CNSD) caused by intraperitoneal, intrathecal and subcutaneous administration of oxycodone or morphine were studied in a randomized and blind, saline controlled study in rats. Antinociception was assessed with the tail-flick and hot plate tests. CNSD was assessed by testing the corneal, placing and righting reflexes and with a 4-point catalepsy score. Intraperitoneally and subcutaneously administered oxycodone and morphine were given in doses of 2.5–10 and 5–20 mg kg^–1 respectively. The intrathecal doses were 12.5 μg and 100 μg of oxycodone and 6.25 μg and 50 μg of morphine. In both nociceptive tests subcutaneously and intraperitoneally administered oxycodone was 2–4 times more potent than morphine, while intrathecal morphine was over 14 times more potent. CNSD was more profound with oxycodone than with morphine after intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration, but was not observed after intratechal administration of either drug. Differences in opioid receptor affinities, liposolubilities and metabolism are discussed as possible explanations.