应用siRNA干扰技术沉默铜绿假单胞菌外排泵基因mexB的蛋白表达

目的 观察siRNA干扰质粒转入铜绿假单胞菌后,MexB蛋白表达量的变化.方法 针对mexB基因设计合成特异性siRNA分子,与pGPU6/GFP/Neo载体连接,构建pGPU6/GFP/NeosiRNA重组质粒.构建重组表达质粒pET22b+/mexB,并转化大肠杆菌BL21( DE3) plysS,诱导表达MexB蛋白,蛋白纯化后免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体.siRNA质粒分别电转化铜绿假单胞菌野生株、临床耐药株及mexB基因高表达株,运用Western blot观察转化8、12、24h后MexB蛋白表达量的变化.结果 成功构建pGPU6/GFP/Neo-siRNA重组质粒.成功表达铜绿假单胞菌外排泵蛋白MexB,并制备多克隆兔抗.siRNA质粒对铜绿假单胞菌野生株、临床耐药株及mexB基因高表达株的mexB基因均具有良好的沉默效果,而且沉默效果存在时间差异性.结论 siRNA质粒转化3株铜绿假单胞菌后,在8h及12 h时均可观察到MexB蛋白表达量明显减少,而在24 h时MexB蛋白表达量无改变.     

多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM主动外排系统的耐药作用

目的 探讨MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM主动外排系统（外排泵）在多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌耐药机制中的作用.方法 选取25株外科监护室分离的多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌,用实时定量RTPCR测定结构基因mexA、mexX的mRNA表达水平来判断MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM外排泵表达情况;用PCR分别扩增其调控基因mexR、mexZ,并对其产物测序,用Blast软件在GenBank与已知序列比较,研究其过度表达的机理.结果 25株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中,14株高表达MexAB-OprM系统（56%）,3株高表达MexXY-OprM系统（12%）,这3株菌同时高表达2种外排泵.在8株mexA高表达的菌株中,5株菌发生mexR基因突变,出现氨基酸替代,1株mexR提前出现终止密码子,2株菌未发现mexR基因突变.2株mexX高表达的菌株均发生基因mexZ突变,出现氨基酸替代.结论 主动外排系统MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM在多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中过度表达,是此菌多重耐药机制之一;外排泵MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM高表达分别与调控基因mexR、mexZ发生变异有关,同时存在其他调控机制.     

siHybrids技术沉默铜绿假单胞菌外排泵 mexB基因体外效应的初步研究

目的 初步研究siHybrids技术对铜绿假单胞菌野生菌PAO1外排泵mexB基因体外沉默效应。方法 针对铜绿假单胞菌野生株PAO1外排泵mexB基因设计并合成3条特异性siHybrids分子和1条阴性对照siHybrids分子。在分子浓度为50 nmol/L下,分别以合成的siHybrids分子干扰铜绿假单胞菌野生菌PAO1,并设实验组为铜绿假单胞菌野生菌PAO1空白对照组,阴性对照组scamble(sc)-001,干预组siHybrids( si) -001、siHybrids( si) -002及siHybrids( si) -003,分别在干预12h及24h后采用real-time PCR法检测各实验组中靶基因mexB基因mRNA的表达水平。进一步采用Mueller-Hinton倍比稀释法检测50 nmol/L浓度下,siHy brids分子干预铜绿假单胞菌野生菌PAO1前后氯霉素(CP)、红霉素(EM)、左氧氟沙星(L-OrLX)、头孢他啶(CAZ)、美洛培南(MER)的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值。结果 不同siHybrids分子干预PAO1 12 h后,mexB基因mRNA表达量无明显差异性;但干预24 h后,mexB基因mRNA表达量：干预组（si-001,si-002,si-003）比空白对照组、阴性对照组（sc-001）有明显下降。对比干预12h、24h后mexB基因mRNA表达量,可以发现空白对照组、阴性对照组（sc-001）mRNA的表达量成上升趋势,而干预组（si-001,si-002,si-003）mexB基因mRNA表达量均呈下降趋势。siHybrids分子在干预铜绿假单胞菌野生菌24h前后的氯霉素(CP)、红霉素(EM)、左氧氟沙星( L-OFLX)、头孢他啶(CAZ)、美洛培南(MER) MIC无明显差异性。结论 在mRNA表达水平上,siHybrids分子能体外干预铜绿假单胞菌PAO1 mexB基因mRNA表达,此种沉默作用呈现时间依赖性,且在24h能有效地发挥干预作用。     

铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株主动外排泵的检测

目的了解铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株的耐药特点及其外排泵存在的状况。方法采用K-B法检测铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株对9种常用抗生素（庆大霉素、氨曲南、头孢他啶、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、多粘菌素B）的耐药情况;通过外排泵抑制剂氰氯苯腙（CCCP）对四种药物（羧苄青霉素、红霉素、亚胺培南、庆大霉素）的琼脂稀释法抑制试验分别检测铜绿假单胞菌的四种外排泵（MexAB-OprM、MexCD-OprJ、MexEF-OprN、MexXY-OprM）的表型;应用PCR检测MexAB-OprM外排泵调节基因mexR的存在情况。结果铜绿假单胞菌对9种常用抗生素的耐药率依次为：庆大霉素36.67%（22/60）,氨曲南33.33%（20/60）,头孢他啶31.67%（19/60）,亚胺培南28.33%（17/60）,阿米卡星26.67%（16/60）,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦23.33%（14/60）,环丙沙星21.67%（13/60）,左氧氟沙星11.67%（7/60）,多粘菌素B为0。外排泵表型阳性株依次为：MexAB-OprM35株,阳性率58.33%（35/60）;MexXY-OprM13株,阳性率21.67%（13/60）;MexCD-OprJ11株,阳性率18.33%（11/60）;MexEF-OprN10株,阳性率16.67%（10/60）。35株MexAB-OprM外排泵表型阳性株中有28株扩增出mexR基因片段,检出率为80.0%（28/35）。结论铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株对庆大霉素耐药率最高,对多粘菌素B耐药率最低;MexAB-OprM外排泵的存在是铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株的重要耐药机制。     

铜绿假单胞菌oprD2基因突变及表达量改变与碳青霉烯类耐药的关系

目的 研究铜绿假单胞菌外膜通道蛋白OprD2的表达减弱或缺失,以及OprD2蛋白自身突变是否会影响铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性.方法 收集分离自临床对亚胺培南(IPM)的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值≥8μg/m1的铜绿假单胞菌共101株,采用肉汤稀释法检测菌株对比阿培南(BPM)、美罗培南(MEM)、帕尼培南(PEM)的MIC值;荧光定量RT-PCR检测铜绿假单胞菌膜通道蛋白oprD2基因的表达量情况;针对oprD2相对表达量正常并对亚胺培南耐药的铜绿假单胞菌,采用普通PCR的方法扩增oprD2全长基因并测序.结果 根据铜绿假单胞菌的OprD2蛋白相对表达量结果,将101株铜绿假单胞菌分成两组,组1为OprD2相对表达量降低组;组2为OprD2相对表达量正常组;组1与组2相比,对IPM、BPM、MEM、PEM的MIC值≥16μg/ml的菌株比例差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).组1中,28株同时对4种药物的MIC均≥16 μg/ml,其中有25株的OprD2的相对表达量明显减低(＜0.4);外膜孔蛋白OprD2转录水平与4种碳青霉烯类药物MICs之间呈负相关趋势.组2中,有16株9prD2基因发生突变,按照突变的类型主要分成4组;与PAO1相比,这些菌株对IPM、BPM、MEM、PEM的MIC值有不同程度的增加.结论 OprD2外膜蛋白的表达量减少或缺失是铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药的主要机制,可能也与其他3种碳青霉烯类药物耐药有密切关系;铜绿假单胞菌的oprD2基因发生突变,可能会降低铜绿假单胞菌对这儿种碳青霉烯类药物的敏感性.     

TNF及铜绿假单胞菌刺激呼吸道上皮细胞表达NOD2蛋白

目的：通过对TNF及铜绿假单胞菌（PAO1）刺激肺上皮细胞株（A549）表达胞浆蛋白NOD2的研究,进一步了解NOD2在机体天然免疫病原体识别过程中的作用。方法：培养呼吸道肺癌上皮细胞株A549,以TNF、铜绿假单胞菌PAO1刺激细胞,并以未刺激组做对照,通过半定量RT-PCR技术观察胞浆蛋白NOD2的表达变化。结果：与未刺激组比较,TNF、铜绿假单胞菌PAOI都能够上调A549细胞NOD2蛋白的表达。结论：TNFα与铜绿假单胞菌PAO1刺激能增强A549细胞胞装蛋白NOD2的表达,提示细胞内受体NOD2在呼吸道天然免疫病原体识别过程中可能起重要作用。     

人防御素3增强环丙沙星对铜绿假单胞菌耐药株杀菌活性

目的 使用基因工程的方法获得大量重组人防御素3（HNP-3）,并研究其是否能增强环丙沙星对铜绿假单胞菌耐药株杀菌活性。方法RT-PCR反转录人血白细胞的总RNA,并PCR扩增目的基因,将其克隆入pET32a(+)质粒中。转化重组质粒入大肠杆菌,表达大量蛋白,经亲和层析纯化目的蛋白。通过计算HNP-3与环丙沙星的MIC值和FIC值检测重组防御素蛋白生物活性。结果 成功构建出pET32a(+)/HNP-3原核表达载体,证明表达的蛋白为目的蛋白。HNP-3和环丙沙星联合后的FIC都小于1.0。结论 人防御素3增强抗生素对铜绿假单胞菌耐药株杀菌活性。     

外排泵抑制剂对泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌作用的体内研究

铜绿假单胞菌(Psedumonas aeruginosa,PA)是主要的医院内感染致病菌,对抗假单胞菌作用的所有药物全部耐药的即为泛耐药PA[1](pandrug-re-sistance,PDR).主动外排系统的过度表达是导致PA耐药的重要机制.Henrichfreise等[2 ]报道多耐药的22株PA中,有82％的菌株高表达MexXYOprM.衣美英等[3 ]发现主动外排系统在多耐药PA中表达超过60％.     

铜绿假单胞菌耐药性在生物被膜形成过程中的变化

目的 研究铜绿假单胞菌遗传性耐药(gyrA基因突变和MexAB-OprM主动外排)在生物被膜形成过程中对药物抗性的作用。方法 通过PCR技术鉴定gyrA基因突变株和MexB-OprM主动外排株，利用三亲杂交的方法将绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因转到铜绿假单胞菌药物敏感株中，测定gyrA基因突变株、MexAB-OprM主动外排株以及带有绿色荧光蛋白的铜绿假单胞菌在特氟隆上产生生物被膜耐药的规律。结果 筛选出gyrA基因突变株和MexAB-OprM主动外排株。通过三亲杂交成功构建了带有pGFPuv质粒的铜绿假单胞菌。将突变株和敏感株培养在最低杀菌浓度(MBC)的环丙沙星溶液中形成生物被膜使菌株的存活率均在50％以上。结论 比较遗传性耐药和生物被膜耐药的作用表明gyrA基因突变和主动外排在生物被膜耐药形成前期发挥主要作用，当生物被膜完全形成之后，铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性有可能是由生物被膜介导的。     

铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成过程中多糖合成相关基因表达的研究

目的 了解铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aerugirtosa,Pa)生物被膜形成过程中多糖生物合成相关基因在生物被膜形成中的表达,探讨其在生物被膜形成中的调控作用.方法 分别收集非黏液型铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的浮游菌及生物被膜菌,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR的方法对基因的表达进行相对定量分析.结果 多糖合成相关基因pslA、algD.pelA的mRNA在生物被膜菌中的相对表达量均高于浮游菌.结论 .pslA、algD,pelA的表达与铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成密切相关,在生物被膜形成中具有重要作用.     

Rapid identification of mutations in a multidrug efflux pump in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The gene mexR regulates negatively the expression of the MexA-MexB-OprM efflux pump in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and mutations in mexR cause a multiple antibiotic resistance phenotype. Five hundred and forty resistant clones of P. aeruginosa PAO503 were isolated after selection for resistance to chloramphenicol or tetracycline. All isolates showed similar phenotypes and were resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and norfloxacin. Nineteen randomly selected isolates were analyzed. Since mutational analysis by direct sequencing of all regions of interest in several strains is time-consuming and expensive, a screening method, Non-Isotopic RNase Cleavage Assay (NIRCA), was applied to identify mutant genes so that they could be targeted for DNA sequencing. NIRCA is a simple but rapid method for mutational analysis and can be performed in 3-4 h. Results of NIRCA analysis were compared with DNA sequencing. Both NIRCA and DNA sequencing analysis showed mexR gene mutations in 11 of 19 isolates but no alterations in 8 strains. An immunoblot assay showed overexpression of OprN, a component of another multidrug efflux pump, MexE-MexF-OprN, in those eight isolates. Nucleotide sequencing of quinolone resistance-determining regions of DNA gyrase (gyrA) or topoisomerase IV (parC) showed no alterations in any of the 19 mutants. The data indicate that two efflux pump systems, MexA-MexB-OprM and MexE-MexF-OprN, were involved in multidrug resistance including quinolones and that NIRCA is a sensitive method for screening mutations.     

用小双链RNA抑制转化入HUVEC中绿色荧光蛋白基因的表达

目的：建立稳定表达绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞（HUVECs），研究小干扰RNA(siRNA)对HUVECs中GFP表达的抑制作用。 方法： 用lipofectamine2000将编码GFP的质粒pN3-EGFP转入HUVECs中。用G418筛选并维持已转化pN3-EGFP的HUVEC(HUVEC-GFP)。利用T7 RNA转录试剂盒，制备可抑制GFP基因表达的siRNA（GFPsiRNA）和无关对照的RNA（control siRNA）。用oligofectamine将siRNA转入HUVEC-GFP中。继续培养48 h后，检测HUVEC-GFP中GFP蛋白和mRNA表达水平。 结果： 用G418筛选获得了HUVEC-GFP细胞株，可以观察到GFP的稳定表达。HUVEC-GFP转化siRNA后48 h，GFP的荧光强度明显下降，而对照组的荧光强度无明显下降。半定量RT-PCR检测显示，GFPsiRNA对GFP mRNA表达有较强的抑制作用，抑制率达40%，而control siRNA对GFP mRNA表达水平无明显的抑制作用。 结论： 利用体外转录合成的siRNA能有效地抑制HUVECs中GFP的表达。     

Expression of the MexXY efflux pump in amikacin-resistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The MexZ-MexX-MexY multidrug efflux system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied to determine its contribution to aminoglycoside resistance. Amikacin-resistant (AR) mutants were generated from P. aeruginosa strain PAO1, and clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from cystic fibrosis patients. The regulatory gene mexZ and the intergenic region (mexOZ) between mexZ and mexX were investigated for mutation by PCR and DNA sequence analysis. The results showed that 14 of 15 AR clinical isolates and one of ten laboratory mutants had at least one mutation in mexZ and/or mexOZ. To study the effect of mexZ and mexOZ mutations, the production of MexY mRNA was investigated quantitatively by real-time PCR. Seven of ten AR mutants (MIC 4-8 mg/L) produced 8-21-fold more MexY mRNA than PAO1. These isolates were sensitive to fluoroquinolones, carbapenems and ceftazidime. One AR mutant (MIC 64 mg/L) that produced > 200-fold more MexY mRNA than PAO1 was also resistant to fluoroquinolones, carbapenems and ceftazidime. Thirteen of 15 AR clinical isolates produced 3.4-727-fold more MexY mRNA. No evidence was found for the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes 6'-N-acetyltransferase type Ib, 4'-O-nucleotidyltransferase type IIb or aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase IIps in these strains. Nine AR mutants overproduced MexY without mutations in mexZ or mexOZ, suggesting that MexXY efflux is also regulated by gene(s) other than mexZ.     

Protection against fatal Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in mice after nasal immunization with a live,attenuated aroA deletion mutant

Studies of immunity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa have indicated that a variety of potential immunogens can elicit protection in animal models, utilizing both antibody- and cell-mediated immune effectors for protection. To attempt to optimize delivery of multiple protective antigens and elicit a broad range of immune effectors, we produced an aroA deletion mutant of the P. aeruginosa serogroup O2/O5 strain PAO1, designated PAO1deltaaroA. Previously, we reported that this strain elicits high levels of opsonic antibody directed against many serogroup O2/O5 strains after nasal immunization of mice and rabbits. Here, we assessed the protective efficacy of immunization with PAO1deltaaroA against acute fatal pneumonia in mice. After active immunization, high levels of protection were achieved against an ExoU-expressing cytotoxic variant of the parental strain PAO1 at doses up to 1,000-fold greater than the 50% lethal dose. Significant protection against PAO1 and two of four other serogroup O2/O5 strains was also found, but there was no protection against serogroup-heterologous strains. The serogroup O2/O5 strains not protected against were killed in opsonophagocytic assays as efficiently as the strains with which protection was seen, indicating a lack of correlation of protection and opsonic killing within the serogroup. In passive immunization experiments using challenge with wild-type PAO1 or other noncytotoxic members of the O2/O5 serogroup, there was no protection despite the presence of high levels of opsonic antibody in the mouse sera. However, passive immunization did prevent mortality from pneumonia due to the cytotoxic PAO1 variant at low-challenge doses. These data suggest that a combination of humoral and cellular immunity is required for protection against P. aeruginosa lung infections, that such immunity can be elicited by using aroA deletion mutants, and that a multivalent P. aeruginosa vaccine composed of aroA deletion mutants of multiple serogroups holds significant promise.     

Clinically relevant chromosomally encoded multidrug resistance efflux pumps in bacteria

Efflux pump genes and proteins are present in both antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Pumps may be specific for one substrate or may transport a range of structurally dissimilar compounds (including antibiotics of multiple classes); such pumps can be associated with multiple drug (antibiotic) resistance (MDR). However, the clinical relevance of efflux-mediated resistance is species, drug, and infection dependent. This review focuses on chromosomally encoded pumps in bacteria that cause infections in humans. Recent structural data provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of drug transport. MDR efflux pumps contribute to antibiotic resistance in bacteria in several ways: (i) inherent resistance to an entire class of agents, (ii) inherent resistance to specific agents, and (iii) resistance conferred by overexpression of an efflux pump. Enhanced efflux can be mediated by mutations in (i) the local repressor gene, (ii) a global regulatory gene, (iii) the promoter region of the transporter gene, or (iv) insertion elements upstream of the transporter gene. Some data suggest that resistance nodulation division systems are important in pathogenicity and/or survival in a particular ecological niche. Inhibitors of various efflux pump systems have been described; typically these are plant alkaloids, but as yet no product has been marketed.     

CDK1 siRNA干扰在Taxol诱导细胞凋亡中的作用

目的 研究转染细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶1(cyclin-dependent kinase 1,CDK1)siRNA、以及转染后进行凋亡刺激对细胞周期和凋亡的影响,探讨CDK1在细胞凋亡中的确切作用,揭示细胞周期与细胞凋亡协调的分子机制.方法 以人宫颈癌细胞株HeLa细胞为研究对象,脂质体转染CDK1 siRNA,转染后48 h加紫杉醇(Taxol) (20 μg/ml)刺激凋亡,Western印迹检测CDK1和抗凋亡蛋白BCL2表达,AnnexinV/PI法检测细胞的凋亡,流式细胞仪分析DNA含量检测细胞周期.结果 转染CDK1 siRNA后,CDK1蛋白的表达下降,细胞周期G2/M期比例增加,细胞凋亡率与对照相比没有明显升高.只加Taxol刺激12 h后细胞凋亡率增加并伴有S期和G2/M期比例增加. 转染CDK1 siRNA后再用Taxol刺激,其细胞凋亡率没有明显改变,G2/M期阻滞效应也没有叠加.BCL2蛋白只在加Taxol刺激组表达下降,与CDK1表达减少没有相关性.结论 siRNA沉默导致的CDK1表达降低只导致细胞周期G2/M期阻滞,没有引起细胞凋亡;CDK1的表达降低对紫杉醇所诱导的细胞周期阻滞和细胞凋亡效应没有明显影响.