腹腔镜与开腹行肝门肠吻合术治疗小儿先天性胆道闭锁效果的对比研究

目的探讨腹腔镜下行肝门空肠吻合术治疗先天性胆道闭锁的效果。方法2003年8月~2005年9月,对26例胆道闭锁(Ⅲ型)患儿在腹腔镜下行肝门空肠吻合术,充分显露肝门,游离并于肝门纤维块处切除胆囊,提起距Tre itz韧带20 cm处空肠,经脐将空肠提出腹壁外并逐渐拉出远端40 cm范围,距Tre itz韧带20 cm横断空肠并封闭远端,将近端与远侧30~35 cm处空肠行端侧吻合,把肠管送回腹腔。将肝支空肠襻经结肠后隧道上提至肝下,肝门空肠端侧吻合。与同期同年龄段34例胆道闭锁(Ⅲ型)行开腹肝门空肠吻合术的患儿进行对照,比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、手术前后肝功能指标、平均住院天数和住院费用及术后转归情况。结果腹腔镜组手术出血量少于开腹组[(15.4±5.0)m l vs(33.8±19.4)m l,t=-4.709,P=0.000],住院费用高于开腹组[(19 153.9±619.5)元vs(15 116.7±898.4)元,t=19.607,P=0.000];两组手术时间、住院天数无显著差异。术后腹腔镜组血清总胆红素、直接胆红素、ALT和AST比开腹组下降明显。腹腔镜组术后切口疝1例;开腹组急性肝衰竭、伤口裂开各1例,伤口感染2例,两组早期并发症发生率无显著性差异(2χ=0.395,P=0.530)。术后4个月时随访,腹腔镜组13例(占50%)患儿退黄;开腹组18例(53%)患儿退黄。结论腹腔镜肝门空肠吻合术治疗小儿先天性胆道闭锁微创效果明显,方法安全、有效。     

腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治切除、肝管空肠吻合术

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆道造影和胆总管囊肿根治切除、肝管空肠吻合术的可行性。方法:34例先天性胆总管囊肿患者行腹腔镜下胆道造影,胆囊和囊状胆管完全切除,经脐孔提出空肠行Roux-en-Y吻合和体内肝管空肠吻合手术。结果:胆道造影显示胆管囊状扩张24例,梭形扩张10例。33例腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,手术时间平均4.2h(3.5~6.5h);1例胰腺内胆总管远段囊肿中转开腹手术。4例合并肝管狭窄同时行胆管成形术。术后5~7d患者痊愈出院。31例获得随访,5~40个月未发生术后并发症。结论:腹腔镜下胆道造影简便实用,对指导镜下根治切除囊肿,避免损伤胆胰管连接部和处理肝内胆管狭窄有重要参考价值。     

微小切口肝门空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治疗Ⅲ型胆道闭锁

目的探讨微小切口肝门空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的可行性和疗效。方法 2008年3月～2010年6月腹腔镜下胆道造影或探查术确诊Ⅲ型胆道闭锁82例,行微小切口肝门空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。上腹横切口,4把S拉钩分别在上下左右对拉,暴露肝门,游离切除胆囊,彻底游离切除肝门纤维块,行肝门空肠吻合。结果 82例均完成微小切口肝门空肠Roux-en-Y吻合手术。手术切口长度平均4.2 cm（4～4.5 cm）;开腹手术操作时间平均71.8 min（55～90 min）;平均出血量8.3 ml（5～20 ml）,无术中输血者。均未放置腹腔引流。术后24～48 h拔除胃管,48～72 h进食。无围手术期死亡病例。术后第2天消化道出血1例,术后切口裂开2例。82例随访6～18个月,平均10.5月,术后4周获得胆汁引流率（直接胆红素降至正常水平或较术前下降超过60%）占69.5%（57/82）,术后胆管炎发作3次以上占29.3%（24/82）。结论微小切口肝门空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治疗胆道闭锁,可以不将肝脏拖出腹腔外进行吻合,避免对患儿循环系统的严重影响,同时直视下肝门空肠吻合可以保证吻合确切在门静脉后方,手术安全可靠。     

腹腔镜在新生儿及幼婴胆道疾病诊治中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜在新生儿及幼婴胆道疾病诊治中的价值.方法回顾性分析2003年1月～2004年8月我院9例新生儿及幼婴胆道疾病腹腔诊断和治疗的临床资料.结果9例患儿行腹腔镜探查,其中胆总管囊肿2例,胆道闭锁5例,胆汁黏稠1例,胆道发育不良1例.8例胆道造影成功.2例胆总管囊肿行腹腔镜下囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合术.5例胆道闭锁中3例行开腹扩大肝门、肝肠吻合术;1例行腹腔镜下扩大肝门、肝肠吻合术;1例拒绝根治,放弃手术.1例胆道发育不良行开腹扩大肝门、肝肠吻合术.1例胆汁黏稠行胆道冲洗术.结论腹腔镜是诊断新生儿及幼婴胆道疾病简单、可靠的方法.腹腔镜治疗胆道疾病具有微创、美观、出血少、恢复快优特点,临床效果可靠.     

腹腔镜肝门空肠吻合术治疗小儿胆道闭锁的临床观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜肝门空肠吻合术治疗小儿胆道闭锁的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析2011年1月至2012年12月收治的12例Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胆道闭锁症患儿的临床资料,分析其术中情况、术后并发症、术后胆汁引流情况及住院时间。结果:12例患儿均顺利完成腹腔镜手术,手术时间平均(3.5±1.2)h,出血量平均(11.2±1.6)ml。无术中、术后(腹腔感染、肠漏等)并发症发生。术后患儿黄疸症状明显减轻,血生化各项指标较术前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:腹腔镜肝门空肠吻合术治疗小儿胆道闭锁安全、有效,术野暴露更充分,可更清晰地显示肝门处的细微结构,如肝门纤维条索、门静脉及肝动脉等。术中不游离肝脏,对肝脏血供、下腔静脉回流影响小,对患儿打击小,术后肠蠕动恢复快,避免了术后肠梗阻的发生,间接降低了术后胆管炎的发生几率。     

完全腹腔镜下Roux—en—Y胆管空肠吻合术在胆系疾病中的应用

目的报道完全腹腔镜下Roux—en—Y吻合术的手术方法,探讨腹腔镜下Roux—en—Y吻合术在胆系疾病手术中的应用价值。方法对103例患者行完全腹腔镜下胆肠Roux—en—Y吻合术,其中多次手术取石后,胆总管结石再发合并胆管狭窄28例,医源性胆道损伤3例,胆总管囊肿24例,肝门部胆管癌36例,胰头癌及壶腹癌12例。所有手术均采用5个Trocar进行操作。首先在腹腔镜下处理胆道病变,即切开胆总管、取净结石;修整并切开损伤胆总管;切除扩张的胆总管;切除肿瘤部位胆管或者纵行切开恶性黄疸患者胆总管引流等;同时为胆肠吻合前做好肝管断端的准备。然后更换腹腔镜位置,于镜下切断空肠及其系膜,行空肠间侧侧吻合。将腹腔镜位置复位,镜下将Roux—en—Y胆支空肠襻牵拉至肝门处行胆肠侧侧或者端侧吻合。最后留置腹腔引流管。结果全组病例均成功完成手术,残余胆（肝）管直径0．4～3．2锄,平均0．9Gin。术后胆汁漏3例,经腹腔引流1周～1个月治愈。2例胆道损伤伴阻塞性黄疸患者,术后均出现应激性溃疡及腹腔内出血,1例腹腔内出血经再次腹腔镜手术止血治愈,另1例经腹腔引流、抑酸及止血药物治疗2d后治愈。95例患者获随访,随访率92．2％（95／103）,随访时间4～93个月,平均48-3个月。胰头、壶腹癌及上段胆管癌患者,随访期间14个月内因转移及消耗死亡,均无手术并发症发生;3例胆总管结石患者分别于术后2、3、5年发生反流性胆管炎,来院经抗炎对症治疗后痊愈出院;其余患者随访期间均无胆道、胆肠吻合口狭窄等并发症发生。结论完全腹腔镜下胆肠Roux—en—Y吻合术是胆道疾病需行胆肠吻合手术治疗的最佳、首选术式,但术者需具有丰富的腹腔镜手术经验。     

肝门胆管切开整形、肝门空肠吻合术治疗Ⅰ型胆道闭锁

目的 了解肝门胆管切开整形、肝门空肠吻合术治疗Ⅰ型胆道闭锁的疗效。方法 1992-2001年本院对4例Ⅰ型胆道闭锁患儿行肝门胆管切开整形、肝门空肠吻合术,对临床资料（病史、体征、肝脏功能、B超、术中胆道造影、组织学检查等）进行回顾性分析,并对患儿的症状、体征、肝脏功能及肝胆系统B超进行长期随访。结果 4例患儿的临床表现均为阻塞性黄疸,B超示胆囊及胆管囊肿均小于同龄胆总管囊肿组,术中胆道造影确立诊断同并发现肝门部肝管和左右肝管狭窄,肝脏组织学改变与Ⅲ型胆道闭锁者相似,术后患儿全部成活,无近期并发症发生,黄疸于术后30-74d,完全消退,术后远期随访患儿生长发育正常,无黄疸,肝功能恢复正常。结论 Ⅰ型胆道闭锁常伴有肝管及肝内胆管异常,肝门胆管切开整形,肝门空肠吻合术治疗该畸形可取得满意的疗效。     

医源性胆管损伤远期并发症五例诊治体会

目的 探讨医源性胆管损伤导致远期胆管狭窄及闭锁并发症的治疗方法及要点.方法 回顾性分析2002年6月至2006年7月收治的5例因胆囊切除手术时胆管损伤导致胆管狭窄及闭锁远期并发症患者的临床资料.结果 5例医源性胆管损伤远期并发症包括:肝总管完全闭锁2例,肝门部胆管狭窄2例,胆肠吻合口狭窄1例.其中,2例为腹腔镜胆囊切除手术,3例为小切口胆囊切除术.损伤部位按Strasberg分型包括:E1型、E2型、E3型各1例、E5型2例.5例胆管损伤远期并发症患者,均于经皮肝胆管穿刺造影及引流减黄治疗后进行手术探查及胆道重建.手术方法包括肝门部肝管成型、肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术3例,肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例,术后均恢复良好出院.5例患者均随访7年以上,未再发生梗阻性黄疸及胆道感染,目前仍在随访中.结论 对医源性胆管损伤导致胆管狭窄及胆管闭锁远期并发症患者,应先施行经皮肝胆管穿刺造影及引流治疗,待黄疸及炎症控制后二期手术行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合.耐心细致解剖肝门、将损伤近端正常胆管组织与空肠吻合及保证吻合口足够大是手术治疗成功的要点.     

腹腔镜肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治疗52例3岁以内婴幼儿先天性胆总管囊肿

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治疗3岁以内婴幼儿先天性胆总管囊肿的疗效。方法2001年4月～2007年3月,采用腹腔镜技术治疗3岁以内婴幼儿先天性胆总管囊肿52例,其中囊状扩张44例,梭形扩张8例。12例（23%）患儿合并肝门部肝管狭窄,行肝管扩大成形术;采用四孔技术和3～5 mm手术器械完成胆道造影、胆囊和胆总管囊肿壁全层彻底切除;延长脐部切口提出空肠,直视下行Roux—en—Y空肠吻合,然后还纳肠管;经结肠后上提空肠的肝支,镜下将肝管与空肠连续吻合。结果52例在腹腔镜下完成手术,无中转开放手术,平均手术时间226 min（160～455 min）,手术中出血量5～10 ml,无手术中需要输血者。1例肝门胆管狭窄的患儿术后胆漏,持续腹腔引流26 d,自然愈合。术后1～2 d进食,无并发症患儿住院3～6 d。52例术后随访3～72个月,平均32.6月,肝功能正常,无并发胆管狭窄和胆管炎,无结石和胰腺炎发生。结论腹腔镜胆总管囊肿彻底切除肝管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合手术治疗3岁以内婴幼儿先天性胆总管囊肿安全、可靠,镜下放大的手术视野有利于精确的手术操作。     

肝段胆肠吻合术治疗肝门胆管恶性肿瘤

肝门或近肝门的胆道恶性肿瘤的最佳治疗是切除肿瘤,重建胆汁引流通路。若肿瘤已累及周围重要结构或转移而不能切除时,则应重建另一通路使胆汁能流入肠道。方法有手术、经皮穿刺、内镜经肿物置管或肝段胆管空肠吻合术等。肝门以外胆道重建的术式已有数种,包括空肠袢经肝园韧带与三级胆管吻合或部分肝切除后与外侧段胆管吻合(Longmire手术)。这种手术可免除内置管的弊病。本文报告了22例肝段胆肠吻合术。该报告中,男12例,女10例,年龄32～91岁,平均66岁。4例曾行其他短路手术,即胆总管空肠     

Early outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for biliary atresia

Aim

The aim of the study was to present early outcomes of the laparoscopic technique for biliary atresia with some technical modifications.

Materials and Methods

We reviewed charts of all patients with biliary atresia who underwent laparoscopic portoenterostomy from July to December 2008. There were 11 patients with biliary atresia, including 5 boys and 6 girls. The operation was carried out using 4 trocars. The liver was elevated by 2 transcutaneous stay sutures: one on the round ligament and the other on the gallbladder remnant. The left and right hepatic arteries and portal veins were dissected and retracted laterally by 2 transcutaneous sutures to expose the liver hilum. A stay suture was placed on fibrotic tissue at the liver hilum to facilitate its maximal removal. A jejunal end-to-side anastomosis was constructed extracorporeally. Portoenterostomy was carried out laparoscopically.

Results

Mean operative time was 245 ± 31 minutes. No patient required conversion. There were no operative deaths. Blood loss during operation was minimal. One patient died on day 65 after operation because of intractable hepatic liver. Follow-up after discharge from 10 to 16 months revealed that 6 patients still survived and 4 patients died. One patient died because of milk aspiration at 12 months of age. Three patients died because of repeated cholangitis and liver failure at 10, 10, and 14 months, respectively.

Conclusion

With a modified laparoscopic technique, good early outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for biliary atresia were achieved.     

Initial experience with complex laparoscopic biliary surgery in children: biliary atresia and choledochal cyst

Background

Laparoscopic approaches are possible for many pediatric surgical diseases, including complex biliary disorders. The authors describe their early experience with laparoscopic procedures for biliary atresia and choledochal cysts.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed with Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval of children undergoing laparoscopic Kasai portoenterostomy (n = 2) or laparoscopic excision of a choledochal cyst with Roux-en-y biliary reconstruction (n = 3). The authors report the operative technique for these procedures and present their initial results.

Results

All procedures were performed with 4 to 5 trocars using 3- and 5-mm ports. Excision of the fibrous biliary remnant (biliary atresia) or of the cyst (choledochal cysts) was performed laparoscopically in all cases. The Roux-en-y limb was created through a 1-cm extension of the umbilical port site. Laparoscopic biliary reconstruction was performed successfully in 4 of 5 patients. In one child, the proximal extent of the choledochal cyst was at the bifurcation of the hepatic duct, and the biliary reconstruction was performed via an open incision with separate anastomoses of the right and left ducts. The gallbladder was used as a handle for retraction of the liver for portal visualization, as in a cholecystectomy, and was resected at the end of the procedure. All children with choledochal cysts have normal bilirubin values. One of 2 children who underwent laparoscopic Kasai has a normal postoperative bilirubin level, whereas the other child did not drain bile and underwent a successful liver transplantation. Mean length of surgery was 338 minutes; mean length of stay was 5.5 days. There were no significant postoperative complications. Cosmesis was excellent in all cases.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic approaches for children with biliary atresia and choledochal cysts are possible. Excellent visualization of the portal structures can be achieved laparoscopically with adequate retraction of the liver. Further follow-up is needed to determine broader application.     

Bile duct size does not predict success of portoenterostomy for biliary atresia

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Presence of large bile ducts (>200 microm) at the portal end-plate has been suggested to predict success after portoenterostomy. The authors reviewed their patients with biliary atresia to test the hypothesis that bile duct size in patients with successful portoenterostomy was no different than in the patients with unsuccessful portoenterostomy. METHODS: The authors reviewed the patients at their institution from 1989 to 1998 who had the diagnosis of biliary atresia (n = 38). A pathologist blinded to the results of the operation confirmed the measurements of the bile duct remnants. RESULTS: Five of the 38 patients did not have a portoenterostomy. They underwent cholangiogram and liver biopsy and were evaluated for liver transplantation. All patients who underwent surgery (n = 33) had a Roux-en-y hepaticojejunostomy. Twenty-one patients had successful surgery (64%) and 12 patients (36%) had unsuccessful surgery. The average age at operation in the successful group was 50.9 +/- 3 days and in failures, 57.9 +/- 4 days (P = .16). Duct size at the portal end-plate was not different between the successes and failures. Two of the patients in the success group had no evidence of bile ducts grossly or histologically. CONCLUSION: Children presenting early in infancy (<3 months) with biliary atresia should undergo a portoenterostomy regardless of the size of the bile ducts at the time of exploration.     

Surgical experience in children with biliary atresia treated with portoenterostomy

OBJECTIVE: Biliary atresia is the result of a fibrosing destructive inflammatory process affecting intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, which lead to cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Without surgical intervention, mortality reaches 100%. The 5-year survival rate after portoenterostomy ranges from 13% to 60%, with approximately 60% of patients requiring liver transplantation at a later stage because of insufficient bile flow. METHODS: This retrospective analysis includes 30 consecutive patients undergoing portoenterostomy for biliary atresia at our hospital. RESULTS: The 5-year actuarial survival of the 30 patients was 68%. Thirteen patients (43.3%) died 3 days to 7 years after portoenterostomy. Four patients (13.3%) underwent liver transplantation 3 to 24 months after the Kasai procedure with a 100% survival. In 65% of patients without presence of cirrhosis, the portoenterostomy was successful, compared with 35% of cases with liver cirrhosis (p = 0.0148). Liver cirrhosis with extrahepatic biliary atresia alone was present in 5 of 17 patients (29%) as compared with 8 of 12 patients (66%) with intrahepatic biliary hypoplasia in addition to extrahepatic biliary atresia and cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS: Portoenterostomy remains the treatment of choice for patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia. However, the presence of cirrhosis portends a poorer prognosis and may be an indication for early transplantation. Cirrhosis is more commonly present in the setting of intrahepatic biliary hypoplasia and may account for the lower success rates of portoenterostomy in this group of patients. Five-year survival of the female patients was 88% as compared with 55% of the male patients.     

Orthotopic liver transplantation for congenital biliary atresia. An 11-year, single-center experience.

OBJECTIVE: The authors analyze a single center's 11-year experience with 190 orthotopic liver transplants for congenital biliary atresia. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Hepatic portoenterostomy generally is the initial treatment for children with congenital biliary atresia. Despite multiple modifications of the hepatic portoenterostomy, two thirds of treated patients still develop recurrent cholestasis, portal hypertension, cholangitis, and cirrhosis. Therefore, the only hope of long-term survival in the majority of children with congenital biliary atresia is definitive correction with orthotopic liver transplantation. METHODS: The medical records of 190 consecutive patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation for congenital biliary atresia from July 1, 1984 to February 29, 1996 were reviewed. Results were analyzed via Cox multivariate regression analysis to determine the statistical strength of independent associations between pretransplant covariates and patient and graft survival. Actuarial patient and graft survival was determined at 1, 2, and 5 years. The type and incidence of post-transplant complications were determined, as was the quality of long-term graft function. The median follow-up period was 3.21 years. RESULTS: The liver grafts were comprised on 155 whole-organ, 24 reduced-size, and 11 living donor organs. Median pretransplant values for recipient age, weight, and total bilirubin were 1.4 years, 12.3 kg, and 13.8 mg/dL, respectively. One hundred sixty-four patients (86%) had undergone prior hepatic portoenterostomy. Eighty-seven patients (46%) were United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) status 1 or 2 at the time of liver transplantation. The majority (15/24, 62%) of reduced-size graft recipients were UNOS status I at the time of transplantation. One hundred fifty-nine patients (84%) received a single graft, whereas 31 patients required 37 retransplants. The 1, 2, and 5 year actuarial patient survival rates were 83%, 80% and 78% respectively, whereas graft survival rates were 81%, 77%, and 76%, respectively. Cox multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that pretransplant total bilirubin, UNOS status, and graft type significantly predicted patient survival, whereas recipient age, weight, and previous hepatic portoenterostomy did not. Current median follow-up values for total bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase levels in the 154 surviving patients were 0.5 mg/dL and 34 international units/L, respectively. CONCLUSION: Long-term patient survival after orthotopic liver transplantation for congenital biliary atresia is excellent and is independent of recipient age, weight, or previous hepatic portoenterostomy. Optimal results are obtained in this patient population when liver transplantation is performed before marked hyperbilirubinemia, and when possible, using a living-donor graft.     

Late-presenting cholangitis and Roux loop obstruction after Kasai portoenterostomy for biliary atresia

Background/Purpose

Late-onset cholangitis is an uncommon complication after the Kasai operation for biliary atresia. Experience with 3 recent patients illustrates appropriate management.

Methods

Retrospective review of patients with late unexplained deterioration in liver function attributed to cholangitis. All underwent quantitative radioisotope hepatobiliary scans to identify the Roux loop obstruction and confirm postoperative resolution. The role of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and computed tomography scanning was reviewed.

Results

Three patients aged 8, 13, and 17 years were identified. All 3 had had a successful Kasai portoenterostomy for type 3 biliary atresia and presented after several virtually trouble-free years with late-onset cholangitis. The radioisotope scans in all 3 patients showed poor tracer uptake by the liver and pooling of the radioisotope at the porta hepatis.Laparotomy confirmed a proximal Roux loop obstruction at the level of the mesocolic window in all. This required mobilization and adhesiolysis and, in 1, correction of an actual stenosis within the wall of the intestine at this level. All patients had normalization of their liver function postoperatively. All are now well and anicteric at a follow-up of 6 to 12 months.

Conclusions

Long-term survivors of the Kasai portoenterostomy for biliary atresia with immediate deterioration in liver function warrant investigation for possible Roux loop obstruction.Resolution of the obstruction allows preservation of their native liver.     

Kasai's operation for extrahepatic bile duct atresia: a cure or palliative treatment?

The only surgical treatment currently available for patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia is portoenterostomy or portocholecystostomy, the Kasai operation. Seventeen such patients were operated upon at the H?pital Sainte-Justine; 11 had bile excretion. Eight are still alive 12 to 60 months after operation. They have good to fair bile excretion. Twelve of the 17 patients had infectious or hemorrhagic complications and hepatic deficiency is evident in 6 of the 8 living patients. The progressive deterioration of liver function in the majority of the patients still alive raises the question of whether the Kasai procedure should be considered a curative or only a palliative procedure.     

Optimal therapy for patients with biliary atresia: portoenterostomy ("Kasai" procedures) versus primary transplantation

As the results with liver transplantation have improved, a controversy has arisen regarding the precise role of a portoenterostomy in the treatment of infants with biliary atresia. The controversy centers around three issues: (1) the short- and long-term survival rates achieved with both procedures, (2) the influence of a portoenterostomy on a subsequent transplant, and (3) the shortage of suitable liver donors for very small infants. To address these questions, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of 48 children with biliary atresia who underwent liver transplantation and compared these results with 35 children transplanted for other liver diseases. As a group, the biliary atresia patients had significantly lower mean body weights and ages and spent a significantly longer time on the waiting list. In addition, significantly more of the biliary atresia patients had undergone prior abdominal surgery when compared with the non-biliary atresia group. There was no difference in the intraoperative variables of mean anesthesia time, mean operative time, mean anesthesia preparation time, nor the mean amount of blood transfused intraoperatively between the two groups. However, when the biliary atresia patients who had undergone a portoenterostomy with a stoma were compared with either the biliary atresia patients who did not have a stoma created as part of their portoenterostomy or the non-biliary atresia patients, significant differences were noted in mean total anesthesia time, mean operative time, and the mean amount of blood transfused intraoperatively. The survival rate of the biliary atresia patients was significantly greater than the non-biliary atresia patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

腹腔镜下肝门部胆管癌根治术中淋巴结廓清方法的探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜下肝门部淋巴结廓清的可行性。方法 2007年6月~2009年6月对35例肝门部胆管癌施行腹腔镜下肝门部胆管癌根治术,探查明确肿瘤可以切除,超声刀将胆总管远端在十二指肠上方离断,远侧断端缝合或圈套线结扎闭合,并将胰腺上方的淋巴结一并切除,将胆总管向前上方分离至肿瘤上方约0.5~1.0 cm,离断,超声刀切开肝十二指肠韧带前包膜,找到肝固有动脉,打开动脉鞘后用冲洗吸引器向近肝侧钝性分离纤维脂肪组织,直至显露左右肝动脉的分叉部,同样处理门静脉,直至显露门静脉左右分叉部,除门静脉和肝动脉外,将肝十二指肠韧带内组织整块切除,完成肝门部肿瘤切除及淋巴结廓清,然后镜下使用腔镜直线切割吻合器(5例)或左上腹3~4 cm切口提出空肠行空肠间吻合后还纳回腹腔,重建气腹行胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合(30例)。结果 35例均在腹腔镜下完成肝门部胆管癌根治术并进行淋巴结廓清。清扫淋巴结8~13枚,平均9.3枚,2例发现淋巴结转移。胆肠吻合在镜下完成,肠间吻合5例在镜下使用腔镜直线切割吻合器完成,30例于腹外吻合后还纳回腹,重新气腹完成胆肠吻合。手术时间3.5~5.8 h,平均4.4 h;术中出血量10~210ml,平均83 ml。术后出现胆汁漏3例,未特殊处理,5~7 d后停止。应激性溃疡1例,抑酸药物治疗后3 d治愈。肝左外叶切除术后第5天出血1例,出血量约300 ml,腹腔镜下探查见肝门处毛细血管出血,圈套线结扎止血,术后10 d出院。35例随访6~30个月,平均16.2月,1例术后12个月因肝转移癌死亡,1例术后15个月因突发心肌梗塞死亡,其余33例存活。结论腹腔镜下进行肝门部胆管癌根治性切除同时进行肝门部淋巴结廓清,是完全可以实现的,但需要严格选择病例以及丰富的腹腔镜手术经验,术后远期效果仍然需要进一步观察。     

Histologic oddities at the porta hepatis in biliary atresia

Purpose

Highly unusual histologic findings at the porta hepatis in 3 infants who underwent Kasai portoenterostomy for biliary atresia are reported.

Methods

Portoenterostomy was performed using a standard operative technique. Serial transverse sections of the excised portal plate were examined by light microscopy along with sections from the distal extrahepatic biliary remnants, gallbladder, and liver biopsy.

Results

Of 61 consecutive infants who underwent Kasai portoenterostomy for biliary atresia, 3 were found to have highly unusual histologic features at the porta hepatis. All had type 3 biliary atresia. Two had hilar biliary ductules lined in part by squamous epithelium, and the third had a focus of mature hyaline cartilage surrounded by perichondrium adjacent to biliary ductules. In each case, these unusual histologic features were localized to the porta hepatis in the region of the transected portal plate.

Conclusions

The presence of hyaline cartilage at the portal plate is likely to be an expression of defective morphogenesis, thus supporting the concept of disordered embryogenesis in the etiology of biliary atresia. Squamous epithelium within biliary ductules might also reflect a similar mechanism but could alternatively be an unusual metaplastic response to inflammation at this site.