髂动脉硬化闭塞性病变的介入治疗技术及体会

目的探讨应用内膜下血管成形术(SIA)联合经皮血管腔内成形术(PTA)介入治疗髂动脉硬化闭塞性病变的技术方法和疗效。方法对15例伴有严重缺血症状的髂动脉硬化闭塞性病变患者,采用顺行途径穿刺,经左肱动脉穿刺3例,经对侧股动脉穿刺12例。通过SIA对闭塞段动脉进行再通,应用球囊扩张成形并植入支架(裸支架18枚,覆膜支架4枚)。结果内膜下血管成形术技术成功率100%,支架植入后髂动脉闭塞段管腔形态良好,血流通畅,无严重并发症出现,临床症状消失或明显改善。患肢踝肱指数由术前的0.41±0.12增至术后7天的0.81±0.13(t=8.76,P0.0001)。近中期随访2例发生再狭窄,经PTA解除,术后12个月支架一期通畅率为85.71%(12/14)。结论 SIA联合支架植入术治疗髂动脉硬化闭塞性病变安全、有效,近、中期疗效良好。     

支架成形术治疗髂动脉慢性闭塞症的中长期疗效分析

目的:评价支架成形术治疗髂动脉慢性闭塞症的中长期疗效。方法 :回顾性分析我科自2004年1月至2009年12月经支架成形术治疗的髂动脉慢性闭塞病人的技术成功率、支架通畅率及介入并发症。结果:髂动脉慢性闭塞症病人167例(194条患肢)纳入研究,男103例(126条患肢),女64例(68条患肢);平均年龄(71.3±12.4)岁。TASC B型47例(54条患肢),TASC C型88例(102条患肢),TASC D型32例(38条患肢)。TASC B型、C型、D型技术成功率分别为98.1%(53/54)、97.1%(99/102)、94.7%(36/38),各组比较无统计学差异;髂动脉支架成形术后1年一期通畅率、一期辅助通畅率和二期通畅率分别为94.6%、98.8%和98.8%,2年分别为90.0%、94.5%和96.2%,5年分别为78.8%、89.4%和93.5%,TASC各型之间无统计学差异。肱动脉穿刺部位血肿多于股动脉(P=0.047)。结论:支架成形术治疗髂动脉慢性闭塞安全、有效,技术成功率、支架通畅率和并发症发生率与TASCⅡ分型无相关性。     

膝下动脉球囊血管成形术治疗重症下肢缺血的临床研究

目的 评价膝下动脉闭塞首选球囊血管成形术的临床治疗效果.方法 2005年12月至2009年5月,对于连续收治且符合手术指征的54例(61条肢体)膝下动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的重症下肢缺血患者,采用膝下动脉球囊血管成形术进行治疗.其中男性37例,女性17例,平均年龄66岁.术前踝肱指数平均0.43±0.27.根据病变部位选择手术方法,膝下动脉病变首选球囊血管成形术,合并髂股动脉病变同时进行血管重建(支架置入或动脉旁路术).结果 髂股动脉重建(28条肢体行支架置入,5条肢体行动脉旁路术)均一期成功.膝下动脉球囊血管成形术57条肢体获得一期成功,技术成功率93.4%.围手术期主要并发症为小腿血肿3例(4.9%),膝下截肢2例(3.3%).术后踝肱指数增加至0.86±0.21,与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).本组平均随访时间(16±11)个月,一期通畅率61.1%,21条肢体发生再狭窄(38.9%),其中10条肢体再次接受外科干预,二期通畅率75.9%.截肢3条肢体,总的救肢率91.8%.结论 球囊血管成形术是治疗重症下肢缺血安全有效的方法,可以作为膝下动脉病变首选的外科干预手段.     

血管腔内支架成形术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症45例

目的探讨血管腔内支架成形术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的疗效。方法采用经皮穿刺股动脉或切开动脉直视下穿刺,造影明确病变动脉部位及病变长度后,利用导丝或超声消融导管开通闭塞段,球囊导管行扩张成形后置入血管内支架。结果45例(53条患肢)血管腔内支架均释放成功,踝肱指数由0.36±0.14增至术后7 d 0.77±0.21(t=2.397,P=0.021),45例随访6~54个月,平均23个月,一期肢体通畅率90.6%(48/53)。结论血管腔内支架成形术操作简便、微创、安全是治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的有效方法。     

微球囊血管腔内成形术治疗膝下动脉闭塞性疾病

目的 观察微球囊血管腔内成形术治疗膝下动脉闭塞性疾病的疗效.方法 对采用微球囊血管腔内成形术治疗的32例(37条肢体)膝下动脉闭塞性疾病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.按Fontaine分期:Ⅲ期22条患肢(59.5%),Ⅳ期15条患肢(40.5%).术前踝/肱指数(ABI)为0.22±0.20.结果 技术成功35条肢体,成功率94.6%.35条肢体中术后静息痛消失21条肢体(60.0%),明显缓解12条肢体(34.3%),减轻2条肢体(5.7%);8例足部溃疡患者中愈合3条肢体,缩小5例.膝下截肢1条肢体,半足切除2条肢体.术后ABI 0.73±0.21,较术前有显著提高(P<0.01).手术成功的35条肢体均行术后随访,随访时间1～29个月,平均13.6个月.随访中2条肢体分别于术后6,14个月再次出现静息痛,经二次经皮血管腔内成形术(PTA)治疗后症状消失;其余33条肢体症状、体征均无加重或复发.结论 微球囊血管腔内成形术治疗膝下动脉闭塞性疾病安全可行,且创伤小、恢复快、近期疗效确切.远期效果有待进一步观察.     

PTA及血管内支架治疗下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症的应用

目的 探讨经皮腔内球囊扩张血管成形术及血管内支架治疗下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症的临床应用价值.方法 全组11例,共18条患肢(闭塞病变22个节段).15段闭塞长度在7cm以内者作PTA,病灶分别位于髂总动脉6段、器外动脉2段、股浅动脉7段;15段中有4段与PTA同时置入血管内支架.另外长段闭塞的7段,于短段作PTA同时或在术后1周内作动脉重建术,其中腹主-股总动脉转流术1段、腹主-股深动脉1段、股-腘动脉3段、腘动脉间置移植术1段、股深动脉成形术1段.结果 1条患肢因PTA失败即改作转流术,2条患肢术后并发股浅动脉急性栓塞,作取栓治疗后,均恢复血循环.术后近期内,全组18条患肢临床症状改善,其中16条末梢动脉搏动恢复,踝/肱指数由术前0.54±0.11增高至0.79±0.15.随访6～72个月后,2条作PTA患肢的股浅动脉分别于1年和5年后再次闭塞.结论 经皮腔内球囊扩张血管成形术是治疗下肢动脉闭塞性疾病的有效方法,血管内支架置放有助于提高通畅率,多节段动脉闭塞性病变联合手术重建,可简化手术操作,缩小手术创伤.     

TASC D型主髂动脉闭塞症腔内治疗的近期效果观察

目的观察TASC D型主髂动脉闭塞症腔内治疗的近期效果。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年12月在本院腔内治疗的36例(46条患肢)TASC D型主髂动脉闭塞症患者的临床治疗资料,观察腔内治疗成功率、手术前后踝肱指数(ABI)变化、术后并发症,并于术后6、12个月进行随访统计通畅率变化。结果 43条患肢手术成功,手术成功率93.48%(43/46);腔内治疗成功患者ABI从术前的0.42±0.16提高到术后的0.83±0.21(P0.01);术后随访6、12个月的通畅率分别为97.67%、90.70%。术中髂动脉破裂1例(3.03%),术后血肿形成1例(3.03%),未出现动静脉瘘、深静脉血栓、假性动脉瘤等并发症。结论腔内治疗TASC D型主髂动脉闭塞症创伤小,通畅率高且并发症少,近期效果显著,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

经肱动脉穿刺杂交手术治疗髂总动脉起始部闭塞17例分析

目的探讨经肱动脉穿刺入路治疗髂股动脉长段闭塞的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析2013-09—2016-01间经肱动脉穿刺入路手术治疗17例髂总动脉闭塞病的临床及随访资料。观察手术效果、并发症及远期通畅情况。结果 17例髂总动脉闭塞患者手术开通率为94.12%,术后患者的ABI值较术前增加(0.46±0.17)。术后无支架相关急性事件,发生穿刺部位皮下血肿1例,术后2个月因停用抗血小板药物出现支架闭塞1例,术后18个月出现支架处狭窄1例。结论经肱动脉穿刺手术治疗髂股动脉长段闭塞,有较高的安全性和成功率。     

股腘动脉粥样硬化病变腔内治疗的疗效分析

目的评价股腘动脉硬化病变腔内治疗的近期临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年1月～2009年6月收治的55例(57条患肢)TASCC型股腘动脉病变患者的临床资料,其中50例(52条患肢)施行经皮血管腔内球囊成形术和支架植入术,应用踝/肱指数(ABI)、Fontaine分期、保肢率和通畅率综合评估治疗效果。结果腔内治疗技术成功率91.2%,围手术期死亡率5.3%,截肢率3.5%。腔内治疗明显提高患肢足背动脉AB(I0.38±0.17vs0.68±0.39,P0.01)和胫后动脉的AB(I0.41±0.18vs0.72±0.50,P0.05)。重症下肢缺血(CLI)的患肢数由治疗前的36条(63.2%)减少至治疗后的19条(36.5%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。平均随访(11.4±6.4)个月,随访期足背动脉和胫后动脉ABI分别为0.48±0.38和0.61±0.47,与术前和术后相比,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);随访期CLI的患肢数(12条,29.3%)与治疗前(36条,63.2%)比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),与治疗后(19条,36.5%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腔内治疗TASCC型股腘动脉硬化病变创伤小,近期临床疗效满意。     

血管腔内介入联合外科手术治疗下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症

目的: 探讨下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症的治疗手段及临床疗效。方法:2004年3月—2006年1月，采用髂动脉球囊扩张和支架植入结合动脉旁路术、股深动脉成形术治疗下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症21例(24条患肢)。24条患肢行髂动脉球囊扩张和支架植入术，其中12条患肢加行股深动脉成形术，14条患肢加行股-腘动脉人工血管转流术。结果:手术均获得成功，未出现严重并发症。术后踝肱指数0.63 ±0.18与术前0.24±0.13相比有明显提高（P<0.05）。平均随访13个月(1~23个月)。与术前相比患者症状明显改善，仅4例残余有间歇性跛行（跛行距离300~500m），其中3例术后3个月行干细胞移植术后症状明显好转，跛行距离加大（>1 000m）。结论:髂动脉腔内介入结合动脉旁路术、股深动脉成形术是治疗多节段多平面下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的有效方法。手术创伤小，操作方便。手术方式灵活，尤适用于高危重症患者。     

经腘动脉入路逆行内膜下血管成形术治疗股浅动脉长段硬化性闭塞症的临床研究

目的:探讨经腘动脉入路逆行内膜下血管成形术/支架置入术处理常规入路腔内顺行开通失败的股浅动脉长段硬化性闭塞症的疗效及可行性。方法:50例股浅动脉长段硬化性闭塞症患者行股动脉病侧顺行或健侧逆行推进导丝、导管时无法通过病变动脉到达闭塞段远端的真腔,遂行经腘动脉逆行入路完成内膜下血管成形术。结果:手术即刻支架置入成功率100%,12个月一期通畅率48.0%,二期通畅率92.0%。与术前比较,患者术后踝肱指数(ABI)明显升高,Rutherford分级明显改善(均P0.05)。5例患者术后出现肢体肿胀,3例患者于术后3个月出现腘动脉假性动脉瘤,经治疗均好转。术后1年,再狭窄患者16例(32.0%)。结论:常规入路腔内顺行开通失败的股浅动脉长段硬化性闭塞症患者转行经腘动脉入路逆行内膜下血管成形术/支架置入术有效、可行。     

Adjunctive intraoperative linear extrusion (Fogarty-Chin) balloon angioplasty.

Eighty-nine patients with 94 stenotic segments (mostly iliac or femoral) underwent balloon angioplasty with the first-generation (no guidewire) linear extrusion (Fogarty-Chin) system, in an adjunctive mode, and the overall long-term patency rate (mean follow-up: 21 months) was 81%. Patients were grouped into those having iliac or superficial femoral artery (SFA) lesions and subdivided according to the length of lesions. The overall primary and late success rates for iliac lesions were 95% and 86%, respectively, and for SFA lesions 91% and 76%, respectively. The primary and late success rates for iliac lesions less than 2 cm were 100% and 96%, respectively, and for iliac lesions 2 cm to less than 5 cm 92% and 80%, respectively. The primary and late success rates for SFA lesions less than 2 cm were 100% and 100%, respectively; for lesions 2 cm to less than 5 cm 100% and 83%, respectively; and for lesions 5 to 10 cm 83% and 67%, respectively. A stratified analysis by vessel and segment length reveals that, in SFA lesions with a segment length greater than 5 cm, there is a significantly lower patency rate (67%) when compared with the combined results of the Fogarty-Chin balloon angioplasty system in iliac and femoral artery lesions less than 5 cm (92%). In comparing the composite results presented in a recent text on endovascular surgery by Moore and Ahn as the base data for the standard coaxial (Gruntzig) balloon system, our results (short and long term) are similar.     

经肱动脉入路治疗双侧髂动脉硬化闭塞症

目的：探讨经肱动脉入路在双侧髂动脉硬化闭塞症（ASO）中的应用价值。方法：采用经肱动脉入路逆行穿刺的方法,对12例双侧髂段ASO患者共24条下肢行PTA及PTSA。结果：12例患者穿刺成功率100%,23条下肢得到了PTA及PTSA治疗。术后随访2- 24个月,患肢发凉、无力、疼痛麻木等临床症状均有不同程度缓解,患肢皮肤温度增高,行走距离加长,4条下肢足靴部溃疡缩小或者愈合,1条下肢足小趾坏死自行脱落、创面愈合;得到治疗的23条患肢ABI由术前0.29±0.15升至术后0.56±0.17。结论：经肱动脉入路治疗双侧髂动脉ASO是安全、有效的治疗措施,近期疗效确切。     

Early results of external iliac artery stenting combined with common femoral artery endarterectomy

PURPOSE: The endovascular approach to external iliac artery (EIA) disease extending into the common femoral artery (CFA) has been avoided because of problems with stent placement across the inguinal ligament. Surgical treatment for this disease distribution includes extensive endarterectomy or bypass procedures or both. We report our initial experience with a combined open and endovascular approach to these patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent intraoperative EIA stenting after CFA endarterectomy/patch angioplasty between 1997 and 2000. Stents were positioned to end at the proximal endarterectomy endpoint, without crossing the inguinal ligament. Technical success, hemodynamic success, and clinical success were determined according to Society of Vascular Surgery/International Society of Cardiovascular Surgery criteria. Life-table analysis was performed for patency. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients (mean age, 68 years; 23 male, 11 female) had combined endovascular and open treatment of iliofemoral occlusive disease. Indications were claudication in 41% and critical limb ischemia in 59%. Femoral reconstruction included endarterectomy with patch angioplasty in all patients. EIA stent deployment incorporated the stenotic iliac segment and the proximal endpoint of the endarterectomy in all patients. Four patients (12%) also needed common iliac angioplasty at the same time for proximal iliac disease, and 14 patients (41%) also needed distal revascularization for associated femoropopliteal or tibial disease. Technical success and hemodynamic success were achieved in 100% of patients. Clinical success was achieved in 97% of patients. The mean postoperative increase in ankle-brachial index in patients with inflow procedures only was 0.36 (range, 0.1 to 0.85). The overall complication rate was 15%. With a mean follow-up period of 13 months (range, 0.5 to 28 months), 1-year primary patency and primary-assisted patency rates were 84% and 97%, respectively. No perioperative mortality was seen. CONCLUSION: EIA stenting as an adjunct to CFA endarterectomy/patch angioplasty allows for more localized surgery than conventional bypass. This approach also allows a better interface between the stent and endarterectomy than staged preoperative stenting. Technical success and early patency rates are excellent.     

Long-term outcomes and predictors of iliac angioplasty with selective stenting

OBJECTIVE: To review our 11-year experience of iliac angioplasty with selective stenting and to evaluate the safety, short- and long-term patency, clinical success rates, and predictive risk factors in patients with iliac artery occlusive disease. METHODS: From August 1993 to November 2004, 151 iliac lesions (149 stenoses, 2 occlusions) in 104 patients were treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). The patients had chronic limb ischemia described as disabling claudication (the Society for Vascular Surgery clinical category 2 or 3) in 76 (50%), rest pain (category 4) in 38 (25%), and ulcer/gangrene (category 5) in 37 (25%). Forty-six limbs (30%) were treated with concomitant infrainguinal endovascular (36, 24%) or open procedures (10, 6%). Thirty-four limbs (23%) had one or more stents placed for primary PTA failure, including residual stenosis (> or =30%), mean pressure gradient (> or =5 mm Hg), or dissection (stent group); whereas, 117 limbs (77%) underwent PTA alone (PTA group). The affected arteries treated were 28 (19%) common iliac, 31 (20%) external iliac, and 92 (61%) both arteries. According to TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) classification, 39 limbs (26%) were in type A, 71 (47%) in type B, 36 (24%) in type C, and 5 (3%) in type D. Reporting standards of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery were followed. RESULTS: There was no perioperative death. Total complication rate was 0.7% (one groin hematoma). The mean follow-up was 21 months (median, 10; range, 1 to 94 months). Only 9 (8%) of 117 of the PTA group had subsequent stent placement for recurrent stenosis. The iliac lesions were more severe and extensive in the stent group than those in the PTA group according to TASC classification (Mann-Whitney U test [M-W], P < .0001) and anatomic location (M-W, P = .0019). The technical success rate was 99%, and the initial clinical success rate was 99%. Overall, the cumulative primary patency rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 76%, 59%, and 49% (Kaplan-Meier [K-M]). The cumulative assisted primary and secondary patency rates at 7 years were 98% and 99% (K-M). The mean number of subsequent iliac endovascular procedures was 1.4 per limb in patients with primary failure of iliac angioplasty/stenting. The continued clinical improvement rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 81%, 67%, and 53% (K-M). The limb salvage rates at 7 year were 93% (K-M). Of 15 predictor variables studied in 151 iliac lesions, the significant independent predictors for adverse outcomes were smoking history (P = .0074), TASC type C/type D lesions (P = .0001), and stenotic ipsilateral superficial femoral artery (P = .0002) for the primary patency rates; chronic renal failure with hemodialysis (P = .014), ulcer/gangrene as an indication for PTA (P < .0001), and stenotic ipsilateral superficial femoral artery (P = .034) for the continued clinical improvement (K-M, log-rank test and Cox regression model). CONCLUSIONS: Although the primary patency rates were not high, the assisted primary and secondary patency rates were excellent without primary stenting. Overall, >70% of iliac lesions were treated successfully with PTA alone. The results of this study show that selective stenting offers satisfactory assisted primary and secondary long-term patency after iliac angioplasty. Patients with TASC type C/type D iliac lesions, a stenotic ipsilateral superficial femoral artery, ulcer/gangrene, smoking history, and chronic renal failure with hemodialysis should be followed carefully after endovascular iliac revascularization. These risk factors could be considered indications for primary stenting, although further studies are needed to confirm this.     

Endovascular management of iliac artery occlusions: extending treatment to TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus class C and D patients

OBJECTIVE: The preferential use of endovascular techniques to treat complex aortoiliac disease has increased in recent years. The purpose of this study was to review the outcomes and durability of recanalization, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, and stenting for iliac occlusions based on the patient's TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) stratification. METHODS: Between 1998 and 2004, more than 628 patients with a clinical diagnosis of aortoiliac atherosclerotic disease underwent arteriography. The endovascular treatment of 89 consecutive patients (mean age, 66 years; 58% male) with symptomatic iliac occlusions (TASC-B, -C, and -D) was the basis for this study. Original angiographic imaging was evaluated for lesion grade and runoff. Electronic and hard copy medical records were reviewed for demographic data, clinical variables, and noninvasive vascular laboratory testing. Kaplan-Meier estimators were used to determine patency rates according to Society for Vascular Surgery criteria. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. P values of <.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Recanalization and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stenting (total, 178 stents) of occluded iliac arteries was technically successful in 84 (91%) of 92 procedures. Patients in the TASC-C and -D groups often required multiple access sites (50%) and femoral artery endarterectomy/patch angioplasty for diffuse disease (24%). The mean ankle-brachial index increased from 0.45 to 0.83. Distal embolization led to major amputation and eventual death in one patient. Two other deaths occurred in the perioperative period secondary to cardiorespiratory causes. Three-year primary patency, secondary patency, and limb salvage rates were 76%, 90%, and 97%, respectively, and progression of infrainguinal disease led to late limb loss in two patients. Diabetes as a risk factor was significantly associated with decreased primary patency (57% vs 83%; P = .049). Critical ischemia at presentation was associated with decreased patency rates as well (P = .002), but TASC classification did not significantly alter patency rates. CONCLUSIONS: Complex long-segment and bilateral iliac occlusions can be safely treated via endovascular means with high rates of symptom resolution. Initial technical success, low morbidity, and mid-term durability are comparable to results with open reconstruction. A liberal posture to open femoral artery reconstruction extends the ability to treat diffuse TASC-C and -D lesions via endovascular means.     

肱动脉入路在腔内治疗中的应用及穿刺并发症分析

目的探讨经肱动脉入路行动脉造影和动脉成形的适应证、并发症及其预防措施,以提高腔内治疗的成功率,降低肱动脉穿刺并发症发生率。方法回顾分析2007年1月～2011年12月采用Seldinger技术通过肱动脉穿刺行动脉造影及动脉成形86例106例次的临床资料。分析肱动脉入路的适应证、穿刺并发症及其形成原因、预防措施。结果通过肱动脉入路行动脉造影的成功率为100%(56/56),动脉成形的成功率为84.0%(42/50)。并发症发生率2.8%(3/106),为局部血肿(2例)和假性动脉瘤(1例)。结论肱动脉入路的适应证包括:股动脉无法穿刺,股动脉入路影响力量的传导,股动脉入路无法提供靶血管的受力点,锁骨下动脉开口的定位。本组肱动脉穿刺的并发症为血肿和假性动脉瘤。规范的穿刺及压迫止血技术、充分认识肱动脉解剖学特点可以减少肱动脉穿刺的并发症。     

Kissing iliac artery stent technique for salvage of hypogastric artery occlusion secondary to iliac artery dissection during endovascular aneurysm repair

While undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), dissection occurred in bilateral common and external iliac arteries resulting in acute bilateral hypogastric artery occlusion. Attempts were made to reestablish flow to the left internal iliac artery via retrograde ipsilateral approach without success. A left brachial approach was used to gain access to the left internal iliac artery and kissing angioplasty and subsequent stent placement with 2 self-expanding stents was performed raising the iliac bifurcation to the level of the stent graft to salvage the internal iliac artery.