经黏膜下隧道内镜切除术治疗食管黏膜下肿瘤5例临床分析

背景:随着胃镜检查的普及和超声内镜(EUS)技术的成熟,食管黏膜下肿瘤(SMTs)的检出率逐年上升。目的:评估经黏膜下隧道内镜切除术(STER)治疗食管SMTs的疗效和安全性。方法:5例于2012年1～6月于昆山市中医医院接受STER治疗的食管SMT患者纳入研究,肿瘤经EUS和增强CT检查诊断为来源于固有肌层。对其治疗结果、并发症发生情况、近期随访结果等进行回顾性分析。结果:5个病灶均由STER一次性完整切除,病灶长径0.8～2.0 cm,黏膜切开至黏膜切口完整缝合时间为45～95 min。术后病理诊断平滑肌瘤1例,间质瘤4例,切缘均为阴性。术后无出血、穿孔等并发症发生。出院后3个月内镜复查未见病变残留、复发。结论:STER治疗来源于固有肌层的食管SMTs安全、有效,可一次性完整切除病变,提供完整的病理信息,并避免出血、穿孔等并发症,有望成为食管SMTs的主要治疗选择。     

微探头超声内镜指导内镜下剥离联合圈套结扎治疗上消化道固有肌层肿瘤的初探

目的探讨微探头超声内镜指导内镜下剥离联合圈套结扎治疗来源于上消化道固有肌层黏膜下肿瘤（SMT）的疗效和安全性。方法对内镜发现的上消化道SMT行EUS,对其中来源于固有肌层的SMT行圈套结扎后应用针形切开刀行对应内镜下剥离治疗：内镜下圈套结扎病变;预切开病变表面中央的黏膜;剥离黏膜下层组织显露病变,完整切除病变。结果来源于上消化道固有肌层的SMT共13例,术后病理诊断为食管平滑肌瘤2例,胃平滑肌瘤3例,胃间质瘤7例,胃血管球瘤1例。病变直径0．8～1．5cm,平均1．2cm。13例病变均一次性完整切除,其中1例术后出现消化道穿孔,应用金属夹成功封闭,未转外科手术。结论微探头超声内镜指导内镜下剥离联合圈套结扎治疗来源于上消化道固有肌层直径≤1．5cm的SMT是安全、有效的,可完整切除病变,提供完整的病理学诊断资料,可达到与外科手术同样的治疗效果。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道固有肌层肿瘤

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗来源于消化道固有肌层黏膜下肿瘤(SMT)的疗效和安全性.方法 对内镜发现的消化道SMT进行超声检查,对来源于固有肌层的SMT应用头端弯曲的针形切开刀进行ESD治疗:(1)黏膜下注射生理盐水;(2)预切开病变周围黏膜;(3)剥离黏膜下层组织显露病变,一次性完整切除病变.结果 来源于固有肌层的消化道SMT 10例,术后病理诊断为食管平滑肌瘤1例,胃平滑肌瘤1例,胃间质瘤6例,直肠平滑肌瘤和间质瘤各1例.病变最大直径0.5～3.0 cm(平均1.4 cm).9例病变一次性完整剥离,1例创面肿瘤残留接受外科手术.ESD手术时间30～150 min(平均73.5 min).1例术中出现消化道穿孔,应用金属夹成功闭合,未转开腹手术修补.术中平均出血量约40 ml,术后均未出现出血,亦未出现其他并发症.结论 ESD治疗来源于固有肌层的消化道SMT安全、有效,大多可以一次性完整切除病变,提供完整的病理学诊断资料,达到外科手术同样的治疗效果.     

内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术治疗食管巨大黏膜下肿瘤20例临床分析

目的评价内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(STER)治疗食管巨大黏膜下肿瘤(SMT)的疗效和安全性。方法20例于2015年1月至2017年12月于台州市立医院接受STER治疗的食管巨大SMT患者纳入研究，对其治疗结果、并发症发生情况、近期随访结果等进行回顾性分析。结果20个病灶均由STER完整切除，黏膜切开至黏膜切口完整缝合时间为45~100 min。术后无迟发性出血、食管胸腔漏等并发症发生。内镜随访6~30个月未见病变残留、复发。结论STER治疗来源于固有肌层的食管巨大SMT也是安全、有效的，可以完整切除病变，减少或避免迟发性出血、食管胸腔漏等并发症，有望成为食管SMT的主要治疗选择。     

内镜下肌层剥离术治疗上消化道固有肌层起源黏膜下肿瘤的疗效观察

上消化道黏膜下肿瘤（submueosal tumors，SMTs）经常在常规内镜检查时被发现，其中许多病变具有潜在恶性潜能，尤其是固有肌层起源的SMTs[1]。以往外科手术治疗是唯一方法，近年来随着ESD技术和内镜下闭合医源性消化道穿孔技术的发展以及内镜器材的开发，出现了多种新型内镜下切除治疗技术，使得内镜下切除治疗的适应证得到进一步拓宽拉[2-4]。2008年12月至2012年6月我院采用内镜下肌层剥离术（endoscopic muscularis dissection，EMD）技术，对63例起源于固有肌层的上消化道SMTs患者进行了内镜下切除治疗，现将疗效回顾性总结如下。     

内镜超声在消化道黏膜下肿瘤诊断与治疗中的价值

目的 评价内镜超声在消化道黏膜下肿瘤的诊断及治疗中的价值.方法 对内镜检查中怀疑黏膜下肿瘤者进行内镜超声检查,根据黏膜下肿瘤的起源层次及性质决定治疗方案,内镜治疗包括内镜下黏膜切除术、黏膜剥离-肿瘤摘除术、高频电切术及硬化治疗.结果 73例良性间质瘤起源于黏膜肌层,7例直肠类癌位于黏膜固有层;脂肪瘤13例、异位胰腺17例、胃底静脉曲张5例、囊肿6例起源于黏膜下层;95例良性间质瘤及21例恶性间质瘤起源于固有肌层,1例类癌侵及固有肌层.61例源于黏膜肌层及8例源于固有肌层的良性间质瘤、8例脂肪瘤、8例异位胰腺及7例类癌经内镜切除,4例囊肿行内镜下穿刺治疗;33例源于固有肌层的良性间质瘤、18例恶性间质瘤、2例脂肪瘤、2例异位胰腺及1例类癌经手术切除.病理符合率为97.97%.结论 超声内镜能够对消化道黏膜下肿瘤进行起源和定性诊断,对黏膜下肿瘤治疗方案的选择具有重要的指导意义.     

内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术治疗上消化道固有肌层肿瘤的临床价值

目的:探讨内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection,STER)治疗上消化道固有肌层肿瘤的可行性和安全性,以及术前超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)检查的价值.方法:对经EUS证实的24例固有肌层肿瘤患者行STER(STER组),另取15例外科手术患者作为对照(外科手术组),分析两组的治疗情况.结果:术中发现,STER组有3例肿瘤位于黏膜肌层,改用其他治疗方式;余21例切除的肿瘤平均直径与外科手术组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),食管肿瘤治疗所需手术时长两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),胃部肿瘤治疗所需手术时长STER组短于外科手术组(P0.01),STER组术后平均住院天数短于外科手术组(P0.01),住院花费亦比其少(P0.05).术前EUS的诊断符合率为92.3%.结论:STER治疗上消化道固有肌层肿瘤安全且高效.术前EUS检查对肿瘤的层次定位和治疗方式的选择具有重要的提示作用.     

内镜超声指导食管黏膜下肿瘤的黏膜切除术

目的探讨内镜超声指导食管黏膜下肿瘤黏膜切除术的有效性和安全性。方法对1992年至2005年间656例疑为上消化道黏膜下肿瘤患者进行内镜超声检查，其中97例食管病变内镜超声显示病变来源于黏膜肌层，有43例经知情同意后行内镜下黏膜切除术。切除病变经过病理检查明确病变的层次和病变性质。结果通过与病理结果对照表明，EUS准确地判断肿瘤所在的层次；通过黏膜切除术切除所有病变，无一例发生并发症。结论内镜超声检查能准确判断黏膜肌层来源的肿瘤，可用于指导黏膜切除术。     

消化道黏膜下肿物内镜下切除及其并发症防治

目的探讨消化道黏膜下肿物(gastrointestinal submucosal tumor,SMT)的内镜下切除方法及其并发症的防治。方法对382例SMT采用内镜黏膜下挖除术(ESE)、胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合、内镜黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(STER)以及内镜全层切除术(EFTR)进行肿物切除。结果 ESE切除332例,胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合切除36例(其中20例为腹腔镜为主内镜辅助腹腔镜治疗,16例为瘤体较大,与浆膜层分界不清,单独内镜下挖除瘤体困难,术中转外科腹腔镜与胃镜双镜联合治疗),STER切除10例,EFTR切除4例。术中穿孔24例,其中内镜下瘤体剥离后发生胃壁穿孔转外科腹腔镜下缝合穿孔7例、内镜下尼龙绳荷包缝合9例、内镜下钛夹缝合6例、内镜下OTSC金属夹闭合器达到严密缝合2例。术后发生迟发性出血1例。术后感染1例。无死亡病例发生。结论 ESE、胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合、STER以及EFTR是目前切除SMT微创、有效、安全、可行的方法。穿孔是其主要并发症,大多数穿孔可在内镜下达到严密缝合。     

内镜黏膜下挖除术治疗胃固有肌层问质瘤

目的探讨内镜黏膜下挖除术（endoscopicsub—mucosalexcavation,ESE）治疗胃固有肌层间质瘤的疗效和安全性。方法对内镜超声（EUS）发现的源于胃固有肌层的黏膜下肿瘤（submucosaltumor,SMT）行ESE治疗：黏膜下注射生理盐水抬高病变,切开病变周围黏膜,剥离病变周围组织,完整切除病变。结果17例源于胃固有肌层的黏膜下肿瘤均成功挖除,2例ESE治疗中发生穿孔．应用金属止血夹成功夹闭。术后病理诊断为间质瘤,其中胃底8例,胃体8例,胃窦1例。病变最大直径0．7～4,3（平均1．5）cm。全组未出现ESE术后出血,随访2～30个月,恢复良好,未出现复发或转移。结论ESE治疗小的胃固有肌层间质瘤安全、有效,能一次性完整切除病变,提供完整的病理诊断资料。且术后恢复快。     

Submucosal tunneling and endoscopic resection of submucosal tumors at the esophagogastric junction

AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of submucosal tunneling and endoscopic resection(STER) for treating submucosal tumors(SMTs).METHODS: Between August 2012 and October 2013, 21 patients with SMTs originating from the muscularis propria(MP) layer at the esophagogastric junction were treated by STER of their tumors. Key steps of the procedure include:(1) mucosal incision: a 2-cm longitudinal mucosal incision was made 5 cm proximal to the tumor;(2) submucosal tunneling: a submucosal tunnel was created 5 cm proximal to and 1 to 2 cm distal to the tumor;(3) tumor resection: the SMT was resected under direct endoscopic viewing;(4) hemostasis: while finishing the tumor resection, careful hemostasis of the MP defect and the tunnel was performed; and(5) mucosal closure: the mucosal incision site was closed by using hemostatic clips. During the operation, equipment used included a cap-fitted endoscope, an insulatedtip knife, a hook knife, hemostatic forceps, an injection needle, a snare, an endoclip, and a high-frequency generator. Carbon dioxide(CO2) insufflation was achieved by using a CO2 insufflator.RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 46.2 years(range, 35-59 years), and the majority were male(18 male vs 3 female). Complete resection rate was 100%(21/21). Eighteen lesions were resected en bloc. Mean tumor size was 23 mm(range, 10-40 mm), and mean procedure time was 62.9 min(range, 45-90 min). Pathological diagnosis of these tumors included leiomyoma(15 out of 21) and gastrointestinal stromal tumor(6 out of 21). Full-thickness MP resection was performed in 9 of 21 patients(42.9%), with mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema occurring in all nine. At the completion of the procedure, all patients received closure of the incision with hemoclips. One patient required percutaneous drainage. The remaining 20patients required no further endoscopic or surgical intervention. There were no incidents of massive or delayed bleeding. The median follow-up period after the procedure was 6 mo(range, 2-14 mo). During followup, no patients were found to have residual or recurrent tumor or esophageal stricture.CONCLUSION: STER is safe, effective and feasible, which provides accurate histopathologic evaluation and curative treatment for SMTs originating from the MP layer at the esophagogastric junction.     

Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection for simultaneous esophageal and cardia submucosal tumors originating from the muscularis propria layer (with video)

Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection (STER) is a new treatment technique for upper gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (SMT) originating from the muscularis propria (MP) layer. In contrast to conventional endoscopic resection, the new therapy can maintain the mucosal integrity of the digestive tract, which effectively prevents mediastinitis and peritonitis. STER, although a known method, has not been widely adopted because of technical difficulties. Here, we describe the case of a 30‐year‐old patient presenting with two separate SMT originating from the esophageal and cardia MP layer. A 2‐cm longitudinal mucosal incision was made approximately 5 cm proximal to the esophageal SMT, and the esophageal and cardia SMT were dissected successively in the same submucosal tunnel. In the relevant literature, this is the first case of STER for resecting esophageal and cardia SMT using the same submucosal tunnel.     

Endoscopic full-thickness resection for gastric submucosal tumors arising from the muscularis propria layer

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and feasibility of endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR) for the treatment of gastric submucosal tumors (SMTs) arising from the muscularis propria.METHODS: A total of 35 gastric SMTs arising from the muscularis propria layer were resected by EFR between January 2010 and September 2013. EFR consists of five major steps: injecting normal saline into the submucosa; pre-cutting the mucosal and submucosal layers around the lesion; making a circumferential incision as deep as the muscularis propria around the lesion using endoscopic submucosal dissection and an incision into the serosal layer around the lesion with a Hook knife; a full-thickness resection of the tumor, including the serosal layer with a Hook or IT knife; and closing the gastric wall with metallic clips.RESULTS: Of the 35 gastric SMTs, 14 were located at the fundus, and 21 at the corpus. EFR removed all of the SMTs successfully, and the complete resection rate was 100%. The mean operation time was 90 min (60-155 min), the mean hospitalization time was 6.0 d (4-10 d), and the mean tumor size was 2.8 cm (2.0-4.5 cm). Pathological examination confirmed the presence of gastric stromal tumors in 25 patients, leiomyomas in 7 and gastric autonomous nerve tumors in 2. No gastric bleeding, peritonitis or abdominal abscess occurred after EFR. Postoperative contrast roentgenography on the third day detected no contrast extravasation into the abdominal cavity. The mean follow-up period was 6 mo, with no lesion residue or recurrence noted.CONCLUSION: EFR is efficacious, safe and minimally invasive for patients with gastric SMTs arising from the muscularis propria layer. This technique is able to resect deep gastric lesions while providing precise pathological information about the lesion. With the development of EFR, the indications of endoscopic resection might be extended.     

Do we need to conduct full-thickness closure after endoscopic full-thickness resection of gastric submucosal tumors?

Background/AimsSuccessful closure of gastric wall defects is a pivotal step for endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR). Our study indicates that for submucosal tumors (SMTs) smaller than 2.5 cm, closing the mucosal layer is safe and feasible when the modified method, ZIP, is used.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 37 patients with gastric SMTs arising from the muscularis propria (MP) who underwent EFTR with defect closure of the mucosal layer. The main procedure involved: (1) making a longitudinal incision of the mucosal and submucosal layers above the lesion, (2) fully exposing the lesion and symmetrically punching holes on both sides of the incision into the submucosal layer, (3) en bloc resection of the lesion using an electrosurgical snare or knife, (4) hooking of metallic clips into the holes and clipping of the mucosal layer successively to close the gastric wall defect. This modified method was named ZIP.ResultsSuccessful complete resection by EFTR was achieved in 37 cases (100%). The median procedure time was 60 min (range: 30–120 min), whereas the closure procedure took a median of 8 min (range: 5–20 min). The median lesion size was 1.0 cm (range: 0.5–2.5 cm). No patients had severe complications. No residual lesions or tumor recurrence were found during the follow-up period.ConclusionClosing the mucosal layer of gastric wall defects after EFTR by ZIP is feasible and effective.     

微型探头超声内镜对上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的诊治价值

目的探讨微型探头超声内镜（InEus）在上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的诊断和治疗中的作用。方法对30例疑为上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的患者进行微型探头超声内镜检查,根据黏膜下肿瘤的起源层次．部分患者接受内镜下治疗或外科手术。结果mEUS检查的30例患者中,发现消化道壁外压迫1例（主动脉弓1例）;黏膜下肿瘤29例,包括平滑肌瘤12例,良性间质瘤4例,恶性间质瘤1例,脂肪瘤4例,静脉瘤3例,异位胰腺1例,囊肿4例。12例起源于黏膜肌层的肿瘤行高频电切除术切除,3例静脉瘤行尼龙圈套结扎,4例脂肪瘤及4例囊肿行高频电切除。结论mEUS检查能清楚显示上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的大小．起源层次、生长方向及邻近组织结构关系,较准确地判断肿瘤的性质。进而指导黏膜下肿瘤治疗方案的选择。     

上消化道固有肌层肿瘤的内镜治疗

目的探讨三种常见的内镜治疗方法对于起源于固有肌层的上消化道肿瘤的治疗价值。方法通过胃镜及超声内镜筛选出2011至2013年共70例患有上消化道固有肌层肿瘤的病例,根据肿瘤的位置及深度采用三种常见的内镜治疗方法给予切除。三种方法是:内镜黏膜下挖除术(ESE),内镜全层切除术(EFR),内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(STER)。切除肿瘤术后均经免疫组化及分子生物学等相关病理检测,检测指标为CD34、CD117、Dog-1、S-100、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、Ki-67以及核分裂数。结果共有35例患者接受ESE治疗,其中2例出现穿孔,通过钛夹修补;27例接受STER治疗,未出现穿孔并发症;8例接受EFR治疗,均有"人工"穿孔,通过钛夹完全修补。所有70例经过治疗后均完全康复,未追加外科手术治疗。结论上消化道固有肌层肿瘤可通过内镜治疗成功切除,可逐步替代外科手术治疗,且有更大的应用范围。     

Consensus on the digestive endoscopic tunnel technique

With the digestive endoscopic tunnel technique(DETT), many diseases that previously would have been treated by surgery are now endoscopically curable by establishing a submucosal tunnel between the mucosa and muscularis propria(MP). Through the tunnel, endoscopic diagnosis or treatment is performed for lesions in the mucosa, in the MP, and even outside the gastrointestinal(GI) tract.At present, the tunnel technique application range covers the following:(1)Treatment of lesions originating from the mucosal layer, e.g., endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection for oesophageal large or circular early-stage cancer or precancerosis;(2) treatment of lesions from the MP layer, per-oral endoscopic myotomy, submucosal tunnelling endoscopic resection, etc.; and(3) diagnosis and treatment of lesions outside the GI tract, such as resection of lymph nodes and benign tumour excision in the mediastinum or abdominal cavity. With the increasing number of DETTs performed worldwide, endoscopic tunnel therapeutics, which is based on DETT, has been gradually developed and optimized. However, there is not yet an expert consensus on DETT to regulate its indications, contraindications, surgical procedure, and postoperative treatment.The International DETT Alliance signed up this consensus to standardize the procedures of DETT. In this consensus, we describe the definition, mechanism,and significance of DETT, prevention of infection and concepts of DETTassociated complications, methods to establish a submucosal tunnel, and application of DETT for lesions in the mucosa, in the MP and outside the GI tract(indications and contraindications, procedures, pre-and postoperative treatments, effectiveness, complications and treatments, and a comparison between DETT and other operations).     

Diagnosis of submucosal tumor of the upper GI tract by endoscopic resection.

BACKGROUND: Submucosal tumors are frequent findings during endoscopy, although definitive diagnosis based on histologic confirmation presents some difficulties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection based on endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) findings to reach a definitive diagnosis of submucosal tumor. METHODS: Fifty-four submucosal tumors of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract were included in this study. EUS was performed to determine the layer of origin and location of the lesion and to rule out malignancy. En bloc resection was attempted for lesions originating in the muscularis mucosa or submucosa. For tumors originating in the muscularis propria, we performed partial resection limited to the covering mucosa to expose the lesion and obtained a sample with standard biopsy forceps. RESULTS: Sufficient samples were obtained in all 54 cases. There was no perforation. Bleeding occurred in only 5 cases (9%) and was easily managed with endoscopic hemostatic methods. EUS and pathologic findings coincided in 74.1% of cases (40 of 54). Benign lesions (leiomyoma, aberrant pancreas, and others) were predominant (52 of 54), although 2 small lesions were confirmed at pathologic study to be malignant (leiomyosarcoma and leiomyoblastoma). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic resection based on EUS findings proved to be an effective and safe method to confirm the histologic diagnosis of submucosal tumor of the upper GI tract. Endoscopic resection should be considered a valuable choice for definitive management of benign submucosal tumors originating in the superficial layers.     

Endoscopic resection for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors

Gastrointestinal (GI) and neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) can be treated by mini-invasive endoscopic resection when localized in the superficial layers of the bowel wall and their size is <20 mm. Endoscopic diagnosis of NETs is usually incidental or suspected after clinical, laboratory or imaging findings. Endoscopic mucosal resection is the most commonly used technique for NET removal, endoscopic submucosal dissection is indicated in selected cases, while papillectomy is feasible for ampullary lesions. Histopathologic assessment of the resection margin (circumferential and deep) is important for staging. Incidence of endoscopic mucosal resection-/endoscopic submucosal dissection-related complications for removal of GI NETs are similar to those reported for other GI lesions. Endoscopic follow-up is based on histopathologic characteristics of the resected NETs and its site. NETs >20 mm in size, with penetration of the muscle layer and/or serosa are at high risk for metastases and surgical approach is recommended when feasible.