护理工作中要注意语言交流

语言是人类交往中不可缺少的重要组成部分.语言是交流思想和感情的工具,不同的职业语言具有不同的表达方式.在临床护理工作中,语言是护士与患者之间进行有效的沟通的桥梁.通过语言交流可以从患者身上获得大部分的健康方面的信息,帮助患者解决健康问题,尽快消除患者不良的心理状态.     

浅谈体态语言在护理工作中的运用

在护理工作中,恰当运用体态语言的躯体外观、步态、面部表情、眼神、手势和触摸等无声的表达方式,与患者进行感情或思想交流,对改善护患关系和提高护理工作质量,起到积极作用。     

语言护理在血液透析过程中的应用

语言是人们相互交流和表达感情的最直接、最简单、最有效的方式,语言的不同表达方式、感情色彩、语调的变化等对疾病的治疗起着极其特殊的作用。维持性血液透析患者在     

文化传承与汉语修辞教学——以“中国风”歌曲为例

人类不仅是一种语言的动物,更是一种修辞动物。修辞是主体经验和社会文化因素相互结合的产物,修辞话语通过外在的文化镜像承载在主体心灵世界中,它所反映的文化心理和文化态度凝聚为个体的记忆,这种个体记忆和群体认知模式被不自觉的解释为主体的历史存在和现实存在的一个约定性符号。文章结合“中国风”歌词中的修辞方式和传统文化,探讨在文化传承视阈下修辞与汉语教学的关系。     

语言艺术在护理工作中的应用

语言是交流思想和感情的工具，不同的职业语言具有不同的表达方式。护理职业要求护士的言谈举止，既要有科学性、艺术性、情感性，又要符合救死扶伤和“以患者为中心”的要求，避免因语言的不慎而造成医源性疾病或产生护患矛盾。     

提高门诊护士沟通能力，减少医患纠纷

沟通是人们通过语言及其他信息表达方式,相互之间进行思想和情感交流,以取得共同的理解和认识的行为.在医疗工作中,医患间的这种共同理解和认识尤为重要,而门诊是医院患者流量最大、与患者接触最多的部门,投诉、纠纷较易发生.     

医护语言及在对癌症患者治疗中所起的作用

医护的语言对患者心理有着重要的影响，医护语言的治疗作用，早已被医学界所重视，热情亲切的语言能使患者的病情得到缓解，早日康复。语言是一种内涵丰富的艺术，不同的职业性语言，其表达方式也不同。医患之间的关系应建立在互相平等、尊重、信任与合作的基础上，这样才能有效发挥语言在治疗上的作用。在医疗工作中应该用鼓励的语言与患者交谈，要热情亲切和蔼，要尊重患者的人格，要掌握好语言的灵活性，避免对患者的不良刺激，不随便议论患者的病情和医疗护理上的问题，     

浅谈临床医学语言口语表达方式

临床医学语言是沟通医患双方思想和感情的媒介。本文旨在探讨临床医学口语表达方式。大致归纳为：主动式、启发式、疏导式、保密式。     

医疗服务语言的艺术

作为一种工具和手段的医疗服务语言,因为医学职业的特殊性而体现出较强的服务性、专业性和可操作特征。随着生物医学模式向生物——心理——社会医学模式的转变,医疗服务语言在医疗服务过程中的作用越来越被人们所认识。作为一种文化,它反映了一定的文化背景,而作一种服务手段,它应该成为现代医学的有机组成部分。　　在医疗服务过程中,语言是医患双方沟通和交流的信息载体,也是医疗服务最直接的工具或手段。医疗服务语言的内容和表达方式不同,在医疗服务过程中所起的作用也不一样。除了文化的差异外,由于医学专业的特殊性导致的医疗服…     

科技日语被动句的一些译法

日语的被动句在各类文章中使用得很广,翻译的方法也很灵活。由于日语的被动句不完全等于汉语的被动句,因此,“被”字并不是唯一的表达方式,在语态构成和用法方面都和汉语被动句不尽相同。汉语被动句就其传统用法而言,主要用于对主语“不利”或“受损”的场合,用于中性或对主语“有利”、“受益”的场合较少,其表达方式比日语多样,如使用多种介词及不使用介词的准被动句等;而日语被动句和西方语言一样,其被动语态本身是中性的,既用于对主语“有益”,也用于对主语“无益”或“受     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.