内镜超声下胰腺假性囊肿经胃置管引流的临床研究

目的分析探讨内镜超声（EUS）下胰腺假性囊肿经胃置管引流的疗效及并发症情况。方法回顾分析2001年以来经胃置管引流胰腺假性囊肿的24例患者病历及随访资料。引流方法采用EUS引导下穿刺囊肿，插入导丝，用探条或扩张水囊行针道扩张，置入鼻囊肿引流管或1～4根双猪尾型塑料支架引流。术后定期随访，囊肿消失后拔除支架。结果24例患者均完成囊肿穿刺、置管，手术成功率100％，死亡率为0。发生并发症8例（33．3％），其中严重并发症3例（12．5％），分别为出血、感染、支架移位各1例。平均随访21．2个月，2例失访，17例假性囊肿完全消失，2例囊肿明显缩小但持续存在2年以上，腹痛症状消失，1例感染性假性囊肿内镜引流无效转外科手术。内镜引流总的有效率为86．4％（19／22），无一例复发。结论EUS下经胃置管引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿是一种安全、有效的治疗方法，其常见并发症为出血和感染。     

内镜超声引导下经胃穿刺覆膜金属支架引流胰腺假性囊肿的初步临床研究

目的评价临床应用胆道覆膜自膨式金属支架引流胰腺假性囊肿的有效性、可行性和安全性。方法回顾分析2013年9月至2014年5月在长海医院接受内镜超声（EUS）引导下经胃胰腺假性囊肿全覆膜自膨式金属支架引流的11例患者病例和随访资料。引流方法采用EUS引导下经胃壁穿刺至囊腔,置入导丝,用囊肿切开刀进行针道扩张,置入金属覆膜支架引流。术后定期随访,囊肿消失后拔除支架。评价操作成功率、治愈成功率、并发症发生率。结果11例患者均完成囊肿穿刺、全覆膜金属支架置入引流术,手术成功率为100％,2例患者并发感染,1例患者发生支架移位,无出血、穿孔、死亡病例。其中7例已完成支架拔除术,囊肿均完全消失。结论EUS引导下经胃穿刺胆道覆膜金属支架引流胰腺假性囊肿手术成功率、治愈率高,并发症发生率较低。     

内镜超声引导下经胃穿刺置管引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿36例

目的:评价内镜超声(endoscopic ultrasound,EUS)胰腺假性囊肿经胃穿刺置管引流术的价值.方法:回顾性分析2005-02/2010-05于我院行EUS引导下经胃穿刺置管引流术的36例胰腺假性囊肿患者的临床资料.结果:本组36例患者中,34例成功完成穿刺和置管,成功率为94.4%(34/36).并发症发生率17.6%(6/34),分别为感染、支架堵塞与移位.平均手术时间为50(40-65)min.置入支架后平均住院时间为4.7(2-9)d.平均支架留存时间为6.9(4-11)mo.平均随访时间为30(10-60)mo.内镜治愈率为97.1%(33/34).未见囊肿复发.结论:EUS引导下经胃穿刺置管引流术是一种安全、有效、微创的治疗胰腺假性囊肿的方法.     

胰腺假性囊肿治疗方式的临床分析

摘要 目的：分析和探讨各种治疗方法对胰腺假性囊肿（PPC）临床效果。方法：回顾性分析广州市第一人民医院2011年6月-2019年3月收治的45例PPC患者的治疗方式、效果、并发症等临床资料。分为保守治疗组25例和干预治疗组20例。保守治疗组行药物保守治疗;干预治疗组采用内引流、外引流、囊肿切除等治疗。结果：3例患者未经治疗囊肿自行消退,22例患者接受内科治疗好转出院。20例因出现腹痛、发热、呕吐等并发症采取了内引流、外引流或囊肿切除方法治疗,其中19例患者经治疗后好转出院,1例患者死亡。保守治疗组中囊肿直径相较于干预组小,住院天数短,囊肿消退时间长（P均<0.05）。对比不同干预治疗方法的术后感染率、复发率及成功率,经皮穿刺置管外引流术后感染率为100%,感染率高（P均<0.05）。内镜下囊肿穿刺内引流相较于其他干预方法术后复发率明显升高、成功率低（P均<0.05）。结论：PPC大部分患者经保守治疗可自行吸收,当出现较大或复杂性PPC时需干预处理,方法首选内镜支架引流或外科手术治疗。外引流术后感染率高,通常只用于不能耐受手术或手术风险极高的患者。内镜穿刺引液术后复发率高、成功率低。     

超声内镜引导下经胃壁电穿孔造瘘术内引流胰腺假性囊肿

[目的]评价超声内镜引导下经胃壁造瘘置入双猪尾支架内引流胰腺假性囊肿的疗效及安全性。[方法]回顾性分析行超声内镜引导下经胃壁造瘘置入双猪尾支架内引流胰腺假性囊肿患者5例的临床资料。[结果]5例胰腺假性囊肿患者,囊肿最大15cm×10cm、最小7cm×5cm,分别位于胰腺头体尾部、体尾部和尾部,巨大囊肿患者胃体窦小弯侧有明显压迹。5例患者均一次性电穿孔造瘘内引流成功,成功率100%,随访6~12个月无复发,治愈率100%。[结论]超声内镜引导下经胃壁电穿孔造瘘置管内引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿疗效确切,并发症少。     

超声引导下穿刺引流和超声内镜下经胃引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿的临床疗效比较

目的探讨胰腺假性囊肿引流治疗的临床效果,并将腹部超声引导下经皮穿刺置管引流和内镜超声引导下经胃引流的疗效进行比较。方法回顾性分析2004年以来21例通过引流治疗的胰腺假性囊肿患者的临床资料,分析引流治疗效果。结果21例患者全部完成穿刺置管,成功率为100％,其中3例患者因并发症转外科手术,16例囊肿消失,2例囊肿明显缩小,治疗效果明显。超声引导经皮穿刺置管不受囊肿形成时间限制,方法简便安全,出血并发症少,但带管时问长;超声内镜下引流病人痛苦小,但对内镜技术要求高,出血并发症稍多。结论超声引导下囊肿穿刺引流是诊断、治疗胰腺假性囊肿的重要方法,选择经皮引流还是超声内镜下引流应根据具体病情和科室条件条件而定。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术联合超声内镜引导下胰管支架引流治疗重症胰腺炎后胰管离断综合征1例

本文报道一例患者急性坏死性胰腺炎后出现胰瘘、胰管离断, 曾放置腹腔引流管引流胰腺远端胰液, 第1次ERCP造影证实胰腺体部胰管不完全断裂, 放置双猪尾胰管支架以引流胰腺远端胰液, 后胰管支架移位, 再次ERCP, 导丝及造影剂无法逆行越过胰体部胰管断裂处, 后通过超声内镜引导下胰管穿刺引流术经胃壁穿刺胰管, 内镜下放置7 Fr×150 mm塑料支架至胰管断裂处。患者术后恢复良好, 定期随访腹部CT提示胰管支架位置良好, 胰腺体尾部积液逐渐吸收。     

内镜超声引导下经上消化道穿刺引流治疗胰周液体积聚103例临床分析

目的 探讨内镜超声引导下经上消化道穿刺引流在胰周液体积聚中的治疗价值。方法 回顾性分析2006年5月至2017年7月因胰周液体积聚在南京鼓楼医院行内镜超声引导下穿刺引流术的103例患者临床资料,总结其治疗情况及术后并发症发生情况。结果 纳入的103例患者中,101例（98.1％）穿刺成功,大多数患者经胃壁进行穿刺（97.1％,100／103）。29例放置金属支架,66例置入塑料支架。10例行ERCP并放置胰管支架。术后8例行经皮穿刺引流,1例行外科手术引流。共发生并发症14例（13.6％）,其中支架移位5例,术后感染9例,无穿孔、出血、胰瘘等严重并发症,无患者死亡。结论 内镜超声引导下经上消化道穿刺引流治疗胰周液体积聚安全可靠。     

CT引导下经皮穿刺外引流胰腺假性囊肿66例的临床分析

胰腺假性囊肿(PPC)是最常见的一种胰腺囊性病变,约占全部胰腺囊性病变的75%,主要由急慢性胰腺炎、胰腺手术及腹部外伤所造成,病理特征为囊壁缺乏上皮层.传统的处理方法为外科手术治疗,随着介入治疗和内镜技术的发展,使PPC的治疗方法趋于多样化.本文总结我院采用CT引导下外引流方法治疗66例PPC的疗效.     

内镜超声治疗胰腺假性囊肿内引流支架的选择

目的　探讨内镜超声（endoscopic ultrasound,EUS）引导下经胃内引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿时,不同型号塑料支架的引流效果。方法　对兰州大学第一医院外科内镜中心2014年3月—2020年12月所施行的EUS引导下经胃内引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿患者的相关临床资料进行回顾性分析,将患者分为置入“双猪尾”10 F双塑料支架组和置入“双猪尾”7 F双塑料支架组,比较这两组塑料支架的引流效果、并发症及远期疗效。结果　共纳入29例胰腺假性囊肿患者,其中10 F双塑料支架组11例,7 F双塑料支架组18例,两组手术操作时间分别为（48.2±8.0）min及（34.7±5.8）min,差异有统计学意义（t=5.24,P<0.001）。术后腹痛［18.2%（2/11）比5.6%（1/18）］、发热［9.1%（1/11）比11.1%（2/18）］及出血（均无）等并发症发生率,两组间对比差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。2个月后复查CT,10 F双塑料支架组、7 F双塑料支架组嚢腔完全消失率分别为90.9%（10/11）和88.9%（16/18）,两组差异无统计学意义（P=1.00）。结论　对于符合EUS引导下经胃内引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿标准的患者,7 F与10 F支架的引流效果及并发症发生率相当,但7 F支架具有手术操作便利、时间较短的优点,值得临床推广。     

Outcome and complications of endoscopic ultrasound guided pancreatic pseudocyst drainage using combined endoprosthesis and naso-cystic drain

Background and Aim: Endoscopic ultrasound guided pancreatic pseudocyst drainage (EUS‐PPD) is increasingly being used for management of pancreatic pseudocysts. We evaluated the outcome and complications of EUS‐PPD with modified combined technique by inserting both endoprosthesis and naso‐cystic drain. Methods: Forty patients referred between August 2007 and January 2010 for EUS‐PPD were prospectively studied. EUS‐PPD was attempted for symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts which were; (i) resistant to conservative treatment, (ii) in contact with the gastric or duodenal wall on EUS and (iii) having no bulge seen on endoscopy. Controlled radial expansion wire guided balloon dilation of the puncture tract was performed followed by insertion of a 10 French double pigtail stent and 7‐Fr naso‐biliary drain. The early and late outcome and complications of EUS‐PPD were analyzed. Results: Thirty‐two patients had non‐infected and eight had infected pseudocysts. EUS‐PPD was technically successful in all. Pseudocysts resolved completely in 39 patients, while one with infected pseudocyst underwent surgical resection for bleeding in the cyst. Naso‐cystic drain was removed in 39 patients after median duration of 13 days. Thereafter, the double pigtail stent was removed in all cases after median duration of 10 weeks. Pseudocyst recurred in one patient requiring a second session of EUS‐PPD. All 32 patients without cystic infection were successfully treated by EUS‐PPD. Seven out of eight patients (87%) with cystic infection were successfully treated by EUS‐PPD. Conclusion: Endoscopic ultrasound guided pancreatic pseudocyst drainage with modified combined technique is safe and is associated with high success rate.     

Intracystic wire exchange facilitating insertion of multiple stents during endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and abscesses has been shown to be an effective treatment modality. A major determinant for successful cyst resolution is the insertion of multiple endoprostheses and/or placement of a nasocystic drain, which require repeated entries of a catheter into the pseudocyst to reintroduce the guidewire. OBJECTIVE: We describe a novel and easy technique to prevent the need for repeated access into the pseudocyst, thereby facilitating the placement of multiple endoprostheses by using a commercially available guiding system for stent introduction. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands. PATIENTS: Eight consecutive patients with symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts after acute pancreatitis. INTERVENTIONS: Intracystic wire exchange for the insertion of multiple stents in endoscopic treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts by using an echoendoscope. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Feasibility of intracystic wire exchange and complications. RESULTS: No guidewire access to the pseudocyst was lost. The procedure was well tolerated by the patients. Complete pseudocyst resolution was established in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic appliance of multiple stents becomes easier when using intracystic wire exchange for transgastric pancreatic pseudocyst drainage.     

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts using a large‐channel echoendoscope and a conventional polypectomy snare

Background: Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts is becoming common. Recent techniques using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) have made the procedure safer and easier. However, bleeding related to the procedure is sometimes still experienced and placement of the tube is also sometimes difficult in cases where the cystic wall is thick and hard. We describe a new technique of EUS‐guided drainage using a large‐channel echoendoscope, a conventional polypectomy snare and a high‐frequency current generator with automatic controls. We also evaluate this technique's utility. Methods: Between May 2001 and December 2002, EUS‐guided drainage was attempted in consecutive patients with symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts that had resisted conservative treatments. The EUS device was a recently introduced large‐channel linear scanning echoendoscope. A puncture was made with a 19 G needle under EUS guidance and a 0.035 inch guidewire was passed through the puncture and into the pseudocyst. Then, a conventional polypectomy snare was used to enlarge the puncture tract with the new current generator, and a 7 Fr pigtail‐type nasocystic drain was placed. Results: The drainage was successful and insertion of the drain was easy in all 13 patients included in the study. No complications related to the procedure, such as bleeding and perforation, were observed. The clinical symptoms resolved after the procedure in all patients. In nine patients, the cyst completely disappeared and the discharge also stopped, allowing the tube to be removed after a mean of 15 days. The median follow‐up period for these nine patients was 4 months and no recurrence has been observed. In two other patients, the cysts shrank but did not disappear completely 4 weeks or more after the procedure. Since both of these patients had had previous cystic infections, they were given surgical operations. In the remaining two cases, the cystic lumen completely disappeared but the discharge continued for 4 weeks, so we replaced the 7 Fr nasobiliary tube with a 10 Fr internal drainage tube. Conclusion: This method is an easy and effective treatment for pancreatic pseudocysts. It may also reduce the risk of bleeding related to the procedure.     

Endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocysts and walled-off pancreatic necrosis: A two-decade experience

Aim

To determine long-term outcome of endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocyst/walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) without necrosectomy.

Methods

One-hundred and sixty-five pancreatic pseudocysts/WOPN managed endoscopically over a period of 22 years were analyzed retrospectively for technical success, complications, and recurrence.

Results

Symptomatic 118 males and 47 females with mean age of 35.8 years were included. Alcohol was the most common etiology (41.2 %). Transmural endoscopic drainage was done in 144 patients, while 21 patients underwent transpapillary drainage. All the patients were subjected to contrast computed tomography (CT) abdomen or routine/Doppler ultrasound. Endoscopic ultrasound was done in last 11 patients. One or two double pigtail 7 Fr stents were placed when clear watery fluid came out from cyst (130 patients, 78.8 %), and nasocystic drainage (NCD) tubes were placed in addition to two 7 Fr stents when there were frank pus, thick dark fluid, or solid components inside the cyst (35 patients). All these patients settled on this treatment. Thirty-three of 35 patients of WOPN could be managed endoscopically without necrosectomy. Complications occurred in 9.2 % of pseudocysts and 40 % of WOPN. Thirty-five patients were followed up for more than 5 years (3 patients more than 10 years), and 130 patients were followed up for up to 5 years. Recurrence occurred in 8.1 % of pseudocysts and 5.7 % of WOPN.

Conclusion

Majority of pancreatic pseudocysts/WOPN can be managed with endoscopic drainage without necrosectomy with high success, low complication, and recurrence rates.

     

Endoscopic treatment of refractory external pancreatic fistulae with disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome

BackgroundExternal pancreatic fistulae (EPF) developing in setting of disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome (DPDS) are associated with significant morbidity and surgery is the only effective treatment.AimTo describe safety and efficacy of various endoscopic including endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guided drainage techniques for resolving EPF in DPDS.MethodsRetrospective analysis of data base of 18 patients (15 males; mean age: 37.6 ± 7.1years) with EPF and DPDS who were treated with various endoscopic techniques including EUS guided transmural drainage.ResultsEPF developed post percutaneous drainage (PCD) (n = 15) or post-surgical necrosectomy (n = 3) of acute necrotic collections. All patients had refractory EPF with daily output of >50 ml/day with mean duration being 19.2 ± 6.1 weeks. One patient had failed surgical fistulo-jejunostomy. Various endoscopic techniques used were: transmural placement of pigtail stent through gastric opening of trans-gastric PCD (n = 5), EUS guided transmural puncture of fluid collection created by clamping PCD (n = 5) or by instillation of water though PCD (n = 3), direct EUS-guided puncture of fistula tract (n = 1) and EUS guided pancreaticogastrostomy (n = 4). EPF healed in 17/18 (94%) patients within 5–21 days and there has been no recurrence over follow up of 16.7 ± 12.8 weeks. Asymptomatic spontaneous external migration of stents was observed in 5/18 (29.4%) patients.ConclusionManagement of refractory EPFs in setting of DPDS is challenging. In our experience, combination of various endoscopic techniques including EUS guided transmural drainage appears to be safe and effective treatment modality for treating these complex EPF's. However, further studies to identify patient selection and best treatment approaches are needed.     

Wire-guided pancreatic pseudocyst drainage by using a modified needle knife and therapeutic echoendoscope

BACKGROUND: Various methods to drain pancreatic pseudocysts by using EUS guidance have been reported in the literature. OBJECTIVE: A new drainage technique is described that uses a modified needle knife advanced over a guidewire positioned in the pseudocyst by EUS guidance. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Academic medical center. PATIENTS: Consecutive subjects from December 1, 2002, to January 10, 2005, with symptomatic pseudocysts in whom EUS-guided drainage was attempted. INTERVENTIONS: By using a therapeutic linear echoendoscope, a 19-gauge aspiration needle was inserted into the pseudocyst. A guidewire was placed through the needle, and a needle knife with the cutting wire protruding and bent was advanced over the guidewire to contact the stomach mucosa. The needle knife was then advanced by using electrocautery into the pseudocyst. The cystenterostomy was dilated by using a balloon over the guidewire. One to 4 stents were placed through the tract. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Successful pseudocyst drainage. RESULTS: A total of 21 of 23 patients underwent technically successful pseudocyst drainage. One patient had self-limited hypotension during the procedure. Another patient had free intraperitoneal air after the procedure but correct stent placement. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective analysis, small sample size. CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary experience, wire-guided pseudocyst drainage with a modified needle knife appears effective and safe while allowing for a more controlled pseudocyst puncture.     

Endoscopic-sonographic control of cystogastric catheter drainage of pancreatogenic fluid collections]

In 1985, Hancke published a report on cystogastrostomy using a double pigtail catheter as an alternative to surgical drainage of pseudocysts. Between 1986 and 1991, with the aim of testing the technique, we carried out a prospective study in 39 patients with 40 pancreatic collections of fluid. The object of the study was to identify those collections of fluid that would be suitable for cystogastric drainage. Among the first 20 patients thus treated, permanent evacuation of the cyst was achieved in eleven. In the other nine patients, the reasons for the failure of cystogastric drainage included to immature a cyst, too small a cyst, prior cyst infection and status after a BII resection. For the patients No. 21 to 40, these conditions were adopted as exclusion criteria, with the result that we were able to increase the percentage of permanent emptying to 75%. This makes cystogastric drainage a genuine alternative to surgical and other drainage procedures. As a minimally invasive intervention, it is a first choice therapeutic procedure in suitable pancreatic pseudocysts. If cystogastric drainage is shown not to be feasible, the possibility of employing percutaneous drainage should be investigated. Surgical drainage procedures are reserved for use in such cases as cannot be treated with catheter drainage.     

Endoscopic-ultrasound-guided endoscopic transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and abscesses

OBJECTIVE: Surgery is the traditional treatment for symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts and abscesses, but morbidity and mortality are still too high. Minimally invasive approaches have been encouraged. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of the endoscopic-ultrasound-guided (EUS) endoscopic transmural drainage of these pancreatic collections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective review of consecutive cases from a single referral centre, cystogastrostomy and cystoduodenostomy were created with an interventional linear echoendoscope under endosonographic and fluoroscopic control by the endoscopic insertion of straight or double pigtail stents. RESULTS: Fifty-one symptomatic patients (33 men; mean age 58 years) were submitted to 62 procedures from January 2003 to December 2005. EUS-guided drainage was successful in 48 (94%) patients. Only three patients needed surgery. There were two procedure-related complications managed clinically. During a mean follow-up of 39 weeks, recurrence due to migration or obstruction of the stent was 17.7%. All these cases were submitted to a new session of endoscopic drainage. There was no mortality. Complications were more frequent in patients with a recent episode of acute pancreatitis (38.5% versus 10%; p=0.083). The endoscopic approach was not more hazardous for abscesses in regard to complications rate (19% versus 16.6%; p>0.05). In abscesses, a nasocystic drain did not decrease the complications rate (27% versus 13%; p=0.619), but the placement of 2 stents did decrease this rate (18% versus 20%; p>0.05), although increased it in pseudocysts (40% versus 13%; p=0.185). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic transmural drainage is a minimally invasive, effective and safe approach in the management of pancreatic pseudocysts and abscesses.     

German experience with endoscopic transmural drainage for pancreatic pseudocysts

Background: Endoscopic drainage provides a good alternative or supplement to a surgical approach for the therapy of pancreatic pseudocysts. Methods: Between 1987 and 2000, 47 patients had been treated for pancreatic pseudocysts by transmural or transductal drainage. In 79% the pseudocysts were due to chronic pancreatitis mainly caused by alcoholism. The main symptoms were abdominal pain in 85% of patients and loss of appetite or weight in 60% of patients. In 17% of patients, signs of septicemia were observed. Results: In 42 patients pancreatic pseudocysts disappeared completely. In the remaining five cases drainage was not successful. Six patients suffered a relapse 7–38 months after drainage. No other recurrences were followed up within 4–10 years. In another six patients the prostheses were renewed because of occlusion or dislocation. Overall six patients had to undergo surgery, three patients because of relapsing cyst, two patients because of insufficient drainage and one patient because of severe bleeding. There was no case of death related to the endoscopic treatment. Conclusions: Since the development of a modified needle type cystotom, the puncture and insertion of the prosthesis for pancreatic cyst drainage is less precarious and quicker. The endoscopic sonography is a valuable supplement to the diagnostic procedure to localize the optimal spot for puncture and to avoid hemorrhage because of damage of intramural or extramural blood vessels. Advantages of endoscopic drainage are minimal invasiveness, short period of hospitalization and low costs. These aspects make endoscopic therapy the first choice of treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts.