Formation of double minutes by breakdown of a homogeneously staining region in a refractory anemia with excess blasts

A patient suffering from refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation had four different bone marrow karyotypes. These were 46,XY; 45,X,-Y; 45,X,-Y, 5q-,19q+; and 43,X,-Y,-9,-17,5q-,+dmin. The most plausible explanation for this is proposed to be formation of a homogeneously staining region on chromosome #19, followed by its breakdown into double minutes.     

Direct chromosome analysis of seven primary colorectal carcinomas.

Chromosome studies were performed on direct preparations of seven cases of primary colorectal carcinomas. Two cases had relatively simple chromosome changes: 48,XY,+8,+21/51, XY,+8,+9,+10,+i(17q),+21, and 47,der(X)t(X;14)(q11;q11)-Y,t(6;18)(p22;q24)+7,+8,der(19)t (19;?)(q13;?). The five others had complicated deletions and translocations; 1p- was noted in five cases, and i(17q) was noted in three cases.     

Patient with Down''s syndrome and male pseudohermaphroditism with a 47, XY, +21/46, X, +21 karyotype

The present report describes a child with Down's syndrome and male pseudohermaphroditism in whom we found a 47, XY,+21/46, X,+21 mosaic chromosome complement. Necropsy revealed both Mullerian and Wolffian structures and bilateral testes.     

Cytogenetic heterogeneity and clonal evolution in synchronous bilateral breast carcinomas and their lymph node metastases from a male patient without any detectable BRCA2 germline mutation

Two synchronous bilateral breast carcinomas and their matched lymph node metastases from a 70-year-old man were cytogenetically analyzed. All four tumors were near-diploid, and except for the primary tumor from the right breast, had a 45,X,-Y clone in common. The loss of the Y chromosome was, however, common to all four tumors, whereas metaphase cells from peripheral blood lymphocytes showed a normal 46, XY chromosome complement. The primary tumor from the right breast was monoclonal, with loss of the Y chromosome and gain of 1q, whereas its metastasis had two related clones: the 45,X,-Y clone, and the other a more complex version of the clone in the primary tumor, with inv(3), -14, and del(16)(q13) as additional changes. The primary tumor from the left breast was polyclonal with three unrelated clones: 45,X,-Y/45,XY,-18/47,XY,+20, two of which were present in its metastasis. DNA flow cytometric studies showed diploidy for both primary tumors. No mutation in the BRCA2 gene was found on analysis of DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes. The present findings show that del(16)(q13) is a recurrent finding among male breast carcinomas and that some of the primary cytogenetic abnormalities, as well as the pattern of chromosomal changes during the progression of sporadic breast carcinoma in the male, are similar to those in the female. In addition, the loss of the Y chromosome in the tumors but not in peripheral blood lymphocytes, suggests a possible role for this abnormality in the pathogenesis of male breast carcinoma.     

Pigmentary dysplasias and chromosomal mosaicism: Report of 9 cases

Chromosomes were studied in 9 individuals with pigmentary dysplasias of the skin and other abnormalities. Of the 9 individuals, 5 were chromosomal mosaics in both blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts (46,XY/47,XY,+13;46,XX/47,XX,+14;46,XY/47,XY,+18;46,XX/47,XX,+18;46,XX/47. XX,+mar), while the other 4 individuals were chromosomally normal in both tissues studied. The pigmentary dysplasias involved hypo- or hyperpigmented patches/flecks or lines/whorls. The latter ran along Blaschko lines on the back, abdomen and the limbs. These patterns varied not only between individuals but also between different regions of an individual. The possibility of chimerism was studied but ruled out (1/32 to 1/256) in 7 individuals, using chromosomal heteromorphisms in the patients and their parents as markers. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Cytogenetic abnormalities in hepatoblastoma: report of two new cases and review of the literature suggesting imbalance of chromosomal regions on chromosomes 1, 4, and 12

Two cases of hepatoblastoma with unique karyotypic changes are described. One case was that of a 2-year-old boy with an unbalanced chromosomal translocation involving 4q35 as the sole chromosomal abnormality. The clonal karyotype of this tumor was 46,XY,add(4)(q35)[3]/46,XY[9]. In the other case, that of a 2-year-old boy, karyotypic analyses revealed the clonal karyotype as 57,XY,+del(1)(p22),+2,+5,+6,+7,+8,+del(12)(p12),+18,+19,+20,+22[4]/46,XY[12]. Review of these two cases, together with previous reports, underscored the significance of numerical and/or structural chromosomal abnormalities of 1q, 4q, 2, 8, and 20 in the development of hepatoblastoma. The present results show that imbalance of the terminal region of 4q could be the sole chromosomal abnormality in a hepatoblastoma. We also found that imbalance of chromosomal regions on chromosomes 1 and 12 may contribute to the development of hepatoblastoma.     

Female predominance (low sex ratio) in 47,+21 mosaics.

Data from the New York State Chromosome Registry on over 10,000 cases of Down syndrome reported from 1977 to 1996 confirm findings in the England and Wales Cytogenetic Register that in mosaic 46/47,+21 cases of Down syndrome the male/female ratio (as inferred from XY and XY karyotypes respectively) is less than 1.0 as opposed to the ratio in nonmosaic 47,+21 cases in which the ratio is close to 1.2, or in the general background population with ratio of about 1.05. These results may reflect in part differential pairing in 47,+21 somatic cells of X and Y chromosomes with a 21 chromosome and/or in in-utero selection.     

Rapid identification of multiple supernumerary ring chromosomes with a new FISH technique.

Multiple supernumerary ring chromosomes are a rare cytogenetic finding which is poorly understood. With the introduction of FISH techniques, their chromosomal origin can now be defined clearly. The techniques described previously are complicated and time consuming. We report a new rapid technique which has been used to investigate two new cases. Multiple probes were hybridised to a single slide by means of marking the underside with a diamond pen to form a grid of squares, pipetting fixed cell suspension into the centre of each square, forming a rubber solution grid on the denatured, dehydrated slide following the lines on the underside, adding a mixture of probes into each square, and sealing the slide with a silicone rubber rim and a covering slide. The type of probe and the size, dimensions, and number of squares in the grid can be tailored to individual cases. The two new cases examined here are mosaic for three (case 1) and four (case 2) supernumerary ring chromosomes derived from different chromosomes. Normal cell lines were also present. The karyotypes were established as 47,XY,+r(4)/47,XY,+r(17)/.../48,XY,+r(17),+r(20)/ 49,XY,+r(4),+r(17),+r(20)/46,XY for case 1 and 47,XX,+r(4)/47,XX,+r(8)/47,XX,+r (10)/48,XX,+r(X),+r(4)/... /49,XX,+r(X),+r (8),+r(10)/46,XX for case 2. Our findings suggest that the ring chromosomes were formed during meiosis, perhaps involving complex rearrangements, resulting in a germ cell containing all markers, with subsequent loss of markers during cell division. Our second case also shows that the outcome is not invariably mental or physical handicap.     

Cytogenetic studies of eight primary gastric cancers.

Cytogenetic analysis was performed on eight primary gastric cancers. Three of them had simple chromosome changes: 47,XX,+X/48,XX,+X,+X; 48,XX,+8,+19,t(3;5) (q21;q31) and 47,XY,+del(7)(q22). The five others had complicated chromosome changes; both 3p- and 7q- were noted in four cases and i(5p) was noted in two cases.     

Results and Pitfalls in Prenatal Cytogenetic Diagnosis

Since 1969, we have cultured over 200 diagnostic amniotic fluids. Of these, 183 were for cytogenetic diagnosis. The chromosome analysis was successful in 168 cases. The indications and the results of the affected fetuses (followed by therapeutic abortion) are: (1) previous child with Down's syndrome: 62 cases (1:47,XX,+21); (2) advanced maternal age: 54 cases (1:47,XXY; 1:45,X/46,XY mosaicism; 1:47,+18); (3) previous child with multiple anomalies: 12 cases; (4) previous child with 47,XY,+18 or 47,+13: five cases; (5) translocation carrier: two cases; (6) parental mosaicism: three cases; (7) X-linked disorders: six cases (3:XY); (8) others: 24 cases. We have found firstly, that for prenatal sex determination, karyotype analysis of the cultured amniotic fluid cells is the only accurate means and that caution must be taken if sex chromatin and Y-fluorescent body determination from the uncultured amniotic fluid cells is used. Secondly, that diagnosis of chromosomal mosaicism can be problematic as exemplified by our case of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, where only 45,X cells were recovered from the first culture. Thirdly, that in cases with enlarged satellites, cells of late prophase or early metaphase must be used to eliminate confusion with translocations. We encountered three cases of enlarged satellites—one in the D group and two in the G group—and all three resulted in normal infants. Fourthly, that the karyotype may be altered by contamination and/or treatment or other unknown factors. We have observed two such cases where each mother delivered a normal infant.     

Genetic analysis for 2 females carrying idic(Y)(p) and with sex development disorders北大核心CSCD

Objective: To investigate the phenotype-genotype association of isodicentromere Y chromosome by analysis of two female patients carrying the chromosome with sexual development disorders. Methods: The karyotypes of the two patients were determined by application of conventional G banding of peripheral blood samples and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). PCR was applied to detect the presence of SRY gene. Results: Conventional karyotype analysis showed case 1 to be a mosaic: mos. 45,X[38]/46,X,+mar[151]/47,XY,+mar[5]/47,X,+marX2[2]/46,XY[4], FISH showed that 12 different cell lines were presented in the karyotype of case 1 and partial cell lines with SRY gene, the marker is an isodicentromere Y chromosome[idic(Y)(p)]. No mutation was found in the SRY gene. The karyotype of case 2 was mos. 45,X[25]/46,X,+mar[35]. FISH showed the marker to be an idic(Y)(p) without the SRY gene. Conclusion: The karyotype of patients carrying idic(Y)(p) seems unstable, and female patients have the characteristics of short stature and secondary sexual hypoplasia. Karyotype analysis combined with FISH analysis can accurately determine the breakpoint of idic(Y) and identify the types of complex mosaic, which may facilitate genetic counseling and prognosis. © 2016, West China University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.     

Two Robertsonian translocations in a boy with mental retardation

An 8-year-old boy with mental retardation was found to be a mosaic, showing three different cell lines, 46,XY/46,XY,-21,+t(q21q21)/45,XY,-13,-21,+t(q13q21) in cultured peripheral blood cells.     

Female predominance (low sex ratio) in 47,+21 mosaics

Data from the New York State Chromosome Registry on over 10,000 cases of Down syndrome reported from 1977 to 1996 confirm findings in the England and Wales Cytogenetic Register that in mosaic 46/47,+21 cases of Down syndrome the male/female ratio (as inferred from XY and XY karyotypes respectively) is less than 1.0 as opposed to the ratio in nonmosaic 47,+21 cases in which the ratio is close to 1.2, or in the general background population with ratio of about 1.05. These results may reflect in part differential pairing in 47,+21 somatic cells of X and Y chromosomes with a 21 chromosome and/or in in-utero selection. Am. J. Med. Genet. 84:316–319, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Marked karyotype abnormalities in two cases of acute myelogenous leukemia

Two patients with acute myelogenous leukemia with severe chromosome abnormalities are described. The cytogenetic analysis shows the following karyotype: patient No. 1: 41,XY, ?1,?2,?4,?5,?13,?15,?17,?17,?18,?22,+5 markers; patient No. 2: 46,XY,?2,?5,?7,?13,+16,?21,?21,+5 markers. In each patient one set of double minute chromosomes was observed.     

Double mosaic aneuploidy: 45, X/47,XY,+8 in a male infant

We report on a 13-month-old boy with abnormalities consistent with mosaic trisomy 8 syndrome and male genitalia with partial peno-scrotal transposition without hypospadias, a retractile left testis in inguinal canal, and an absent right testis. A voiding cystourethrogram showed an outpouching close to the lower right side of the bladder (utriculum) and bilateral hydronephrosis secondary to vesicoureteral reflux. Peripheral blood karyotype was 45,X/47,XY,+8. The karyotype of cultured skin fibroblasts was 47,XY,+8 with no 45,X cells detected among 20 cells counted. Tissues removed during surgery documented a 45,X/47,XY,+8 complement in the left testicle and utriculum, but only a 45,X line among 20 cells counted from vas deferens tissue. A possible mechanism for the origin of this previously unreported mosaicism might be an abnormal zygote with a 47,XY,+8 complement with subsequent simultaneous loss of chromosome Y and 8 in a cell at a very early embryonic stage. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Long arm deletion of chromosome 5 in a case of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

The 46,XY,del(5)(q31),del(12)(p11) and 46,X,-Y,del(5)(q31),del(12)(p11), +mar clones were found in the bone marrow cells of a 64-year-old Japanese man with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Although the 5q- anomaly has been reported to occur in various hematologic disorders, a literature survey of CMML cases revealed that the present case is the first instance of CMML with the 5q- anomaly. The possible significance of the chromosome findings is discussed.     

Double mosaic aneuploidy: 45,X/47,XY,+8 in a male infant.

We report on a 13-month-old boy with abnormalities consistent with mosaic trisomy 8 syndrome and male genitalia with partial penoscrotal transposition without hypospadias, a retractile left testis in inguinal canal, and an absent right testis. A voiding cystourethrogram showed an outpouching close to the lower right side of the bladder (utriculum) and bilateral hydronephrosis secondary to vesicoureteral reflux. Peripheral blood karyotype was 45,X/47,XY,+8. The karyotype of cultured skin fibroblasts was 47,XY,+8 with no 45,X cells detected among 20 cells counted. Tissues removed during surgery documented a 45,X/47,XY,+8 complement in the left testicle and utriculum, but only a 45,X line among 20 cells counted from vas deferens tissue. A possible mechanism for the origin of this previously unreported mosaicism might be an abnormal zygote with a 47,XY,+8 complement with subsequent simultaneous loss of chromosome Y and 8 in a cell at a very early embryonic stage.     

Hyperdiploidy in a case of favorable histology Wilms tumor.

Hyperdiploidy is useful in defining histologic variants of Wilms tumor and prognosis in other childhood cancers. We describe a case of hyperdiploid favorable histology Wilms tumor (50,XY,+6,+7,+8,+10,+12,-21[2]/51,idem,+9[6]/46,XY[12]) in a 3-year-old boy, and review the literature for other hyperdiploid childhood renal lesions.     

Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma: a cytogenetic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of an unusual histological variant

A case of sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma was studied. The tumor cells expressed vimentin, focally epithelial membrane antigen and CD34, contained cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, large Golgi apparatus, many pinocytotic vesicles, and were devoid of basal lamina. Their composite karyotype was 45,Y,t(X;6)(q13;q15), t(6;13)(p11.2;q13),-22?2/46,Y,t(X;6)(q13;q15),add(13)(p12), add(22)(q13)?3/44 approximately 46,der(X)t(X;6)(q13;q21),-Y, t(13;14)(q10;q10),-22,add(22)(q13)?7/46,XY?8.     

三例额外小标记染色体的细胞及分子遗传学分析

目的对3例微小额外标记染色体(small supernumerary marker chromosomes,sSMC)的来源与结构进行鉴定,探讨其发生机理,为临床遗传咨询提供参考。方法应用染色体显带技术(G带、C带、N带)进行染色体核型分析,基因芯片技术明确sSMC片段的来源和区域,并用荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术进行验证。结果例1外周血染色体核型为47,XY,+mar,为新发变异,sSMC为双着丝粒双随体结构,芯片结果示未包含已知人类疾病相关致病基因,推测不增加子代表型异常的风险。例2胎儿染色体核型结果为47,XY,+mar[17]/46,XY[33],为新发变异,常规显带技术提示mar上有常染色质,芯片检测结果为arr[hg19]5p12q11.1(45694574-49475697)×3,经FISH验证,明确胎儿sSMC片段含有HCN1基因部分区段的5p12片段。例3胎儿染色体核型为45,XY,-13[25]/46,XY,r(13)[18]/46,XY,-13,+mar[7],夫妻双方拒绝进一步检查。结论传统的显带技术联合分子检测技术能对sSMC的结构及来源进行分析,可明确sSMC的致病性,为临床遗传咨询提供参考。