骨盆骨折腹膜后大出血的诊治

目的 探讨骨盆骨折合并腹膜后大出血的诊治。方法 救治方法除常规输血补液外，主要是采用经导管动脉栓塞术(Transcatheter Arterial Embolization TAE)，抢救成功后采用切开复位内固定术治疗骨盆骨折。结果 在30例中仅2例死亡。经动脉栓塞及切开复位内固定治疗，随访半年～5年，90％以上的患者恢复原工作。结论 对于合并大出血休克的病人，在常规抗休克治疗的同时，采用经导管动脉栓塞术是安全有效的治疗方法。     

应用血管栓塞术治疗骨盆骨折大出血

在收治的２７例骨盆骨折中，对其中１８例重症骨盆骨折进行了动脉造影，发现有１１例存在造影剂血管外漏现象，对这类病例行经导管动脉栓塞术。１１例入院时均处于低血容量休克状态，年龄１８～７６岁，平均３８岁。因合并其它损伤，除３例在开腹、开胸术后行血管栓塞术外，另８例均在入院１．５～２．５小时内行血管栓塞术，术后血压稳定上升，除２例死于合并症外，其余都得到了有效的抢救而治愈。作者认为：对骨盆骨折引起盆腔内具有丰富侧支循环的小动脉的出血来讲，经导管动脉栓塞术是有效的手段。     

经导管出血动脉栓塞术对重症急性胰腺炎并发腹腔内大出血诊治体会

目的总结经导管出血动脉栓塞术(transcatheter arterial embolization,TAE)对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发腹腔内大出血的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析本胰腺外科中心2000年1月至2003年1月间19例SAP并发腹腔内大出血病人经TAE诊治的临床资料。结果TAE止血近期成功率89.5%(17/19),再出血发生率36.8%(7/19),再次TAE止血成功率71.4%(5/7)。结论SAP并发腹腔内大出血多为腐蚀性/感染性动脉瘤破裂出血,主要出血血管为脾动脉和胃十二指肠动脉;就紧急止血而言,TAE最有效;对于TAE止血失败或止血后复发出血者手术止血是必要的。     

经导管动脉栓塞术在泌尿生殖道损伤大出血中的应用

骨盆骨折常伴有严重合并症,而且常较骨折本身更为严重,当损伤盆腔内血管时常可导致患者死亡。因此早期快速、有效的止血措施及对其它脏器损伤的判断尤为重要。1999年1月至2002年12月,本院在数字减影血管造影(digitalsubstractionangiography,DSA)下,经导管动脉栓塞介入技术(transcatheterarterialembolization,TAE)治疗骨盆骨折合并生殖道损伤导致大出血休克患者5例,取得了满意临床效果。现报道如下。1临床资料1.1一般资料:本组5例,女性,年龄22～37岁。损伤原因:车祸3例,高空坠落2例。损伤类型:2例单纯耻骨联合分离、耻骨支骨折伴阴道尿…     

介入治疗骨盆骨折大出血(附44例报告)

目的 探讨介入栓塞髂内动脉治疗骨盆骨折大出血的可行性。方法 对44例骨盆骨折大出血合并失血性休克的患者进行动脉造影,发现41例髂内动脉或其分支出血,并对出血动脉进行了栓塞。结果 41例髂内动脉栓塞中39例成功,2例栓塞成功后血压又下降,终因失血性休克而死亡。结论 介入栓塞出血血管是治疗骨盆骨折大出血行之有效的措施,具有快速、准确、干扰小的优点。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发腹腔内大出血行TAE患者的护理

对19例重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）并发腹腔内大出血行经导管出血动脉栓塞术（TAE）的患者予术前、术后严密观察出血情况，严密监测生命体征变化，绝对卧床休息，迅速补充血容量，积极抗休克．加强并发症的观察及护理等。结果成功止血17例，死亡2例。提示科学的护理是SAP并发腹腔内大出血行TAE成功的重要保障。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发腹腔内大出血行TAE患者的护理

对19例重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发腹腔内大出血行经导管出血动脉栓塞术(TAE)的患者予术前、术后严密观察出血情况,严密监测生命体征变化,绝对卧床休息,迅速补充血容量,积极抗体克,加强并发症的观察及护理等.结果 成功止血17例,死亡2例.提示科学的护理是SAP并发腹腔内大出血行TAE成功的重要保障.     

骨盆骨折出血及其治疗

骨盆骨折合并大出血是早期致死的主要原因。出血来源主要为静脉性渗血，仅少数由较粗的知名动脉损伤所致，出血的性质和程度与骨盆骨折的类型和严重程度有关。治疗包括抗休克裤、输液、外固定架、动脉造影栓塞等。     

Treatment Outcomes of Open Pelvic Fractures Associated with Extensive Perineal Injuries

Background

The main causes of death in patients with open pelviperineal injuries are uncontrollable bleeding and pelvic sepsis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the management outcomes of open pelvic fractures associated with extensive perineal injuries.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 15 cases with open pelvic fractures associated with extensive perineal injuries (urethral and anal canal laceration) admitted between August 2006 and September 2010. Mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score, associated injuries, hemodynamic status on arrival, resuscitation and transfusion requirements, operative techniques, intra- and postoperative complications, length of intensive care unit and hospital stay, and mortality were recorded in a computerised database for further evaluation and analysis.

Results

The male to female ratio was 12:3 with an average age of 38.6 years (ranged, 11 to 65 years). The average packed red blood cell units used were 8 units (ranged, 4 to 21 units). All patients were initially transferred to the operating room for colostomy, radical debridement and fixation of the pelvic fracture by an external fixator. One patient had acute renal failure, which improved with medical treatment and 2 patients (13.3%) died, one with type III anteroposterior compression fracture due to hemorrhagic shock and the other due to septicemia.

Conclusions

Open pelvic fractures with extensive perineal injuries are associated with high mortality rates. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including reanimation, colostomy, cystostomy, vigorous and repeated irrigation and debridement, and fixation by an external fixator can improve the outcomes and reduce the mortality rate.     

骨盆骨折合并会阴撕裂伤的初期处理

目的 探讨骨盆骨折合并会阴撕裂伤的初期处理措施。方法 回顾性分析16例骨盆骨折合并会阴撕裂伤的初期救治情况。男9例，女7例；开放性骨盆骨折10例。结果 15例存活，1例因严重合并伤，术后11天后死于严重的感染。结论 骨盆骨折合并会阴撕裂伤常需多科室合作，采用多种外科修复手段来处理；稳定血流动力学、彻底清创、局部骨折内固定、及时修复损伤器官、放置多条引流管及选择性粪道转移是初期处理的有效手段。     

不稳定骨盆骨折并存移位髋臼骨折的手术治疗

目的　探讨不稳定骨盆骨折并存移位髋臼骨折手术治疗的效果。方法　本组 2 1例采用联合Tile -Letournel分类法确定并行手术治疗。结果　平均随访 2年 ,骨盆骨折均获复位。累及髋臼负重顶的骨折 17例 ,15例复位满意 ,疗效优良。结论　手术可有效复位固定骨折 ,矫正畸形 ,重建骨盆环的稳定性、恢复髋臼关节面的平整和正常的头臼关系     

Pelvic Ring Fractures: Utility of Clinical Examination in Patients with Impaired Consciousness or Tracheal Intubation

Abstract Objective: To define the diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination in patients with impaired consciousness or endotracheal intubation to detect pelvic ring fractures and to identify those with severe bleeding. Methods: Included in this prospective data collection with retrolective data analysis were a consecutive series of blunt trauma victims with either a Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 13 or tracheal intubation. Clinical examination comprised testing for stability of the iliac wings. Results: From 784 subjects (injury severity score 23.3 ± 17.4) 93 patients (11.9%) were found to have a pelvic ring fracture. Clinical instability of the pelvic ring was found in 42 patients. There was only one false positive. Fifty-two fractures could not be identified by clinical examination, including nine fractures (17%) that required surgical fracture stabilization (sensitivity of clinical examination 44.1%). Seventeen fractures (18.3%) were associated with a blood loss larger than 20% of circulating blood volume. Sixteen of those were identified by clinical instability of the pelvic ring (sensitivity 94.1%, specificity 97.0%, positive predictive value 38.1%, negative predictive value 99.9%). Conclusions: Clinical examination for stability of the pelvis in this selected group of patients missed a significant number of pelvic ring fractures including fractures that require surgical stabilization. The finding of a clinically unstable identifies most of the patients with the pelvic ring fracture being a major source of bleeding. A stable pelvis makes pelvic ring fracture as being the source of bleeding quite unlikely.     

骨盆骨折合并骶丛神经损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨骨盆骨折合并腰骶丛神经损伤治疗的方法.方法回顾本组病例按Denis分类将骨盆骨折中骶骨骨折分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ区,分析骨盆骨折合并腰骶丛神经损伤的临床特点及治疗效果.结果22例骨盆骨折合并腰骶丛神经损伤,随访6个月～5年.7例Ⅰ型骶骨骨折合并腰骶丛神经损伤,6例完全恢复正常,1例部分恢复;10例Ⅱ型骶骨骨折合并腰骶丛神经损伤,6例恢复正常,3例部分恢复,1例未恢复;5例Ⅲ型骶骨骨折合并腰骶丛神经损伤,2例恢复正常,2例部分恢复,1例未恢复.结论对于骨盆骨折并腰骶丛神经损伤的患者实施积极复位及内固定治疗,是非常重要的一环.有明显骨块压迫者,宜行神经探查松解术.     

Management of Morel-Lavallee Lesion Associated with Pelvic and/or Acetabular Fractures

Objective  Management of Morel-Lavallee soft tissue lesion (MLL) in patients with associated pelvic and/or acetabular fractures is still under discussion. Especially, the sequence of treatment of MLL soft tissue management and osteosynthesis of pelvic and acetabular injury remains controversial. Methods  We report all consecutive patients with MLL associated with pelvic ring and/or acetabular fractures during an 8-year period at our hospital. Surgical access and techniques were analyzed concerning complications and outcome. Results  Altogether, 20 patients were included in the study. One patient was treated conservatively and MLL healed without complications; 19 patients had an operative treatment of MLL. In 15 patients debridement was performed within one day after injury and in four patients with delay of 5 days at least. Ten patients had surgery for an associated pelvic ring or acetabular fracture. In four of them MLL was operated before, in six patients simultaneously to osteosynthesis. In three patients, the same surgical approach for osteosynthesis and debridement of MLL was used; none of them showed postoperative complications. Altogether, in nine operated patients (47.4%) MLL healed without any complications. Nine operated patients presented prolonged wound healing, however, during long term follow-up, all patients showed complete healing of the MLL. One patient died during resuscitive surgical procedures. Conclusions  We recommend debridement for early and delayed treatment of MLL. Osteosynthesis during first debridement may be performed without adverse outcome. Identical surgical access for both procedures can be used. In case of repeated surgical debridement VAC^? therapy may be a helpful tool for dead space reduction and wound conditioning.     

骨盆前环后环骨折与骨盆动脉损伤的相关性研究

目的探讨骨盆骨折X线表现与骨盆动脉损伤的关系及诊断、治疗方法。方法自1999年1月~2003年10月,收治55例骨盆骨折合并血管损伤,入院时均处于休克状态,收缩压小于90mmHg,脉率大于120次/min。输血量400~10800ml,平均2886ml。入院后常规摄骨盆后前位、出口位及入口位X线片,经输血和抗休克治疗后,血压不升或升后又下降,排除其他部位出血后即行髂动脉造影,并行动脉栓塞。患者ISS评分平均39±16。根据X线表现分为后环骨折21例,前环骨折12例,髋臼骨折6例,混合骨折16例。结果55例髂内动脉造影患者,50例为髂内动脉及其分支损伤出血,行血管栓塞,4例髂外动脉损伤,3例血栓形成,1例破裂;1例髂总动脉血栓形成。3例死亡,成功率94.55%。损伤最多的血管是臀上动脉(32.56%),其次是骶外侧动脉及髂腰动脉。后环骨盆骨折损伤血管64支,主要臀上动脉、骶外侧动脉及髂腰动脉,前环骨折损伤血管17支,主要为闭孔动脉。混合骨折平均输血3876ml±1068ml。结论根据骨盆骨折X线表现可预测血管损伤类型,后环骨折容易引起臀上动脉、骶外侧动脉及髂腰动脉损伤,前环骨折易损伤闭孔动脉,其中最易损伤的是臀上动脉。髂内动脉造影及动脉栓塞是较好的诊断及治疗方法。     

外固定技术在不稳定性骨盆骨折治疗中的应用

目的探讨外固定技术在不稳定性骨盆骨折治疗中应用的可行性和优越性。方法 2006年10月～2012年6月,采用外固定架技术对28例不稳定性骨盆骨折进行固定,同期或分期处理合并损伤、抗休克治疗,并对其疗效进行观察。结果 28例随访4～30个月,平均14.5月,无死亡,骨盆骨折愈合良好。根据Matta评定标准,优21例,良5例,可2例,差0例,优良率93%（26/28）。结论早期采取外固定技术治疗Tile B、C型骨盆骨折简单易行,安全可靠,能有效增强骨盆的稳定性,控制骨盆容积,减少出血,缓解疼痛,利于抗休克治疗。     

C型骨盆骨折的手术内固定治疗

目的　探讨开放复位内固定治疗严重不稳定骨盆骨折的疗效。方法　对 2 8例严重不稳定骨盆骨折病人采用切开复位重建钢板内固定和C型臂X线机或CT引导下经皮拉力螺钉内固定和TSRH系统固定。结果　 2例浅表感染 ,1例神经损伤 ,随访 3～ 36个月 ,无骨折不愈合 ,复位按照Matta标准 :优 2 3例 ,良 3例 ,可 2例。优良率 92 86 %。结论　对严重不稳定骨盆骨折病人采用切开复位重建钢板内固定和C型臂X线机或CT引导下经皮拉力螺钉内固定是较好的选择 ,可以使病人早期康复。     

骨盆骨折的手术治疗

目的 :探讨骨盆骨折各种手术方法的适应证及治疗效果。方法 :选择 3 2例骨盆骨折手术治疗病人 ,根据Tile’s分型及病人情况选择手术方法。多发伤、Tile’sB型早期 (平均 6.2h )行骨折闭合复位及外固定架固定 ,单纯骨盆骨折、Tile’sC型在伤后 5～ 7d行开放复位 ,用 3 .5～ 4.5mm重建钢板、拉力螺钉固定。结果 :本组 3 0例得到随访 ,平均随访 2 3 .4个月 ,骨折均愈合良好 ,肢体功能恢复良好。结论 :对于骨盆骨折 ,无论采取哪一种治疗方法 ,只要适应证选择得当 ,均能获得良好效果。