机器人非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的 总结使用da Vinci S机器人系统完成的微创机器人非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的技术特点和临床效果.方法 2007年4月至2008年12月,共有56例患者接受微创机器人非体外循环CABG.所有患者术前均有心绞痛症状,冠状动脉造影显示严重的前降支病变,10例患者合并有回旋支或右冠状动脉病变.其中25例患者有心肌梗死病史.心功能(NYHA分级)Ⅱ级45例,Ⅲ级11例,平均射血分数为57%±11%.所有患者肺功能良好,无胸膜炎和左侧胸腔手术史.术前常规行64排CT检查双侧胸廓内动脉(ITA)的解剖情况.共采用三种术式:(1)机器人单侧或双侧ITA游离并同期小切口非体外循环CABG;(2)全机器人非体外循环CABG;(3)对合并有回旋支或右冠状动脉局限性狭窄的患者,接受上述两种术式的一种后行分站式支架置入杂交术.行单支或多支CABG时于左侧胸壁第4肋间做长6 cm的小切121,直视、心脏跳动下行ITA和前降支的吻合;行全机器人非体外循环CABG时无需胸壁切口.术后以冠状动脉造影或64排CT评估桥血管的通畅性,并进行随访.结果 所有患者成功接受了上述手术.术中平均ITA桥血流量为(23.2±16.7)mL/min,无中转开放手术和手术死亡.ITA移植到前降支53例,双支桥3例,其中10例患者旁路移植后接受了回旋支或右冠状动脉的支架植入杂交术.术后复查未见桥血管狭窄或闭塞.结论 微创机器人非体外循环CABG手术效果确实、可靠,不破坏胸腔骨性结构、创伤小,是微创CABG的发展方向之一.     

左胸小切口多支动脉化冠状动脉旁路移植术64例的有效性和安全性分析

目的探讨左胸小切口冠状动脉旁路移植术多支动脉桥策略的安全性及有效性,为该技术推广提供证据。方法回顾性分析2015年12月至2019年11月北京大学第三医院心脏外科64例左胸小切口多支搭桥手术患者的临床资料。男54例、女10例,年龄36~77(61.1±8.7)岁。经第5肋间长5~8 cm左胸前外侧切口进胸,在非体外循环下进行手术,借助胸壁悬吊装置及心脏固定器,完成升主动脉近端吻合,前降支、回旋支及右冠状动脉系统的靶血管远端吻合等操作。移植血管数量2~4(2.3±0.5)支,其中45例患者移植2支,17例移植3支,2例移植4支;手术结合经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)杂交治疗3例,全动脉化旁路移植62例。术后7 d内复查冠状动脉造影评估旁路血管通畅率,随访记录主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)发生情况,通过Kaplan-Meier法计算免于发生MACCE率。结果无患者中转开胸手术,术中未应用主动脉内球囊反搏或体外膜肺氧合。术后切口愈合不良1例,再次手术2例(均为术后胸腔出血)。术后30 d内发生非致死性心肌梗死1例,无死亡。术后早期复查造影旁路血管总体通畅率为96.2%,前降支旁路通畅率为98.2%。随访12~60个月(中位随访时间28个月)。失访率7.8%(5/64)。36个月免于MACCE发生率为84.9%(95%CI 79.5%~90.3%)。结论左胸小切口多支冠状动脉旁路移植术可以实现完全再血管化及全动脉化搭桥,近期及中远期效果良好。     

序贯式旁路移植术在非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

目的总结非体外循环下序贯式旁路移植术治疗冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的临床疗效。方法 26例冠心病患者接受非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术,采用序贯式吻合移植技术。术中采用即时血流测量仪评价桥血管通畅情况。结果 26例患者共搭桥83支,平均3.19支,其中搭4支桥患者5例。术中无中转体外循环,术中测量序贯桥血管主干流量(45.56±9.23)m L/min,搏动指数(PI)3.56±0.66;测量终末桥血管流量(16.15±5.09)m L/min,搏动指数(PI)3.02±0.24。术后随访26例患者1年内均未出现心绞痛症状,患者心电图及心脏超声较术前均有所改善。结论非体外循环下序贯式旁路移植术治疗冠心病安全、有效、近中期疗效满意,是治疗冠心病多支病变患者的有效方法。     

64排CT对冠状动脉旁路移植术后桥血管病变的诊断研究

目的 评价64排螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)对冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)术后桥血管病变诊断的准确性.方法 2005年7月至2007年4月,共228例患者于CABG术后复查64-MSCTA,其中31例患者(82支桥血管)因有心绞痛或CT结果提示桥血管损害,进一步行冠状动脉造影(CAG).结果 所有桥血管均获得评价.64-MSCTA共发现13支桥血管闭塞,均得到CAG证实.CAG发现15支桥血管严重狭窄,64-MSCTA发现14处,漏诊1处,误诊1处.64-MSCTA诊断冠状动脉桥狭窄的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和与CAG符合率分别为93.3%、98.1%、93.3%、98.1%和97.1%;诊断桥血管病变的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和与CAG符合率分别为96.4%、98.1%、96.4%、98.1%和97.6%.结论 64-MSCTA可以准确评价术后桥血管通畅情况.     

内镜采集大隐静脉的冠状动脉旁路移植术1573例应用体会

目的对单中心8年间的1 573例冠状动脉旁路移植术中应用内镜大隐静脉采集术的患者进行疗效观察评估及经验总结。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2016年4月沈阳军区总医院应用内镜采集大隐静脉的冠状动脉旁路移植术患者,共计1 573例,观察并分析围手术期心肌梗死、术后室颤等与血管桥采集质量相关的术后并发症的发生,同时观察下肢术后疼痛、水肿、切口感染等情况。集中选取2014年3月至5月间连续70例应用内镜采集大隐静脉的冠状动脉旁路移植术患者,于术后1周复查64排冠状动脉CT评估术后近期血管桥通畅情况。结果应用内镜采集的大隐静脉大体质量满意。住院期间死亡患者共18例。其中出现术后围手术期心肌梗死9例,死亡5例;出现术后频发室颤5例,死亡4例;出现术后脑梗死12例,死亡5例;出现4例多脏器功能衰竭,均死亡。术后下肢水肿和切口疼痛明显减轻,切口感染及愈合不良情况明显减少。术后近期血管桥通畅情况理想。结论长时间大样本量的应用,充分证明内镜大隐静脉采集术具有微创、减轻疼痛等优点,加快恢复进程,避免大面积瘢痕形成后导致运动不便,加之远期的美容效果,有效提高患者的生命质量,是一项成熟有效的技术。     

微创左胸小切口多支冠状动脉旁路移植术的应用及效果评价

目的探讨左乳内动脉-桡动脉或大隐静脉(LIMA-RA或LIMA-SV)复合桥血管在微创左胸小切口多支冠状动脉旁路移植术的应用及效果。方法 2009年1月至2015年5月,上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院心胸外科在微创冠状动脉旁路移植术中应用LIMA-RA或LIMA-SV复合桥血管治疗冠心病患者56例,男36例、女20例,平均年龄(65.41±7.73)岁。其中,LIMA-RA复合桥血管(动脉-动脉复合桥血管)34例,LIMA-SV复合桥血管(动脉-静脉复合桥血管)22例。患者均经左胸前侧第4肋间切口,在非体外循环下行微创直视冠状动脉旁路移植术(MIDCAB)术。结果全部患者均顺利完成MIDCAB术,无术中转为正中开胸。靶血管再血管化数目:2支12例,3支41例,4支3例。术后机械通气时间为(27.14±31.35)h,术后住ICU时间为(3.16±2.53)d,术后住院时间(11.89±3.91)d。围术期死亡1例(1.79%),该例系LIMA-SV组患者,术后因多脏器功能衰竭死亡。术后随访1~77(22.70±17.56)个月,全组无冠状动脉再血管化病例。LIMA-RA组术后2年的累积生存率为94.4%±5.4%,LIMA-SV组术后2年的累积生存率为86.8%±9.2%,两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.299)。全组患者LIMA通畅率为100.0%,LIMA-RA组术后2年的累积RA桥血管通畅率为90.3%±5.3%,LIMA-SV组术后2年的累积SV桥血管通畅率为86.7%±6.3%,两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.265)。结论 LIMA-RA或LIMA-SV复合桥血管可安全应用于MIDCAB术中,早、中期治疗效果满意。对于桡动脉桥无法使用或获取后并发症风险较高的患者,LIMA-SV复合桥血管方案仍是一种良好的选择。     

机器人辅助的微创冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的：介绍机器人辅助的微创冠状动脉旁路移植手术。方法：应用da Vinci机器人系统取左乳内动脉,然后经左胸第2肋间小切口在体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术。结果：本组34例患者无围术期死亡和心肌梗死;术后有4例发生低心排血量综合征,2例发生急性肾功能不全。结论：机器人辅助的微创冠状动脉旁路移植术是一种安全可靠的手术方法,可以减轻术后疼痛和促进术后恢复。     

机器人非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植与支架置入杂交手术

目的 总结"达芬奇S"(da Vinic S)机器人下非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植与支架置入杂交手术技术特点和优势.方法 2007年1～8月使用da Vinic S机器人系统,完成非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植共42例,其中10例因双支冠脉病变,在机器人旁路手术后行支架置入术.病人平均年龄为(62.3±12.1)岁,其中男8例,女2例.病人冠状动脉造影均显示严重的前降支病变,并合并有回旋支或右冠状动脉的局限性狭窄.所有病人肺功能良好,无胸膜炎和左侧胸腔手术史.机器人手术过程中无需正中开胸,仅左侧胸壁打直径为1 cm的器械臂孔3个,术者于da Vinic S系统的操作台前、三维成像系统下遥控机器人全程游离乳内动脉;其中4例直接行全机器人非体外行循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(TECAB),另6例于左侧胸壁第4肋间作6～8cm的小切口,在心脏跳动下行乳内动脉和前降支的吻合(SVST).术后1周左右经股动脉常规行回旋支或右冠状动脉支架置入术.置入术中行乳内动脉造影评价再血管化效果.结果 病人术后恢复顺利,并成功接受支架置入术,乳内动脉旁路血管通畅,无并发症发生.结论 应用机器人微创冠脉旁路手术和支架置入杂交手术治疗冠心病,可最大限度的减小手术创伤并实现完全再血管化.     

机器人取乳内动脉小切口冠状动脉搭桥术体会

目的：总结达芬奇机器人获取左乳内动脉左前外侧小切口冠状动脉旁路移植术的技术要点，评价手术效果。方法回顾性的分析机器人获取左乳内动脉左前外侧小切口冠脉搭桥手术24例，分析结果并作以总结。结果术后患者均于手术当日顺利脱离呼吸机辅助，机械通气时间5.3±2.8 h，并均于术后18 h 内搬出 ICU。机器人获取乳内动脉时间在40~60 min 左右，术中出血量50 ml 左右，术后引流量较常规手术显著减少，平均90 ml 左右。全组患者无手术死亡和围术期并发症，在随访期间无再发心血管事件，其中11例患者术后复查冠脉 CT，9例接受冠脉造影复查发现桥血管通畅。结论机器人获取左乳内动脉左前外侧小切口搭桥手术的疗效满意，术后恢复快，并发症少，减轻了患者的痛苦，明显减少了死亡率，提高术后生存率。该手术是一项安全、有效的新技术，具有恢复快和美容效果，患者满意度较高。     

经胸降主动脉微创冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的 探讨胸腔镜辅助左胸小切口、经胸降主动脉"Y"形旁路血管向心肌供血,实施非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术微创化的临床疗效.方法 66例冠心病病人,经左胸小切口开胸,胸腔镜游离左侧乳内动脉,经胸降主动脉"Y"形旁路血管向心肌供血,实施非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术,用瞬时流量测定仪检测旁路血管的通畅度.结果 平均手术(103,0±18.4)min.术后平均机械辅助呼吸(5.6±3.2)h,平均ICU滞留(37.3±7.6)h,平均胸腔引流量(190±75)ml,平均输血(150±50)ml,移植血管平均流量Qm为(27±7)mi/min,搏动指数(PI)为3.5±1.4,逆向血流百分比(%Insuf)为(7±5)%.全组病人无死亡,均治愈出院.随访12～48个月,病人病情稳定,身体状况良好.结论 该术式是微创冠状动脉旁路移植术的一个新途径.尤其适用于升主动脉存在钙化、扩张或粥样硬化斑块者,可避免升主动脉损伤、附壁斑块松动、脱落导致的脑栓塞或冠状动脉栓塞.安全、有效、创伤小.从真正意义上实现了冠状动脉旁路移植术的微创化.临床疗效显著,近期效果满意,远期效果有待进一步随访观察.     

Technique of closed chest coronary artery surgery on the beating heart.

OBJECTIVE: The application of an endoscopic stabilizer (Intuitive Surgical, Mountain View, CA, USA) enables closed chest off-pump coronary artery bypass via a four-point stab incision avoiding sternotomy and minithoracotomy. METHODS: Between May 1999 and January 2001 we operated upon a total of 37 patients (five female, 32 male, median age 62+/-9 years) suffering from coronary artery disease using totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass (TECAB), whereas an initial series of eight TECAB patients was operated upon using an endovascular bypass system (Heartport). The da Vinci surgical system was used in order to perform left internal mammary artery (LIMA) or right internal mammary artery (RIMA) harvesting and anastomoses on a beating heart in 29 patients (four female, 25 male, median age 64+/-9.8 years). Altogether 26 patients suffering from single-vessel coronary artery disease (SVCAD) were revascularized applying LIMA to the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and three patients with two diseased coronary vessels received bilateral internal mammary artery grafting (BIMA), respectively. RESULTS: In this series we had a 100% survival rate. Conversion rate to a median sternotomy was 3.4%. Patients were operated upon via four 1-cm chest incisions using the da Vinci robot for LIMA or BIMA harvesting and for performance of anastomoses on the beating heart. In the overall series of 56 patients intended to be treated by TECAB, 19 (33.9%) were converted to a minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass procedure. CONCLUSION: This new robotic-enhanced surgical technique promotes an optimistic way of thinking about the further development of this procedure and its application in patients suffering from single-vessel CAD.     

Treatment of double vessel coronary artery disease by totally endoscopic bypass surgery and drug-eluting stent placement in one simultaneous hybrid session

Hybrid coronary artery revascularization is a combination of minimally invasive coronary artery surgery and catheter-based coronary intervention. Hybrid procedures enable adequate revascularization of patients with multivessel coronary artery disease without complete opening of the chest and with the advantage of the most durable option, a left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft is placed to the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. The hybrid concept is gaining renewed interest because totally endoscopic LIMA to LAD placement has become feasible and because drug-eluting stents in non-LAD targets may be competitive even for arterial bypass grafts. Simultaneous hybrid procedures would be desirable. We report on a case in which robotic totally endoscopic LIMA to LAD grafting using the da Vinci telemanipulation system was combined with placement of a rapamycin coated stent to the right coronary artery in one single procedure.     

胸部小切口冠状动脉搭桥术66例报告

目的：探讨胸部小切口冠状动脉搭桥术的临床效果。方法2002年1月～2013年1月采用胸部小切口取左乳内动脉（ left internal mammary artery,LIMA）心脏不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术66例。胸骨下段小切口59例,采用全麻、单腔气管插管,平卧位,倒“L”胸骨下段切口;胸骨旁小切口5例,采用全麻、双腔气管插管,平卧位左胸抬高30＆#176;,左前外侧第4或第5肋切口,用特制牵开器（法国圣骑士公司）牵开肋骨,游离乳内动脉,使用冠脉固定器下行冠脉吻合;2例胸腔镜辅助下完成乳内动脉与左前降支的吻合。结果66例均完成左乳内动脉至前降支的吻合,2例追加大隐静脉降主动脉至第一对角支的吻合。无围术期死亡。60例随访0．5～8年,（5．5±2．5）年,心绞痛症状消失42例,明显减轻24例。术后冠状动脉CT检查16例,冠脉造影12例,LIMA与左前降支（ left anterior descending, LAD）吻合口满意率100％,支架内再狭窄1例,大隐静脉桥血管闭塞1例。结论胸部小切口冠状动脉搭桥术主要适用于心脏前壁冠状动脉尤其是前降支的的再血管化,安全可靠,中期疗效好,在合并高危因素或常规冠状动脉搭桥术和经皮冠状动脉介入术效果不满意者中应用更佳。     

A case of lateral origin of the left internal mammary artery

A 66 years old men, with left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) stenosis and aortic valve stenosis, underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to LAD with left internal mammary artery (LIMA) and aortic valve replacement. His postoperative course was uneventful. But, postoperative angiogram showed that his patent LIMA graft was originated from much lateral side of the left subclavian artery. Internal mammary artery is considered the most ideal graft for CABG, but its' anomality is not well known. We present this rare case with the anomalous origin of LIMA.     

Robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass and catheter based coronary intervention in one operative session

A 56-year-old male patient underwent robotically assisted totally endoscopic left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to left anterior descending artery (LAD) grafting. After protamine administration complete heart block developed in the patient. On intraoperative angiography the LIMA to LAD graft was perfectly patent but an acute occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA) was noted. We performed an immediate on table percutaneous coronary angioplasty and stent placement to the RCA. The heart regained sinus rhythm and the wall motion abnormalities on the back wall of the heart resolved. No clinical symptoms indicating ongoing myocardial ischemia were noted postoperatively. This case demonstrates that a hybrid procedure of robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting and catheter based coronary intervention is feasible in one simultaneous session.     

"H" Graft from the Right Internal Mammary Artery to the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery: An Alternative Strategy in Reoperative Grafting of the LAD Territory

Reoperative grafting of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery or its diagonal branches can be accomplished through a left anterior small thoracotomy (LAST) on the beating heart using the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) as a conduit. Patients in whom the LIMA has been used previously, however, are generally excluded from this approach unless an alternative technique is utilized. We describe a new technique applicable to these patients that consists of grafting the LAD through a LAST approach and connecting the graft to the right internal mammary artery (RIMA).     

非体外循环下机器人冠状动脉旁路移植手术的麻醉管理

目的 总结非体外循环机器人冠状动脉旁路移植手术中的麻醉技术.方法 2007年1月至2011年3月共完成机器人心脏跳动下冠状动脉旁路移植手术163例,其中62例全机器人冠状动脉旁路移植手术,101例机器人辅助肋间小切口冠状动脉旁路移植手术.麻醉均采用全麻,左侧双腔气管插管.结果 术中单肺通气和CO2气胸引起动脉氧分压(PaO2)和静脉氧饱和度显著降低,163例患者中有17例出现低氧,SpO2降至0.92.使用5～15 cmH2O的持续气道正压后,PaO2从(59±12)mm Hg升至(115±23)mm Hg(P<0.05).CO2气胸开始阶段平均动脉压和心脏指数明显降低,同时伴有平均肺动脉压增高、心率加快,经快速补液和使用血管活性药得以纠正.术后(7.5±3.1)h拔管,ICU停留平均21h.1例因肺部感染在ICU治疗3天;1例行二次手术止血.全部患者术后住院4～7天.结论 非体外循环机器人冠状动脉旁路移植手术中的单肺通气和CO2气胸对患者循环和呼吸功能的影响是麻醉管理的关键.心脏外科医师和麻醉医师要熟练掌握单肺通气和CO2气胸的相关技术知识,恰当处理术中缺氧和血流动力学波动.

Abstract：

Objective Anesthesia for endoscopic robotic coronary artery bypass grafting surgery on beating heart to deal with the hemodynamic compromise, hypoxia and hypercarbia relevant to one lung ventilation ( OLV ) and intrathoracic inflation of CO2 with positive pressure (CO2 pneumothorax) is crucial. Methods Between February 2007 and January 2011, 163 patients underwent robotically assisted coronary artery bypass surgery on beating heart using the da Vinci S Surgical System. Of them, 62 patients underwent totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting ( TECAB). Other 101 patients underwent robotically assisted endoscopic atraumatic coronary artery bypass ( ENDOACAB) in which the left internal mammary artery was harvested robotically and direct anastomosis via a small left anterior thoractomy incision. Results PaO2 and SvO2 after initiate of OLV and CO2 pneumothorax showed a significant decrease. Meanwhile, the SpO2 decreased to 0.92 in 17 of the 163 patients.In these patients, application of CPAP setting 5-15 cmH2O to the collapsed lung resulted in an increase in PaO2 from (59 ±12) mmHg to (115 ±23) mmHg (P < 0.05). At the beginning of CO2 pneumothorax the most dramatic fall in MAP and CI was showed with an increase in MPAP and HR. The hemodynamie compromise was counteracted by transfusion and inotropes/ vasopressors. Postoperatively, the average extubation time was (7. 5 ±3. 1) hours, and median ICU length of stay was 21 hours. One patient remained in the ICU for 3 days for treatment of a postoperative pneumonia. One patient who had underwent ENDOACAB were reexplored for bleeding in the left anterior thoracotomy incision. All patients were discharged home 4 to 7 days after surgery. Conclusion Anesthetic management for the procedures requires detailed knowledge of OLV and CO2 pneumothorax in addition to expertise required in conventional cardiac surgery.     

全机器人胸廓内动脉游离非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的总结全机器人下不开胸胸廓内动脉（IMA）游离心脏不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术的初步经验。方法使用da Vinci S全机器人系统,完成胸廓内动脉游离心脏不停跳下冠状动脉旁路移植术15例。所有患者均有心绞痛症状,其中4例患者有心肌梗死病史,冠状动脉造影显示严重的前降支病变,2例患者对角支及回旋支亦有病变。手术过程中于左侧胸壁打直径为1cm的器械臂孔3个,医生于操作台前在三维成像系统下操控机器人进行胸廓内动脉的游离,其中13例行左侧胸廓内动脉游离,1例行双侧胸廓内动脉游离,1例行对侧胸廓内动脉游离。游离结束后,沿左胸前第4肋间行长度为6cm小切口开胸,13例于心脏跳动下行胸廓内动脉和前降支的吻合,2例同时吻合对角支或回旋支。其中1例是完全机器人不停跳下冠状动脉旁路移植术。结果所有患者均成功接受胸廓内动脉游离,无胸廓内动脉损伤及术式的转变。胸廓内动脉和前降支、对角支和回旋支吻合后桥血流良好。术中平均出血量80ml,平均ICU时间20h,术后恢复好。结论全机器人不开胸胸廓内动脉游离技术精细、安全,不停跳下冠状动脉移植术效果确实、可靠,术后效果良好。