儿童发作性睡病的诊治

<正>发作性睡病是以白天无法控制的嗜睡为主要临床症状的神经系统疾病,患者往往有明显的功能损害,影响日常生活。该病起病通常始于青春期,持续终身。嗜睡症状     

早发型发作性睡病患儿的非典型症状临床研究

早发型发作性睡病是一种病因不明的儿童慢性神经系统疾病,患儿可能以非典型临床症状为主要表现,是近年来国内重点关注的小儿神经科疾病之一.该文就早发型发作性睡病患儿的非典型临床症状、发病机制、诊断及治疗的研究进展作一综述.     

早产儿视网膜病遗传易患性及相关基因的研究进展

目前,早产儿视网膜病仍是儿童致盲和视力损害的主要原因.它是一个多因素引起的疾病,除了早产、低体重及吸氧等原因,该病也存在遗传易患性,并有大量的基因参与其发病,对于这方面的研究能深入了解早产儿视网膜病的发病机制,为防治该病提供新的临床思路.     

神经退行性变伴脑铁沉积症发病机制及治疗研究进展

神经退行性变伴脑铁沉积症是一组由基因变异导致的罕见的神经遗传变性疾病,总体发病率为2/1 000 000~3/1 000 000,该病以铁离子沉积于中枢神经系统,尤其是基底神经节区为特点,临床主要表现为锥体外系症状。根据致病基因的不同,目前将该病分为14种亚型。但其相关的发病机制及治疗尚不明确。为此,该文总结神经退行性变伴脑铁沉积症的发病机制及治疗研究进展,帮助儿科医师全面认识该病,也为后续治疗研究提供参考。     

异染性脑白质营养不良研究进展

异染性脑白质营养不良是一种常染色体隐性遗传性疾病,遗传缺陷在于芳基硫酸酯酶A基因或脑硫脂激活蛋白基因突变,导致溶酶体内脑硫脂水解障碍,而在组织内大量沉积,引起脑白质及周围神经脱髓鞘等病变。临床表现为共济失调、智能下降、四肢瘫痪、癫(?)及精神症状等。本文就其近年来该病在临床、病理、发病机制、诊断及治疗方面的研究进展作一综述。     

信息动态

线粒体病是一组由于线粒体基因或细胞核基因缺失或点突变导致的线粒体结构和功能异常的代谢性疾病,以中枢神经系统、外周神经系统和肌肉受累为主.线粒体病的临床表现复杂多样,分为综合征类型和非综合征类型,由于临床表型的高度变异性和重叠性,在临床病例中非综合征类型约占70％[1].该疾病以儿童期始发为主,约90％在5岁前发病,并伴有发育落后.线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸血症及卒中发作综合征(mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes,MELAS)是线粒体病中最常见的临床类型,其临床特征主要表现为乳酸酸中毒和卒中样发作.线粒体病目前尚无特殊的疗法,但有研究认为辅酶Q10和L-肉碱对治疗该病有一定疗效.     

异染性脑白质营养不良研究进展

异染性脑白质营养不良是一种常染色体隐性遗传性疾病，遗传缺陷在于芳基硫酸酯酶A基因或脑硫脂激活蛋白基因突变，导致溶酶体内脑硫脂水解障碍，而在组织内大量沉积，引起脑白质及周围神经脱髓鞘等病变。临床表现为共济失调、智能下降、四肢瘫痪、癫痫及精神症状等。本文就其近年来该病在临床、病理、发病机制、诊断及治疗方面的研究进展作一综述。     

新生儿脑梗死的诊断与治疗进展

新生儿脑梗死是危害小儿生长发育尤其是神经系统发育的重要疾病 ,该病症状和体征不典型 ,诊断和治疗还比较困难。该文对该病的临床表现、诊断和治疗进展进行综述 ,以促进儿科医师对此病的认识 ,力求能够早期诊断和早期预防以减少对患儿生长发育的不良影响 ,提高人口素质     

新生儿脑梗死的诊断与治疗进展

新生儿脑梗死是危害小儿生长发育尤其是神经系统发育的重要疾病，该病症状和体征不典型，诊断和治疗还比较困难。该文对该病的临床表现、诊断和治疗进展进行综述，以促进儿科医师对此病的认识，力求能够早期诊断和早期预防以减少对患儿生长发育的不良影响，提高人口素质。     

KCNMA1基因相关神经系统疾病表型谱及治疗研究进展

近年来，癫痫与运动障碍共患逐渐受到神经科医生的关注。其中离子通道病是其重要病因。KCNMA1基因为钾离子通道编码基因，KCNMA1变异相关神经系统疾病表型谱包括阵发性非运动诱发性运动障碍和（或）癫痫。文章旨在针对KCNMA1基因变异相关神经系统疾病表型谱及治疗进行系统总结，以指导临床工作。     

Pediatric liver transplantation for neonatal‐onset Niemann‐Pick disease type C: Japanese multicenter experience

Niemann‐Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disease characterized by lysosomal accumulation of free cholesterol in macrophages within multiple organs. Infantile‐onset NPC often presents with jaundice and hepatosplenomegaly from birth, but these symptoms usually improve during early childhood, and it rarely progresses to liver failure. We report three cases from different hospitals in Japan; the patients developed neonatal‐onset NPC, and liver transplantation (LT) was performed as a life‐saving procedure. LT was performed at 19 days, 59 days, and 4 months of age, respectively. The last patient was diagnosed with NPC before LT, while the first two patients were diagnosed with neonatal hemochromatosis at LT. In these two patients, the diagnosis of NPC was made more than a year after LT. Even though oral administration of miglustat was started soon after the diagnosis of NPC, all patients showed neurological regression and required artificial respiratory support. All patients survived more than one year after LT; however, one patient died due to tracheal hemorrhage at 4.5 years of age, and another one patient was suspected as recurrence of NPC in liver graft. In conclusion, while LT may be a temporary life‐saving measure in patients with neonatal‐onset NPC leading to liver failure, the outcome is poor especially due to neurological symptoms. A preoperative diagnosis is thus critical.     

Niemann-pick disease type C in neonatal cholestasis at a North American Center

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) among children being evaluated for neonatal cholestasis during a 2-year period. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed from all infants with cholestasis and all patients with NPC evaluated at our center from January 1997 through December 1998. RESULTS: Forty neonates with cholestasis were evaluated, including three patients diagnosed with NPC (age at diagnosis, 5-21 months) who were originally labeled as having idiopathic neonatal cholestasis (INH). Two adolescents (ages 14 and 16 years) were also diagnosed with NPC during this period, one who originally had neonatal hepatitis and cirrhosis, and the other who had hepatosplenomegaly throughout childhood. Three of the patients with NPC were Hispanic. At time of NPC diagnosis, infants had mildly delayed motor development and persistent splenomegaly with or without hepatomegaly, and the adolescents had ataxia, dysarthria, hepatosplenomegaly, and paresis of vertical gaze. The diagnosis of NPC was established by demonstrating defective cellular cholesterol esterification in cultured skin fibroblasts in three patients and a specific genetic mutation in three patients. Niemann-Pick disease type C was found in 27% of infants initially diagnosed with INH and 8% of all infants evaluated for cholestasis. CONCLUSION: Niemann-Pick disease type C should be considered in all infants with cholestasis, particularly those with splenomegaly or who are of Hispanic descent. Electron microscopy and lipid analysis of liver biopsy specimens obtained during the evaluation of neonatal cholestasis may suggest this diagnosis.     

Morbus Niemann-Pick Typ C

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare, neurovisceral lysosomal storage disease. A deficiency in the NPC1 or NPC2 protein results in impaired digestion and subsequent accumulation of plasma membrane lipids in the lysosomes. Visceral signs and symptoms may occur years before the onset of neurological manifestations. The clinical phenotype of NPC is, however, determined by the onset and progression of neurodegeneration. Neurological manifestations of NPC can be treated using substrate reduction therapy with miglustat. A clinical study showed that 72% of NPC patients treated with miglustat experienced stabilization or slowed progression of the disease. At present, miglustat is the only approved treatment option in Europe for NPC patients with neurological symptoms. Monitoring of disease progression and response to treatment with miglustat should be conducted with regular follow-up and standardized documentation. Additional research on the molecular basis and clinical course of NPC will be required in order to provide affected patients with an early targeted and efficacious treatment to curtail this normally progressive disease.     

Fatal neonatal respiratory distress in Niemann-Pick C2 and prenatal diagnosis with mutations in gene HE1/NPC2]

We report the fifth case of neonatal form of type C2 (NP-C2) Niemann-Pick disease with early and fatal respiratory distress. Eleven families presenting such cases are known to date in the world. Since December 2000, isolation of the underlying gene HE1/NPC2 and its mutations has allowed major advances in diagnosis. CASE REPORT: Elisa was born in May 2000. NP-C2 disease was associated with severe respiratory distress leading to death at the age of four months. On the next pregnancy in September 2000, prenatal diagnosis was performed by means of biological tests that required four weeks response time. In December 2000, isolation of the HE1/NPC2 gene located to 14q24.3 and of some of its mutations allowed to characterize the patient as being homozygote for the nonsense mutation E20X. On the the two next pregnancies, prenatal diagnosis was performed at 12 SA, in 48 hours, by the means of mutation analysis. The last fetus was heterozygote for the mutation E20X, allowing the birth at term of a healthy male newborn baby. CONCLUSION: Niemann-Pick type C disease is a rare lysosomal lipid storage disease with severe prognosis. It is characterized by abnormalities of intracellular transport of endocytosed cholesterol. Diagnosis relies on biological tests that require cultured cells. Genetic heterogeneity defines two different genetic complementation groups C1 and C2. Severe and early respiratory distress is more likely to be associated with the rare type C2. Since December 2000, after identification of the disease-causing mutations in the proband, mutation analysis of gene HE1/NPC2 on direct chorionic villus samples allows early and fast (48 hours) prenatal diagnosis.     

The usefulness of bone marrow aspiration in the diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type C in infantile liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a fatal, autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease which may present in infancy with cholestatic jaundice and/or hepatosplenomegaly. In cholestatic patients with splenomegaly, a bone marrow aspirate has been advocated as a relatively accessible tissue to demonstrate storage phenomena. Typically in patients with NPC, macrophages with abnormal cholesterol storage, so called foam cells, can be detected in the bone marrow. AIM: To review our experience of bone marrow aspiration in children with NPC presenting with infantile liver disease. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 11 consecutive children (8 males) from Birmingham Children's Hospital with NPC presenting with infantile liver disease was undertaken. The diagnosis of NPC was confirmed in all cases by demonstrating undetectable or low rates of cholesterol esterification and positive filipin staining for free cholesterol in cultured fibroblasts. RESULTS: The median age at presentation was 1.5 months (range 0.5-10). Bone marrow aspirates showed storage cells in only 7/11 cases. Bone marrow aspirates which had storage cells were undertaken at a median age of 11 months while those with no storage cells were undertaken at median age 2.3 months. The overall sensitivity of bone marrow aspirates for detecting storage cells in children presenting with infantile liver disease was 64%; however, for children who had bone marrow aspirates in the first year of life it was only 57%. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of bone marrow aspirate for the diagnosis of NPC disease in patients presenting with infantile liver disease was lower than previously reported. Where NPC is suspected clinically, definitive investigations should be undertaken promptly. There is a need to develop sensitive screening methods for NPC in children presenting with infantile liver disease.     

床旁肺部超声在新生儿肺炎中的诊断价值

目的 探讨床旁肺部超声在新生儿肺炎中的诊断价值。方法 收集2017年3月就诊于成都市妇女儿童中心医院新生儿重症医学科,以呼吸道症状为主诉,并在入院24 h内完善床旁肺部超声的49例新生儿的临床资料。对49例患儿的临床资料、肺部超声资料进行回顾性分析,对床旁肺部超声诊断新生儿肺炎进行诊断价值评价。结果 49例患儿中,根据新生儿肺炎诊断的金标准,44例诊断为新生儿肺炎;根据新生儿肺炎肺部超声诊断标准,38例诊断为新生儿肺炎。肺部超声在有呼吸道症状新生儿中诊断新生儿肺炎的敏感性为 86%,特异性为100%,阳性预测值为100%,阴性预测值为45%。44例金标准诊断的新生儿肺炎患儿中,肺部超声声像图显示,44例（100%）均出现B线,表现为异常胸膜线的比例达75%,部分患儿出现斑片/局限性弱回声区（36%）或肺泡间质综合征（27%）、支气管充气征（20%）等。结论 床旁肺部超声作为新的临床诊断技术,对新生儿肺炎的诊断敏感性高、特异性强,可作为新生儿肺炎诊断的工具。     

Rectal biopsy in the investigation of constipation

AIMS: To develop criteria to prevent unnecessary rectal biopsies in constipated children. METHODS: A retrospective review of 186 rectal biopsies from 141 children, comparing the age at onset of symptoms with the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. RESULTS: All of the 17 children with Hirschsprung's disease had the onset of symptoms before the age of 4 weeks. Twenty seven children had delayed passage of meconium (more than 48 hours) of whom 10 had Hirschsprung's disease. Three children with Hirschsprung's disease were referred after the neonatal period (2 months, 11 months, and 3 years) but all had the onset of symptoms before 4 weeks of age. CONCLUSION: If the age at onset of constipation is after the neonatal period, a rectal biopsy is unnecessary.     

The usefulness of bone marrow aspiration in the diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type C in infantile liver disease

Background

Niemann–Pick disease type C (NPC) is a fatal, autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease which may present in infancy with cholestatic jaundice and/or hepatosplenomegaly. In cholestatic patients with splenomegaly, a bone marrow aspirate has been advocated as a relatively accessible tissue to demonstrate storage phenomena. Typically in patients with NPC, macrophages with abnormal cholesterol storage, so called foam cells, can be detected in the bone marrow.

Aim

To review our experience of bone marrow aspiration in children with NPC presenting with infantile liver disease.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 11 consecutive children (8 males) from Birmingham Children''s Hospital with NPC presenting with infantile liver disease was undertaken. The diagnosis of NPC was confirmed in all cases by demonstrating undetectable or low rates of cholesterol esterification and positive filipin staining for free cholesterol in cultured fibroblasts.

Results

The median age at presentation was 1.5 months (range 0.5–10). Bone marrow aspirates showed storage cells in only 7/11 cases. Bone marrow aspirates which had storage cells were undertaken at a median age of 11 months while those with no storage cells were undertaken at median age 2.3 months. The overall sensitivity of bone marrow aspirates for detecting storage cells in children presenting with infantile liver disease was 64%; however, for children who had bone marrow aspirates in the first year of life it was only 57%.

Conclusions

The sensitivity of bone marrow aspirate for the diagnosis of NPC disease in patients presenting with infantile liver disease was lower than previously reported. Where NPC is suspected clinically, definitive investigations should be undertaken promptly. There is a need to develop sensitive screening methods for NPC in children presenting with infantile liver disease.     

Niemann-Pick-like liver disease and reduced cholesterol esterification in fibroblasts of two male infants

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) presents in about half of the cases in the newborn period with jaundice, hepato-splenomegaly, and a clinical pattern similar to neonatal hepatitis. The definitive diagnosis can in most instances be made by the appropriate biochemical testing of lipoprotein stimulated cholesteryl ester synthesis and cholesterol accumulation in cultured patient fibroblasts. We report two infants who by liver biopsy had classical findings of NPC and a cholesteryl ester synthesis level about 50% of the normal lower limit. On the other hand neither of these patients' fibroblasts showed any evidence of low density lipoprotein-induced cholesterol accumulation, precluding the possibility of a definitive diagnosis. These cases demonstrate the importance of the appropriate biochemical testing before final counseling is carried out. The possibility of our patients representing allelic or nonallelic variants of NPC are discussed.     

Neonatal muscular manifestations in mitochondrial disorders

During the last decade rapid development has occurred in defining nuclear gene mutations causing mitochondrial disease. Some of these newly defined gene mutations cause neonatal or early infantile onset of disease, often associated with severe progressive encephalomyopathy combined with other multi-organ involvement such as cardiomyopathy or hepatopathy and with early death. Findings suggesting myopathy in neonates are hypotonia, muscle weakness and wasting, and arthrogryposis. We aim to describe the clinical findings of patients with mitochondrial disease presenting with muscular manifestations in the neonatal period or in early infancy and in whom the genetic defect has been characterized. The majority of patients with neonatal onset of mitochondrial disease have mutations in nuclear genes causing dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, leading to defective oxidative phosphorylation.