母乳中胰岛素样生长因子1水平对新生儿生长发育的影响

目的　动态观察人类母乳中胰岛素样生长因子 1(IGF 1)在初乳及成熟乳中的变化及其与泌乳量的关系 ;探讨母乳中IGF 1水平对新生儿生长发育的影响。方法　监测 38名足月新生儿生后 6周身长、体重、头围的增长及其母亲体重指数。采用双抗放射免疫法测定初乳 (生后 3～ 5d)和成熟乳 (生后 4 2d)中IGF 1的浓度并测量同日母乳量 ,测量新生儿生后 3～ 5d血清IGF 1浓度 ,并分析两者之间的关系。结果　 (1)初乳中IGF 1浓度 [(6 3± 1 6 ) μg/L]显著高于成熟乳 [(4 7± 2 1) μg/L],差异有显著意义 (t=3 2 32 ,P <0 0 5 )。 (2 )初乳和成熟乳中IGF 1的浓度 [分别为 (6 3± 1 6 ) μg/L ,(4 7± 2 1) μg/L]均与同日母乳分泌量 [分别为 (380± 114 )ml/d ,(783± 199)ml/d]呈正相关 (r分别为 0 6 17,0 793) ;乳量绝对不足的母亲初乳中IGF 1浓度 [(4 1± 1 5 ) μg/L]明显低于能维持母乳喂养者 [(6 3± 1 6 ) μg/L],差异有显著意义 (t=4 4 5 4 ,P <0 0 0 1)。 (3)与新生儿体重、头围增长相关的因素按相关性大小依次为成熟乳量、初乳中IGF 1的浓度、新生儿生后早期血清IGF 1水平以及母亲哺乳期的体重指数。结论　初乳中足够的IGF 1浓度是启动泌乳并使之得以维持的重要条件 ,乳腺分泌的IGF 1可能通过促进     

早产儿母乳宏量营养素和总能量横断面调查

背景：中国早产儿母乳成分的报告不多,早产儿母乳成分可能受遗传、饮食习惯等影响。 目的探索不同孕周、不同分娩方式的早产儿母亲在不同泌乳阶段乳汁的宏量营养素含量及其变化情况。 设计：横断面调查。 方法：纳入NICU收治的出生体重<2 500 g、孕周<37周的早产儿母亲,母亲年龄＞18岁、无严重先天畸形,未使用免疫抑制剂,无母乳喂养禁忌证,自愿提供新鲜母乳,以双侧电动吸奶器收集早上4～5时双侧乳房全乳至一次性储奶瓶,冷链运送,从母亲采集母乳至上机行成分分析的过程在4 h内完成,采用 MIRIS HMA 母乳分析仪（瑞典 Miris AB 公司）,检测时用超声技术进行匀化。通过婴儿病例资料获取临床信息,根据纳入母亲分娩孕周分为<28周组、～32周组和～＜37周组;根据纳入母亲分娩年龄分为适龄产妇（≤34岁）和高龄产妇（＞35岁）;根据采集母乳发生于产后时间分为产后初乳（1～7 d）、过渡乳(～14 d)、成熟乳(～42 d)。 主要结局指标：早产儿母亲不同泌乳阶段乳汁的宏量营养素含量。 结果：符合本文纳入标准的早产儿母亲191例,阴道分娩79例（41.4%）,分娩年龄18～44（31.1±4.5）岁,分娩时孕周为（29.2±2.2)周;分娩191例婴儿,男婴102例（53.4%）,女婴89例,出生体重 (1 286±344)g。共收集到母乳305份,其中初乳55份,过渡乳72份,成熟乳178份。初乳、过渡乳和成熟乳的脂肪含量呈递增趋势,蛋白质呈递减趋势,差异均有统计学意义;初乳、过渡乳和成熟乳多重比较结果显示,碳水化合物和总能量差异有统计学意义,但过渡乳和成熟乳的碳水化合物、总能量差异无统计学意义。不同孕周的早产儿母亲的母乳中宏量营养素及总能量多重分析差异均无统计学意义。过渡乳中的蛋白质含量＜28周高于～32周和～＜37周,过渡乳中的碳水化合物含量~28周和～32周高于～＜37周,差异均有统计学意义。初乳中的脂肪含量阴道分娩低于剖宫产,过渡乳和成熟乳中的蛋白质含量阴道分娩均低于剖宫产,成熟乳中的碳水化合物含量阴道分娩高于剖宫产,差异均有统计学意义。成熟乳中的脂肪含量和总能量适龄产妇低于高龄产妇,差异均有统计学意义。 结论：不同泌乳阶段早产儿母乳中的宏量营养元素和总能量有明显差别,未来可考虑开展母乳成分分析以指导早产儿个体化母乳喂养。     

β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶与母乳性黄疸关系的观察

目的动态观察母乳、新生儿粪便中β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶（β-glucuronidase,β-GD）活性变化的规律及其与血清胆红素浓度的关系。方法以纯母乳喂养的18例母乳性黄疸患儿和12例生理性黄疸儿为观察对象。于生后第1、2、3和4周测定母乳及新生儿粪便中β-GD活性和血清胆红素浓度。结果母乳中β-GD活性在母乳性黄疸组第1、2、3、4周（中位数,M）分别为178、102、134和91kU/L,生理性黄疸组分别为320、128、182、164kU/L,两组各期差异无显著性(P＞0.05);新生儿粪便中β-GD活性在母乳性黄疸组分别为（512±291）、（660±153）、（629±282）和（639±237）U/g,生理性黄疸组分别为（672±118）、（582±270）、（573±211）和（714±153）U/g,两组差异亦无显著性(P＞0.05)。母乳性黄疸组血清胆红素浓度与母乳及粪便中酶活性的相关系数分别为0.224和0.027(P＞0.05);生理性黄疸组分别为0.109及0.140(P＞0.05),两组均无相关性。结论β-GD活性在母乳性黄疸的发病机理中不是唯一的或主要的原因。     

基于胎盘病理性炎症的<34孕周早产危险因素分析

目的 基于胎盘病理性炎症,探讨<34孕周早产的危险因素。方法 以2008年1月至2010年10月在上海交通大学附属国际和平妇幼保健院孕27+0～33+6周住院并分娩的孕产妇为研究对象。将研究对象分为孕27+0～31+6周和孕32+0～33+6周组,探讨<34孕周早产的危险因素。结果 ①孕27+0～31+6周组和孕32+0～33+6周组分别纳入106和110例,两组在母亲年龄、剖宫产和产前使用激素方面差异均无统计学意义。48.1%（104/216）胎盘病理性炎症反应阳性（MIR+）,其中51.0%（53/104）为仅母体炎症反应阳性（MIR+FIR-）,49.0%（51/104）母体-胎儿炎症反应均阳性（MIR+FIR+）;51.9％（112/216）母体-胎儿炎症反应均阴性(MIR-FIR-),未见母体炎症阴性-胎儿炎症阳性（MIR-FIR+）的病理结果。②早产主要危险因素包括早产胎膜早破（n=105）、临产(n=115)、妊娠高血压(n=52)、胎儿宫内窘迫(n=51)、产前出血(n=47)、前置胎盘(n=21)、流产史(n=108)、非正规产检(n=46)、妊娠合并内科疾病(n=23)和宫内生长迟缓(n=10)等。③在孕27+0～31+6周组中,MIR+FIR-亚组和MIR+FIR+亚组早产胎膜早破以及临产发生率显著高于MIR-FIR-亚组（64.3% 、83.9% vs 21.3%,P=0.000;78.6%、67.7% vs 46.8%,P=0.016）;母亲妊娠高血压发生率显著低于MIR-FIR-亚组(0、6.5% vs 40.4%,P=0.000);MIR+FIR+亚组产前出血的发生率显著低于MIR-FIR-和MIR+FIR-亚组（6.5% vs 29.8%,32.1％,P=0.027）。在孕32+0～33+6周组中,MIR+FIR-亚组和MIR+FIR+亚组早产胎膜早破、临产发生率显著高于MIR-FIR-亚组(52.0%、90.0% vs 30.8%,P=0.000)。④当MIR-FIR-时,孕27+0～31+6周组临产发生率显著高于孕32+0～33+6周组（46.8%和20.0%,P=0.003）。当MIR+FIR-和MIR+FIR+时,各胎龄组间危险因素差异均无统计学意义。结论 宫内炎症阳性时多为自发性早产,合并早产的其他危险因素较少;宫内炎症阴性时多存在多样的医源性早产因素。宫内炎症存在时并不增加胎儿宫内窘迫、胎盘早剥发生率。     

人乳中乳铁蛋白含量的初步检测分析

目的 了解人乳乳铁蛋白水平.方法 利用酶联免疫吸附双抗体夹心法(ELISA),分别测定36名产妇产后2、3 d的初乳,6、7 d的过渡乳及42 d的成熟乳标本中乳铁蛋白水平.结果 初乳的乳铁蛋白含量最高,过渡乳组和成熟乳组依次降低,分别为初乳组(2.63 ± 1.11) g/L、过渡乳组(1.96 ± 1.05) g/L、成熟乳组(1.42 ± 1.01) g/L,三组差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.01).剖宫产与顺产产妇的乳铁蛋白差异无统计学意义(P ＞ 0.05).产妇年龄＜ 28岁与≥ 28岁的乳铁蛋白含量差异无统计学意义(P ＞ 0.05).结论 人乳乳铁蛋白在初乳、过渡乳、成熟乳中的下降趋势与国外报道相符,但三组测定值均低于国外水平,尤其是初乳乳铁蛋白明显低于国外报道.     

母乳糖巨肽水平检测及其与多种初生婴儿配方奶粉的比较

目的 探讨人母乳糖巨肽(GMP)的水平,为优化初生婴儿配方奶粉的营养成分提供参考.方法 选取身体健康、无特殊饮食习惯、生活安定、奶量充足,年龄25 ～ 39岁,第1胎足月经阴道自然分娩的产妇30例.分为初乳组和成熟乳组,每组15例,每例采集5 mL母乳(前段乳汁).初乳组采集的时间为产后第2天,成熟乳组采集的时间为产后第42天.采用凝乳酶对母乳进行水解,再采用唾液酸测试盒检测上清液中唾液酸水平(比色法),并以此代表GMP的相对水平.另外,选取6种市售品牌配方奶粉作为奶粉组,各自配制成液态标准奶,用同样方法检测其唾液酸水平.采用方差分析法比较各组唾液酸水平.结果 GMP最佳酶解条件:酶液质量浓度0.25 g/L,酶解时间120 min.初乳组唾液酸质量浓度为(3486.98±406.70) mg/L,成熟乳组唾液酸质量浓度为(2687.95±375.85) mg/L,2组比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01),前者高于后者,且各组内个体间差异小(CV初乳=0.12,CV成熟乳=0.14).配方奶粉组唾液酸质量浓度为(1196.93 ± 608.40) mg/L,低于初乳和成熟乳中的水平,差异均具有统计学意义(P均＜0.01);各种品牌配方奶粉的平均唾液酸水平差异较大(CV=0.63).结论 人初乳中GMP的水平较成熟乳高;不同品牌婴幼儿配方奶粉中的GMP水平多寡不均,测得值与人乳比较也存在较大差异.但由于人乳和牛乳GMP分子质量及所含氨基酸残基数量不同,因而达到同样的GMP生理功效所需人乳或牛乳GMP水平可能不同.为优化初生婴儿配方奶粉的营养成分,使之更接近人乳,有必要进一步探讨相对于人乳的最佳配方奶粉GMP水平.     

哈尔滨地区早产儿母乳营养素含量的调查研究

目的 了解当前哈尔滨地区早产儿母乳中各种营养素的含量，为研制国内早产儿强化母乳提供科学依据，为更加合理喂养早产儿促进其健康成长提供科学依据。方法 收集哈尔滨市四个地区62名产妇的乳汁（早产儿初乳32份、成熟乳28份；足月儿初乳及成熟乳各30份），测定乳汁中蛋白质、脂肪、钙、磷、镁、铜、铁、锌、锰的含量。结果 哈尔滨地区早产儿母乳中蛋白质、磷、锌、镁在成熟乳期下降明显，铁、铜略有下降，但差异无统计学意义，脂肪、锰随泌乳期呈上升趋势，钙无明显变化。早产儿母乳在初乳及成熟乳期蛋白质含量均高于足月儿母乳，其他元素差异两者间无统计学意义。结论 早产儿母乳中蛋白质、锌、脂肪含量在成熟乳阶段含量偏低，建议适当补充，注意喂养。     

动态观察母乳中表皮生长因子,骨钙素,铁蛋白及生长激素

采用放免法对77例不同哺乳期母乳中表皮生长因子（EGF）、骨钙素（BGP）、铁蛋白及生长激素（GH）含量进行测定。结果表明，EGF在初乳和过渡乳含量明显高于成熟乳和晚乳（P＜0．001）；铁蛋白在初乳中含量最高，以后逐渐减低（P＜0．05）；BGP和GH在各期母乳间无显著性差异。认为乳中EGF、BGP、铁蛋白、GH及在各期间的变化对儿童的生长发育十分重要。     

早产儿母乳性黄疸(文摘)

作者研究健康早产儿中母乳对血清胆红素水平的影响,100例早产儿中40例混合喂养(奶方+母乳),60例单纯奶方喂养,均为适于胎龄儿,平均孕周34.26±4.57周,平均体重2177.95±461.97g,均无窒息,也排除抗生素治疗、血型不合、甲状腺和肝功能异常以及全静脉营养的婴儿。结果表明母乳会引起早产儿胆红素水平的增高,生后6天平均胆红素定量混合喂养组(12.13±     

哈尔滨地区早产儿母乳营养素含量的调查研究

目的了解当前哈尔滨地区早产儿母乳中各种营养素的含量,为研制国内早产儿强化母乳提供科学依据,为更加合理喂养早产儿促进其健康成长提供科学依据。方法收集哈尔滨市四个地区62名产妇的乳汁(早产儿初乳32份、成熟乳28份;足月儿初乳及成熟乳各30份),测定乳汁中蛋白质、脂肪、钙、磷、镁、铜、铁、锌、锰的含量。结果哈尔滨地区早产儿母乳中蛋白质、磷、锌、镁在成熟乳期下降明显,铁、铜略有下降,但差异无统计学意义,脂肪、锰随泌乳期呈上升趋势,钙无明显变化。早产儿母乳在初乳及成熟乳期蛋白质含量均高于足月儿母乳,其他元素差异两者间无统计学意义。结论早产儿母乳中蛋白质、锌、脂肪含量在成熟乳阶段含量偏低,建议适当补充,注意喂养。     

Macronutrient and energy content of breast milk of mothers delivering prematurely

The protein, lactose, fat and energy contents of the fore-milk of mother with term (n=23) and preterm (n=29) infants were estimated on postpartum days 3, 7, 14 and 21. During the first 4 weeks of lactation, the mean (±SD) energy (Kcal/dl), protein (g/dl), fat (g/dl) and lactose (g/dl) levels of the preterm milk were: 56.39 (±7.99), 2.17 (±0.66), 2.30 (±0.48) and 5.78 (±0.99), respectively. The same for term milk were: 59.39 (±8.30), 1.99 (±0.70), 2.48 (±0.53) and 6.24 (±1.08), respectively. The differences in composition between the term and preterm milk were not significant. The composition of breast milk showed changes over the first 3 weeks of lactation. With increasing post-partum days, there was a decline in protein content while fat, lactose and energy contents increased. These trends were more pronounced for preterm milk than term milk. The macronutrient composition and energy estimates of preterm breast milk of Indian mothers in this study may be useful for calculation of nutritional intake by premature neonates fed on expressed breast milk.     

早产儿生后两周内营养供应对青春期身体组成及血压的影响

目的：充足的营养对早产儿至关重要。关于早期营养及其对后期生长影响的纵向信息十分有限。本研究的目的是确定早产儿的早期能量和蛋白质供应对青春期身体组成和血压的影响。方法：本研究于2007~2008年对36例男性青少年（12.3±1.7岁）和25例女性青少年（11.5±1.8岁）进行了调查,他们系出生于1989年10月1日至1995年12月31日之间胎龄23~34周、出生体重<1850 g的早产儿。根据其出生后两周内的营养模式（肠内与肠外）、能量供应（每日<70千卡/kg与每日 ≥70千卡/kg）及蛋白质供应情况（每日超过2.5 g/kg ≥5 d与每日超过2.5 g/kg <5 d）,将调查对象分组,比较各组青春期身高、体重、血脂、血压等的差异。结果：在控制出生体重和生理成熟度的基础上,婴儿期能量摄入每天≥70千卡/kg的青少年身高（163±11 cm）和体重（58±16 kg）大于能量摄入每天<70千卡/kg的青少年（身高156±11 cm,体重49±16 kg）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组间血压与体脂百分含量未见明显差异。结论：婴儿期较高的能量摄入与青春期的体格大小相关,但并不会构成不利的风险因素,如血压升高或体脂增加。     

Macronutrients in breastmilk of mothers of preterm infants

Objectives

To evaluate the variability in macronutrient and energy content of breastmilk of Indian women delivering at ≤34 weeks of gestation.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, samples of breastmilk expressed manually for feeding of preterm neonates were collected from 106 mothers at 3±1 (n=26), 7±2 (n=34), 14±2 (n=24), 21±3 (n=12) and 28±3 (n=10) days after birth. Protein, fat and carbohydrate content were estimated and total energy content was calculated.

Results

Protein content in the human milk declined from 4.1±2.1 g/dL on the 3rd postpartum day to 2.2±0.6 g/dL by the 28th day postpartum. Lactose (from 2.2±0.7 g/dL to 3.0±0.9 g/dL), fat (1.9±1.8 g/dL to 3.4±2.1 g/dL) and energy (42.3±18.8 Kcal/dL to 51.9±21.5 Kcal/dL) contents increased from day 3 to day 28.

Conclusions

Preterm human milk has high temporal and inter-individual variation in the macronutrient composition and without fortification is unlikely to meet the nutritional requirement of preterm neonates.

     

Comparison of the cholesteryl ester composition of human milk from preterm and term mothers

Milk was obtained on postpartum days 2-3 (colostrum) and days 7, 21, 42, and 84 from mothers of 18 very premature (VPT, 26-30 weeks gestational age), 28 premature (PT, 31-36 weeks), and 6 term (T, 37-40 weeks) infants. Lipids were extracted in chloroform-methanol and analyzed by thin-layer (TLC) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters was determined by GLC after isolation of cholesteryl esters by preparative TLC and preparation of methyl esters of the constituent fatty acids. As lactation progressed, amounts of total cholesterol and cholesteryl esters declined. Cholesteryl esters decreased from about 5 mg/dl in colostrum to 1 mg/dl in mature milk. The cholesteryl esters of colostrum from mothers of premature infants were different in fatty acid composition from those of term infants. Proportions of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (12:0, 14:0, 16:0) of preterm colostrum (VPT and PT) were considerably lower than in term colostrum: 23% of total fatty acids versus 35%. Proportions of 18:3, 20:3, and 20:4 of VPT (5.6%) and PT (6.2%) colostrum were considerably higher than T colostrum (1.8%). The fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters of VPT, PT, and T milk was relatively similar at all subsequent lactation periods. Fatty acids esterified with cholesterol in weight percents were as follows: 10:0, 0.7; 12:0, 2.6; 14:0, 2.3; 16:0, 11.4; 16:1, 5.0; 18:0, 8.8; 18:1, 32.9; 18:2, 30.6; 18:3, 1.7; 20:3, 0.9; and 20:4, 1.8. Unsaturated fatty acids contributed 73 wt % of fatty acids in cholesteryl esters, which is considerably higher than in milk triglycerides. The greatest difference occurred in 18:2 content, which was 30.6% in cholesteryl esters and only 13.0% of total fatty acids in milk. Results suggest that unsaturated fatty acids are associated preferentially with the cholesteryl ester fraction and that the fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters differs from the composition of total milk lipid.     

Trans fatty acids from milk of Brazilian mothers of premature infants

Aim:   The presence of trans fatty acids (TFA) in human milk may be a concern because of their possible adverse nutritional effects on the infant development. TFA may interfere with the metabolism of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). Marked variation in TFA of milk appears in different populations. No data have yet been reported in Brazil, particularly as regards the milk of mothers of premature infants. Because of the importance of LC-PUFA in infant growth and development, we investigated the fatty acids composition of the milk of Brazilian mothers of premature infants.
Methods:   We analysed, through gas-liquid chromatography, the content of fatty acids of 37 milk samples obtained from mothers delivering prematurely. Samples were collected from colostrum and mature milk of exclusive breastfeeding.
Results:   All samples contained trans isomers of C18:1 acid with trans isomers of PUFA in lower proportion. The percentage of TFA (mean ± SD) in the colostrum was 2.34 ± 0.75, and 2.19 ± 0.47 in the mature milk. For the LC-PUFA these values were 0.97 ± 0.34 in the colostrum and 0.66 ± 0.25 in the mature milk. The contents of total essential fatty acids and PUFA n-6 were inversely correlated with TFA in colostrum and mature milk. We found a positive correlation between levels of arachidonic acid in mature milk and change in the children's height.
Conclusions:   The study showed that the intake of TFA occupies an intermediate position between the values of North America and European countries, reflecting the ongoing transition to industrialised foods in Brazil.     

Comparison of the phospholipid classes in human milk in Japanese mothers of term and preterm infants

Background: Phospholipids (PLs) play an essential role in the growth and brain development of infants. Aim: To investigate PL composition in human milk (HM), including lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM), from healthy Japanese mothers. Analyses were performed on colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk from mothers of preterm and term infants. Methods: HM samples were collected from mothers of 15 term infants (term group) and of 19 preterm infants (preterm group). PL composition was determined by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography in conjunction with phosphorus analysis. Results: In both groups, the PL content (% of total lipid) of mature milk was significantly lower than in colostrum. SM and PC were the main PLs in HM, but in the preterm group, the percentage of SM in mature milk was significantly higher and PC in mature milk was significantly lower than in the term group.

Conclusion: The transition from colostrum to mature milk leads to an increase in SM and a decrease in PC in the HM of preterm infants, along with a decrease in PL content. This is the first report to demonstrate the differences in PL composition in HM between mothers of preterm and term infants.     

Total lipid content and fatty acid composition of preterm human milk

The total lipid content and fatty acid composition of preterm human colostrum and milk were analyzed from aliquots of 24-h collections of colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk obtained from 21 women who had delivered premature infants with a mean birth weight of 1,049 +/- 38 g (mean +/- SEM) and a mean gestational age of 29 +/- 0.4 weeks. The total lipid content increased significantly with time of lactation (p less than 0.001), from 1.99 +/- 0.25 g/dl in colostrum to 3.89 +/- 0.28 g/dl in mature milk. With respect to the fatty acid pattern, the percentages of 12:0 and 14:0 increased significantly (p less than 0.001), while those of 16:0 (p less than 0.05) and 18:1 (p less than 0.001) decreased significantly with time of lactation. The percentages of 10:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:2, and 18:3 did not vary significantly with the duration of lactation. Similar compositional changes have been described in term human colostrum and milk as the duration of lactation progresses.     

Milk of northern Sudanese mothers whose traditional diet is high in carbohydrate contains low docosahexaenoic acid

Aim: The suckling neonates and infants are reliant primarily on the mother for optimal supply of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The richest source of preformed DHA is cold‐water oily fish. Although there is paucity of data, existing evidence suggest women with restricted access to these foods have low or marginal DHA status. The aim of the study was to investigate milk fatty acids of Sudanese mothers whose traditional diet is high in carbohydrate and low in fat and gain some insight into the provision of DHA to the suckling offspring. Methods: Colostrum (n = 26), transitional (n = 20) and mature (n = 14) milk samples were obtained from Northern Sudanese women (NSW) recruited prior to delivery from Ibrahim Malik and Khartoum Teaching Hospitals. Results: The arachidonic acid content of the colostrum (0.87 ± 0.28%) and transitional (0.89 ± 0.29%) and mature (0.48 ± 0.12%) milk of the NSW were broadly comparable with published international values. In contrast, the DHA level (colostrum 0.13 ± 0.07%, transitional 0.13 ± 0.06% and mature milk 0.06 ± 0.05%) was very low. Conclusion: The study reveals breast milk of NSW, whose traditional diet is almost devoid of fish and fish products, is unlikely to provide sufficient DHA to support optimal postnatal neuro‐visual development.