反复发作躁狂症与双相情感障碍躁狂相的血液流变学特点比较

目的 探讨反复发作躁狂症与双相情感障碍躁狂的血液流变学特点。方法 对住院患 在三天内进行采血检测,利用电脑对三者血流流变学数据进行比较研究。结果 反复发作躁狂症全血粘度,刚性指数比正常健康人高（Ｐ〈０．０５）,而血浆压积却比正常健康人低（Ｐ〈０．０１）,双相情感障碍躁狂相各项指标在常健康人无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）,反复发作躁狂症全血粘度,细胞压积,低切朱粘度比双相情感障碍躁狂相高（Ｐ〈０．０５）     

奥卡西平和碳酸锂治疗双相障碍躁狂发作患者的对照研究

目的：比较奥卡西平和碳酸锂治疗双相障碍躁狂发作的疗效和安全性。方法：70例双相障碍躁狂发作患者随机分为奥卡西平组和碳酸锂组各35例,分别给予奥卡西平和碳酸锂治疗8周。以Bech-Rafaelsen躁狂量表（BRMS）、临床疗效总评量表-病情严重程度（CGI-SI）以及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效及不良反应。结果：两组治疗后BRMS、CGI-SI评分均较治疗前显著下降（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;两组不良反应均为轻度。结论：奥卡西平治疗双相障碍躁狂发作的疗效与碳酸锂相当,不良反应轻。     

Risk of recurrence after a single manic or mixed episode – a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Objectives

For the first time to estimate the risk of recurrence among patients with a single manic/mixed episode by systematically reviewing prior studies on cohorts of adults, and cohorts of children and adolescents, respectively.

Methods

A systematic literature search up to August 2017 was carried out including studies in which < 25% of the participants were estimated to have had a mood episode that required pharmacological treatment prior to the index manic or mixed episode at inclusion.

Results

Three studies including a total of 293 adult patients with a single manic or mixed episode and three studies of children and adolescents including 126 patients were identified. In the adult studies, 31%, 40% and 42% experienced recurrence after recovery within 1 year, 59% after 2 years, and 58% after 4 years, respectively. In the studies on children and adolescents, 40% and 52% experienced recurrence after recovery within 1 year, 30% and 60% after 2 years and 64% and 67% after 4 to 5 years, respectively. Results from meta‐analyses showed a 1‐year rate of recurrence of 35% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30‐41%) in adults, and in adolescents/children, a 1‐year rate of recurrence of 48% (95% CI: 38‐58%), a 2‐year rate of 46% (95% CI: 33‐60%) and a 4‐5‐year rate of recurrence of 65% (95% CI: 52‐77%; as data from different studies were included at 1, 2 and 5 years, rates of recurrence did not increase steadily with time).

Conclusions

The rate of recurrence is high among adults as well as children and adolescents. It is important that clinicians and patients as well as relatives are well informed about these high risks when deciding to start maintenance treatment or not following onset of a single manic or mixed episode.     

阿立哌唑与氯丙嗪治疗双相Ⅰ型障碍急性躁狂发作的双盲对照研究

目的评价阿立哌唑和氯丙嗪治疗双相Ⅰ型障碍躁狂发作的疗效及安全性。方法采用随机双盲对照研究方法,对86例双相Ⅰ型障碍躁狂发作患者分别进行阿立哌唑(阿立哌唑组)和氯丙嗪(氯丙嗪组)治疗,其中阿立哌唑组43例,平均剂量(18.04±3.52)mg/d;氯丙嗪组43例,平均剂量(369.81±82.43)mg/d;观察疗程均为4周。以Young躁狂评定量表作为主要疗效评价指标。结果阿立哌唑组患者的有效率为84%,氯丙嗪组的有效率为78%。PP人群统计学分析,阿立哌唑治疗急性躁狂的疗效不劣于氯丙嗪。阿立哌唑组的锥体外系不良反应的发生率(19%)明显低于氯丙嗪组(37%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阿立哌唑治疗双相Ⅰ型障碍躁狂发作的疗效与氯丙嗪相当,锥体外系等不良反应少于氯丙嗪。     

碳酸锂单用与合并阿立哌唑治疗双相障碍I型躁狂发作患者的随机对照研究

目的:探讨碳酸锂单用及合并阿立哌唑治疗双相障碍I型躁狂发作患者的疗效和安全性。方法:86例门诊双相障碍I型躁狂发作患者被随机分为联合组(碳酸锂+阿立哌唑治疗)和单药组(碳酸锂单药治疗),疗程8周。分别在治疗前、治疗2、4、8周进行杨氏躁狂量表(YMRS)和汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)-17项评定,采用治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果:治疗前两组YMRS评分差异无统计学意义;治疗2、4、8周后联合组YMRS减分值明显高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);治疗前后两组HAMD均7分;两组TESS评分差异无统计学意义。结论:碳酸锂联合阿立哌唑治疗双相障碍I型躁狂发作较单用碳酸锂起效快,症状改善更明显,且未见不良反应明显增加。     

丙戊酸镁缓释片与碳酸锂对躁狂发作的疗效及生存质量的对照研究

目的比较丙戊酸镁缓释片与碳酸锂治疗对躁狂发作患者的疗效及对生存质量的影响。方法采用入院顺序分层随机法,将120例躁狂发作患者平均分为研究组(丙戊酸镁)和对照组(碳酸锂),在治疗前,治疗后1、3、6、12月末分别用Bech-Rafaelsen躁狂量表(BRMS)和临床疗效总评量表(CGI)及不良反应表(TESS)评定疗效和副作用,用世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表(WHOQOL-BREF)评估患者的生存质量,分析量表中各领域的计分。结果两组BRMS总分在治疗后与治疗前比较有显著性差异(P<0.01),及各因子分比治疗前明显降低(P<0.01),研究组有效率96.7%,显效率70%;对照组有效率93.3%,显效率66.7%。两组间疗效无显著性差异(P>0.05),研究组副作用比对照组少。经12个月治疗,研究组与对照组两组生存质量各分指标均较治疗前有显著改善(P<0.01),在心理领域、社会关系和环境领域三方面,丙戊酸镁优于碳酸锂(P<0.01)。结论丙戊酸镁缓释片和碳酸锂对治疗躁狂发作均有效。丙戊酸镁缓释片由于副作用小,对生存质量的改善更彻底,而优于碳酸锂。     

Outcome following a first manic episode: cross-national US and Taiwan comparison

OBJECTIVES: Bipolar disorder (BD) is recognized as a significant psychiatric condition worldwide, yet little is known about cross-national differences in the course of illness. This information might clarify features of the disorder that are illness versus culturally specific. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify differential and shared outcome predictors in first-episode manic bipolar patients in Cincinnati, OH, USA and Taipei, Taiwan. METHODS: DSM-IV bipolar patients were identified at the time of their first manic or mixed episode and were prospectively followed in a naturalistic, longitudinal study for one year. Patients were recruited from a first psychiatric hospitalization at university-affiliated, urban hospitals in Taipei and Cincinnati. The primary outcome measures were remission, recovery, recurrence and percent of follow-up spent with affective symptoms and syndromes. Treatment adherence was also assessed, as were a number of possible mediator variables. RESULTS: The two patient groups showed a number of significant differences in index clinical presentation on characteristics previously associated with outcome in other studies (e.g., substance abuse). The patients in Taipei showed significantly better outcome on virtually all measures. Some of these findings reflected differences in index (mediator) variables, whereas others persisted after controlling for potential baseline confounds. CONCLUSIONS: The early course of BD varies between Chinese and American patients. Some of this variance results from demographic and clinical cross-national differences in premorbid variables. Other sources of variance remain to be identified.     

利培酮与氟哌啶醇治疗双相Ⅰ型障碍急性躁狂发作的多中心双盲对照研究

目的评价利培酮和氟哌啶醇治疗双相Ⅰ型障碍躁狂发作的疗效及安全性。方法采用随机双盲多中心对照研究方法，对173例双相Ⅰ型障碍躁狂发作患者分别进行利培酮（利培酮组）和氟哌啶醇（氟哌啶醇组）治疗，其中利培酮组85例，平均剂量为4．6mg／d；氟哌啶醇组88例，平均剂量为8．0mg／d；观察疗程均为4周。以Young躁狂评定量表作为主要疗效评价指标。根据人用药品注册技术规定国际协调会议统计指导原则规定，由PP人群统计分析判断是否非劣效。结果利培酮组患者的有效率为79％，氟哌啶醇组的有效率为76％。PP人群统计学分析，利培酮治疗急性躁狂的疗效不劣于氟哌啶醇。利培酮组与研究药物有关的不良事件发生率为60％，氟哌啶醇组为73％，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。利培酮组锥体外系不良反应的发生率（44％）明显低于氟哌啶醇组（58％），差异有统计学意义（P=0．028）。结论利培酮治疗双相Ⅰ型障碍躁狂发作的疗效与氟哌啶醇相当，锥体外系不良反应少于氟哌啶醇。     

Adipocytokines and ghrelin level of bipolar patients from manic episode to euthymic episode

Purpose: Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MeS) are more frequently observed in bipolar patients than the general population. This may result from the differences of adipocytokines and ghrelin levels in bipolar disorder.

Material and methods: We evaluated the leptin, adiponectin, resistin and ghrelin levels in bipolar patients (n?=?30) in manic episode and in a control group (n?=?30). After treatment, the same patients were evaluated again during the euthymic episode. We also measured the insulin, glucose, insulin resistance (HOMA), trygliceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCHOL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) in relation to the (MeS).

Results: When controlling for age, BMI and glucose, leptin levels were higher in the bipolar disorder manic episode group (BD-ME) and bipolar euthymic episode group (BD-EE) than the control group; resistin levels were higher in the BD-ME compared to the control group and it had a positive correlation with Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). After treatment, ghrelin levels were higher in the BD-EE compared to the BD-ME group. There was no difference among the groups with respect to adiponectin.

Conclusions: The present results point that high leptin, resistin and ghrelin levels may be involved in the early pathophysiological process which can lead to later obesity and MeS in patients with bipolar disorder.     

Homicidal ideation with intent during a manic episode triggered by antidepressant medication in a man with brain injury

BACKGROUND: Mood disorders are more frequent after brain injury and both depressive and manic episodes are associated in these patients with an increased risk of aggression. Antidepressant medications are associated with a risk of manic induction. CASE REPORT: We describe a case of homicidal ideation with intent during the onset of a manic episode in a patient with prior brain injury on antidepressant medication at low dosage. The manic episode could have been secondary to brain injury and/or triggered by antidepressant medications. This case raises the possibility of the sensitizing role of brain injury for antidepressant-induced mania. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are needed to assess the role of brain injury as a risk factor for antidepressant-induced mania. Physicians should be cautious when prescribing antidepressants to patients with prior brain injury and inform them and their relatives of the possibility of a switch into mania.     

双相I型障碍躁狂发作患者高尿酸血症发生率及其影响因素的研究

目的：探讨双相 I 型躁狂发作患者高尿酸血症（HUA）的发生率及其影响因素。方法：检测77例双相 I 型躁狂发作住院患者（患者组）和77名健康对照者（正常对照组）血清尿酸水平,同时检测体质量、腰臀比、血压及三酰甘油（TG）水平。结果：患者组 HUA 的发生率28.6%（22例）显著高于正常对照组7.8%（6例）（χ2=11.18,P <0.01）。平均血清尿酸水平患者组（365.19±103.45）μmol/ L显著高于正常对照组（301.77±76.04）μmol/ L,差异有统计学意义（F =25.70,P <0.01）;男性血清尿酸水平高于女性[（381.43±99.02）vs（291.38±70.33）]μmol/ L（F =50.08,P <0.01）。相关分析显示,患者组中性别与血清尿酸水平呈负相关（r =-0.56,P <0.01）;TG 水平与血清尿酸水平呈正相关（r =0.419,P <0.01）。结论：双相 I 型障碍躁狂发作患者 HUA 发生率增加并与性别、血清 TG 水平相关。     

Frequency of manic symptoms during a depressive episode and unipolar 'depressive mixed state' as bipolar spectrum

OBJECTIVE: To report the frequency of intra-episode manic symptoms in depressive episodes, and to evaluate unipolar depressive mixed state (DMS) as bipolar spectrum. METHOD: A total of 958 (863 unipolar, 25 bipolar II, and 70 bipolar I) depressive in-patients were assessed in terms of manic symptoms at admission, and several clinical variables using standardized methods. RESULTS: The frequency of manic symptoms (flight of idea, logorrhea, aggression, excessive social contact, increased drive, irritability, racing thoughts, and distractibility) was significantly higher in bipolar depressives than in unipolar depressives. Unipolar depressives with DMS - defined as having two or more manic symptoms - had more similarities to bipolar depressives than to other unipolar depressives in clinical variables such as onset age, family history of bipolar disorder, and possibly suicidality. CONCLUSION: Depressive mixed state is frequent, particular in bipolar depressives. Unipolar depressives with DMS may be better classified into bipolar spectrum.     

A manic episode in a 64-year-old man: an adverse effect of varenicline

Varenicline is a novel treatment for smoking cessation. However, it has not been well studied in patients with medical and psychiatric comorbidity. We report a case of an acute manic episode in a 64-year-old man with a history of bipolar disorder post stroke, who was started on varenicline. This case demonstrates the importance of monitoring neuropsychiatric adverse drug reactions after the start of varenicline therapy in patients with a current or past history of mental illness.     

Ziprasidone-associated mania: a case series and review of the mechanism

Atypical antipsychotics are now commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, as they have been shown to have effects on mania as well as psychosis. Shortly after the introduction of atypical antipsychotics, several cases of associated hypomania and mania were reported. Ziprasidone is an atypical antipsychotic recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of psychosis. Although ziprasidone has also been shown to be effective in treating mania, it may be associated with the induction of mania or hypomania. We report four cases of mania associated with initiation of ziprasidone, which, to our knowledge, are the first reported for this drug in bipolar patients. As ziprasidone has substantial serotonergic and noradrenergic action, we hypothesize, it may more likely induce mania than other atypical antipsychotics. We advocate future studies to evaluate ziprasidone's efficacy in treating bipolar disorder and caution clinicians that induction of mania or hypomania may be possible with this agent.     

精神分裂症患者与躁狂发作患者父母教养方式对照研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症与双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者的父母教养方式特点.方法 采用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)对43例精神分裂症患者及38例双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者父母教养方式(研究组)进行评定,并与38例正常受试者(对照组)比较.结果 与双相情感障碍躁狂发作及正常被试比较,精神分裂症患者组在教养方式上,父母均表现为高惩罚与严厉、高过分干涉和高拒绝与否认(P＜0.05);双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者组教养方式各因子得分虽低于正常对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 精神分裂症患者父母教养方式均存在多方面问题,可能对精神分裂症发病有一定影响.双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者的父母教养方式可能存在一定问题,需要进一步研究.     

双相情感障碍混合发作血清细胞因子水平研究

目的：比较双相情感障碍混合发作与躁狂发作及抑郁发作患者之间血清细胞因子的水平。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附法测定38例双相情感障碍混合发作患者（混合组）、54例躁狂发作患者（躁狂组）、47例抑郁发作患者（抑郁组）及38名正常人（对照组）血清白介素-1（IL-1β）、白介素-2（IL-2）及白介素-6（IL-6）的浓度;混合组患者于治疗前和治疗8周进行Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD-24）和Young躁狂量表（YMRS）评定。结果：混合组IL-1β浓度显著高于躁狂组及抑郁组（P〈0.01）,但与对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。混合组IL-2浓度与躁狂组、抑郁组及对照组之间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。混合组IL-6浓度显著高于躁狂组、抑郁组及对照组（P〈0.001）。混合组IL-6浓度治疗8周后较治疗前显著下降（t=3.372,P〈0.01）,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（t=1.823,P〉0.05）。混合组治疗前后IL-6浓度差值与HAMD-24、YMRS减分率之间均无显著相关（r分别=-0.211、-0.100,P均〉0.05）。结论：双相情感障碍混合发作可能存在IL-6诱导的免疫功能异常,有不同于双相情感障碍躁狂发作及抑郁发作的生物学特征。     

Dimensionality, responsiveness and standardization of the Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale in the ultra-short therapy with antipsychotics in patients with severe manic episodes.

OBJECTIVE: Typical antipsychotics have their indication in the ultra-short (first week) treatment of severe episodes of mania. In this setting the Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale (MAS) was psychometrically compared with the Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI) to assess its ability to measure response. METHOD: Ratings on patients with marked to severe mania (n = 80) who participated in the clinical trials to evaluate the ultra-short antimanic effect of zuclopenthixol acetate were assessed. The MAS was analysed for internal validity (total score a sufficient statistic) and for external validity. RESULTS: The MAS was shown to have a high internal validity showing onset of action already after days of treatment. After 6 days of treatment 53% of the patients responded according to the MAS but only 30% according to the CGI. The difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The MAS has been found to be a valid scale to measure early onset of action and response in the ultra-short antimanic treatment with typical antipsychotics.