川芎嗪对大鼠肠粘连组织MMP-9、TIMP-1和细胞因子表达的影响

目的:观察川芎嗪对肠粘连模型大鼠粘连肠组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)表达及血清白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及转化生长因子(TGF-β)水平的影响,探讨川芎嗪预防肠粘连作用机制。方法:72只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、手术组及川芎嗪组,每组18只。正常对照组不行手术,假手术组仅行腹腔开关术,川芎嗪组术后每天腹腔注射川芎嗪溶液10mL(净含川芎嗪约0.1g),其余三组注射等量生理盐水。各组于术后第2、7、14天取血,肉眼观察肠粘连的程度分级;酶联免疫吸附法测定血清细胞因子IL-1、TNF-α、TGF-β。免疫组织化学染色加图像分析法观测MMP-9及TIMP-1表达。结果:手术组及川芎嗪组肠粘连程度显著增加(P<0.05),与手术组比较,川芎嗪组肠粘连程度明显减轻(P<0.05)。与手术组比较,川芎嗪组IL-1、TNF-α及TGF-β水平均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。术后2天,与手术组比较,川芎嗪组肠组织MMP-9表达显著降低(P<0.05),TIMP-1未见明显改变(P>0.05)。术后7天及14天,川芎嗪组肠组织TIMP-1表达较手术组有显著增高(P<0.05),MMP-9无明显改变(P>0.05)。结论:川芎嗪可能通过影响血细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α和TGF-β1水平及肠组织MMP-9和TIMP-1表达,一定程度上抑制大鼠肠粘连。     

丹红注射液对单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠Ets-1、MMP-09和TIMP-1表达的影响

目的 观察丹红注射液对单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)大鼠逆转录病毒E26转录因子1(Ets-1),基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)和金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)表达的影响,初步探讨其抗肾间质纤维化的作用机制.方法 SD大鼠60只,随机分为假手术(A组),UUO(B组),厄贝沙坦[C组,50mg/(kg·d),灌胃]和丹红注射液治疗组[D组,7 mg/(kg·d),腹腔注射].手术后3、7及14d留取标本.RT-PCR测Ets-1 mRNA含量;免疫组织化学法测Ets-1、MMP-9、TIMP-1及TGF-β1和I型胶原表达.结果 D组肾间质纤维化面积和I型胶原表达明显低于B组(P<0.05).D组7d Ete-1 Mrna 表达量达峰值并明显高于B组,B组术后3d Ets-1表达开始升高,7d到达峰值,14d开始下降,与MMP-9的趋势一致.Ets-1与MMP-9和MMP-9/TIMP-1比值正相关(r=0.711和0.635,P=0.001和0.005).D组各时间点下调TIMP-1表达(P<0.05),TIMP-1与TGF-β1和I型胶原正相关(r=0.831和0.478,P＝0.000和0.045).结论 丹红注射液上调Ets-1表达促进细胞外基质降解而减轻肾间质纤维化.     

卡维地洛对大鼠颈动脉损伤后MMP-9和TIMP-1表达的影响

目的：观察卡维地洛（CAR）对大鼠颈动脉损伤血管组织MMP-9、TIMP-1表达的影响,探讨卡维地洛防治再狭窄的机制。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠90只,随机分为假手术组、损伤组和CAR组,后两组行颈动脉球囊损伤术。三组均于术后1 d、3 d、7 d、14 d、28 d处死大鼠。光镜下观察血管损伤后内膜增生情况,用免疫组化和RT-PCR法检测MMP-9、TIMP-1在各组术后不同时间点的表达情况。结果：与损伤组比较,术后14 d CAR组内膜面积、内膜与中膜面积比值显著减少,管腔面积显著扩大（P〈0.05）;与损伤组比较,CAR组术后3-14d MMP-9表达显著减少（P〈0.05）,而TIMP-1表达无显著变化。结论：卡维地洛有效抑制大鼠颈动脉损伤后MMP-9表达,抑制了VSMCs迁移、增殖,改善了细胞外基质的合成与降解平衡,从而减轻再狭窄。     

甲磺酸伊马替尼抑制博莱霉素诱导小鼠肺纤维化的作用机制

目的:观察甲磺酸伊马替尼(以下简称伊马替尼)对博莱霉素诱导的小鼠肺纤维化的干预作用,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法:C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、地塞米松组和伊马替尼组(n=30)。采用博莱霉素制备小鼠肺纤维化模型,分别于术后第7、14、21天各处死10只小鼠,免疫组化半定量分析各组肺组织转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、基质金属蛋白酶 1(MMP-1)、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂 1 (TIMP-1)表达的变化,并作相关性分析。结果:与模型组比较,伊马替尼组、地塞米松组肺组织TIMP-1、MMP-1、TGF-β1表达均降低(P<0.01)。TIMP-1表达与TGF-β1呈正相关(r=0.243,P=0.004);除正常对照组外,其余3组MMP-1表达与TIMP-1表达呈负相关(r=-0.291,P＜0.000 1)。结论:甲磺酸伊马替尼可能通过下调TGF-β1抑制TIMP-1表达,从而相对上调MMP-1,维持TIMP-1/MMP-1平衡,抑制博莱霉素诱导的小鼠肺纤维化,作用效果与地塞米松类似。     

MMP-1及TIMP-1在大鼠肠粘连组织中的表达及其意义

目的通过大鼠肠粘连动物模型,检测基质金属蛋白酶-1（MMP-1）和基质金属蛋白酶抑制物-1（TIMP-1）在肠粘连组织及正常组织中的表达,研究MMP-1和TIMP-1在肠粘连发病中的作用。方法选取SD雄性大鼠70只随机分为3组：10只作为正常组;观察组30只刮伤其回肠浆膜,创面滴无水酒精,钳夹盲肠系膜动脉制成损伤性肠粘连模型;对照组30只大鼠与观察组一样麻醉、开腹,但不动肠组织,直接关腹。观察组及对照组分别于造模后2、7、14d3个时相点各取10只大鼠,处死并分别取小肠浆膜层浆膜粘连面组织,应用免疫组化和图像分析的方法测定MMP-1和TIMP-1在肠粘连组织及正常肠组织中的蛋白表达。结果 （1）造模术后2d,观察组中MMP-1和TIMP-1的含量均升高（P均〈0.01）,MMP-1升至峰值。（2）造模术后7d,观察组MMP-1含量降低,而TIMP-1的含量升高至峰值,与术后2d及对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.01）。（3）造模术后14d,观察组MMP-1、TIMP-1的含量均下降,与术后2、7d及对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.01）。（4）对照组各时相点两两比较,无明显差异（P均〉0.05）。结论 MMP-1、TIMP-1的活性变化是肠粘连形成的重要调节因素之一。     

辛伐他汀对颈总动脉损伤大鼠血管基质金属蛋白酶-2与基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子-2表达的影响

目的观察辛伐他汀对颈总动脉损伤大鼠血管壁基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)及其特异性的抑制剂基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子-2(TIMP-2)表达的影响。方法取18只大鼠采用颈总动脉挤压术制备血管狭窄模型,设假手术组、手术组和辛伐他汀组,每组6只大鼠。术后14 d观察颈总动脉形态学变化,胶原纤维的改变,免疫组织化学方法观察颈总动脉MMP-2及TIMP-2的表达。结果假手术组颈总动脉各层结构正常,清晰,无明显的胶原纤维沉积及血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖迁移;手术组大鼠颈总动脉中胶原纤维大量增多沉积,VSMC增殖迁移;辛伐他汀组胶原纤维沉积程度降低,VSMC增殖迁移程度也降低。与假手术组相比,手术组MMP-2与TIMP-2表达的平均光密度值升高,MMP-2/TIMP-2比值降低,差别均有统计学意义(P<0.01);与手术组相比,辛伐他汀组MMP-2与TIMP-2表达的平均光密度值降低,MMP-2/TIMP-2比值升高(P<0.01)。结论 MMP-2/TIMP-2比值降低是导致胶原纤维沉积进而引起术后血管再狭窄的重要因素,辛伐他汀能通过提高MMP-2/TIMP-2比值,减轻血管再狭窄的程度。     

卡维地洛抑制大鼠颈动脉损伤后MMP-2和IGF-1的表达

目的 观察卡维地洛(CAR)对大鼠颈动脉损伤血管组织基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(1GF-1)表达的影响,探讨卡维地洛防治再狭窄的机制.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠90只,随机分为假手术组、损伤组和CAR组,后两组行颈动脉球囊损伤术.3组均于术后1d、3d、7d、14d、28 d处死大鼠.光镜下观察血管损伤后内膜增生情况,用免疫组化和RT-PCR法检测MMP-2和IGF-1在各组术后不同时间点的表达情况.结果 与损伤组比较,术后14 d CAR组内膜面积、内膜与中膜面积比值显著减少,管腔面积显著扩大(P＜0.05);与损伤组比较,CAR组术后3～14d MMP-2表达显著减少(P＜0.05),7 ～ 28 d IGF-1表达显著降低(P＜0.05).结论 卡维地洛能有效抑制大鼠颈动脉损伤后MMP-2和IGF-1的表达,抑制血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)迁移、增殖,降低内膜增生,从而减轻再狭窄.     

健脾益肺Ⅱ号对熏烟联合脂多糖诱导大鼠炎症因子及金属蛋白酶表达的影响

[目的]通过观察健脾益肺Ⅱ号对熏烟联合脂多糖诱导的大鼠肺组织基质转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和组织金属蛋白酶抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)以及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白介素(IL-8)表达的影响,以探讨健脾益肺Ⅱ号协调气道损伤、修复平衡以及减少气道重构的作用机制,从而阐明该方防治慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)气道损伤的可能作用机制。[方法]将SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、健脾益肺Ⅱ号低剂量组、健脾益肺Ⅱ号高剂量组、泼尼松组。以熏烟联合脂多糖(LPS)的方法建立大鼠肺部损伤模型,给予相应药物干预,观察记录大鼠一般状况,至实验结束,采用免疫组化法比较各组大鼠肺组织MMP-9、TIMP-1的表达水平,采用ELISA法检测大鼠肺组织及血清中TGF-β1的水平变化以及肺组织中TNF-α和IL-8水平的变化。[结果]模型组大鼠肺组织MMP-9、TIMP-1以及MMP-9/TIMP-1的相对表达明显高于正常对照组(P0.05或P0.01);健脾益肺Ⅱ号高剂量组和泼尼松组大鼠肺组织MMP-9、TIMP-1以及MMP-9/TIMP-1的相对表达明显低于模型组(P0.05或P0.01);模型组大鼠肺组织及血液中TNF-α、IL-8、TGF-β1含量均比正常对照组显著升高(P0.01),各给药组经过药物的干预后,其含量明显降低(P0.01或P0.05)。[结论]健脾益肺Ⅱ号方可通过降低模型动物肺组织MMP-9/TIMP-1相对表达量,下调血清中TGF-β1的水平,降低肺组织中TGF-β、TNF-α和IL-8的释放水平,减少肺组织反复的损伤与修复过程,从而起到减缓气道重构的作用。     

贝那普利抑制糖尿病大鼠心肌间质纤维化的机制探讨

目的研究血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂贝那普利（Benazepril）对糖尿病大鼠心肌间质纤维化过程的影响及保护机制。方法30只SD大鼠随机分为对照组10只，糖尿病组10只和贝那普利组10只。糖尿病组和贝那普利组采用链脲佐菌素（STZ，50mg／kg）腹腔内注射，建立糖尿病模型。贝那普利组大鼠用贝那普利（5mg／kg）治疗10周。用免疫组化法测Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原，转化生长因子（TGF-β1）、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子（TIMP-1）、基质金属蛋白酶（MMP-1）蛋白的表达：RT-PCR法测TIMP-1、MMP-1 mRNA的表达。结果糖尿病组大鼠心脏指数、心室指数均显著高于正常对照组，心肌间质纤维化，胶原Ⅰ、胶原Ⅲ含量增加，TGF-β1、TIMP-1蛋白及TIMP-1 mRNA的表达增高，MMP-1蛋白及MMP-1 mRNA的表达减少。贝那普利治疗后，上述指标均有所改善。结论贝那普利可能通过对TGF-β1和基质金属蛋白酶的影响明显改善糖尿病心肌间质纤维化。     

蒙药顺气补心十一味丸对心肌梗死大鼠的影响

目的:探讨应用蒙药顺气补心十一味丸干预对心肌梗死大鼠心肌组织中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)与转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)表达的影响。方法:皮下注射异丙肾上腺素(ISO)复制心肌梗死大鼠模型,各组分别灌胃7d后取心肌组织观察病理形态学改变与各因子表达情况。结果:与心肌梗死组相比,各药物干预组大鼠心肌组织病理损伤有所减轻;TNF-α、MMP-9、TGF-β1的表达均有明显下调,结果有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:蒙药顺气补心十一味丸可能通过调节TNF-α、MMP-9与TGF-β1的表达来减轻ISO所致实验性大鼠心肌梗死后的心室重构。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.