妊娠期输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛9例治疗体会

目的探讨妊娠期输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛安全有效的治疗方法。方法本组9例,妊娠7～34周,结石直径4.5～13mm。输尿管上段结石5例,中段2例,下段2例。合并轻度肾积水3例,中段肾积水6例,合并发热3例。均经保守治疗无效。上段结石1例行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术,2例将结石推入肾盂,留置双J管,2例单纯留置双J管;中下段结石均行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术。结果9例患者腔内治疗后肾绞痛均缓解,2例单纯留置双J管患者有反复发作的隐痛或钝痛,保守治疗均可缓解。结论应用腔内治疗妊娠期输尿管结合并顽固性肾绞痛安全有效。     

妊娠合并输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛的临床处理

目的探讨妊娠合并输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛安全有效的临床处理方法。方法妊娠合并输尿管结石致肾绞痛经保守治疗无效患者11例，孕6～33周，平均26周。结石最大径4～11mm。输尿管上段结石6例，中段3例，下段2例。上段结石中5例单纯留置双J管，1例将结石推回肾盂后留置双J管。中下段结石中3例采用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术击碎结石，2例应用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石。结果10例术后肾绞痛消失；1例单纯放置双J管者仍有间断轻微肾绞痛，服用解痉药物可以缓解。6例未碎石在结石排出前每3个月更换双J管。11例孕妇均较顺利度过围产期，并产健康婴儿。结论妊娠合并输尿管结石致顽固性肾绞痛患者采用逆行输尿管插管或输尿管镜取石术安全有效。     

妊娠并发输尿管结石的腔内技术治疗

目的:探讨妊娠并发输尿管结石安全有效的治疗方法.方法:回顾行分析26例妊娠并发输尿管结石患者的临床资料及治疗经过:患者妊娠11～36周,结石最大径6～14 mm;输尿管上段结石6例,中段结石8例,下段结石12例(含1例双侧输尿管下段结石).22例通过B超检查明确诊断.行经尿道输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石24例,单纯留置双J管2例.结果:26例患者肾绞痛、发热、无尿等症状均完全消失,结石一次取净者20例;残留结石并发肾结石者6例,留置双J管,于产后行ESWL治疗.未发生流产或早产,无输尿管穿孔等并发症.结论:采用逆行输尿管插管或输尿管镜取石术治疗妊娠并发输尿管结石患者安全有效.     

妊娠合并输尿管结石急诊腔内镜治疗体会

目的探讨妊娠合并输尿管结石急诊的腔内镜治疗的安全性和有效性。方法自2001年9月～2006年4月,对11例妊娠合并输尿管结石急症的患者行急诊腔内镜治疗进行回顾性分析。结果所有患者的肾绞痛、发热等急症症状经治疗后完全消失。结石一次取净者8例。残留结石者3例,留置双J管至分娩后。无发生先兆流产或早产等情况,所有11例患者均顺利生产,婴儿健康。无输尿管穿孔及其他并发症。结论经尿道输尿管镜腔内技术治疗妊娠合并输尿管结石阻塞是安全和有效的。     

经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗妊娠合并输尿管结石17例报告

目的：探讨经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗妊娠合并输尿管结石的安全性及疗效。方法：回顾性分析2010年1月～2012年6月处理的妊娠合并输尿管结石患者17例,其中早孕、中孕、晚孕分别为9例、5例、3例,平均妊娠期为22周。单侧输尿管结石14例,输尿管结石合并肾结石2例,双侧输尿管结石1例。17例患者经过积极保守治疗后效果不佳,在连续硬膜外麻醉下行输尿管镜钬激光碎石术,均留置输尿管支架管。结果：17例患者经手术治疗,症状明显缓解,无妇产科及泌尿科相关的手术并发症,均顺利度过妊娠期及围生期,分娩出正常胎儿。待分娩结束后拔出留置的输尿管支架管。结论：妊娠合并输尿管结石患者应接受积极主动的处理;经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石术是其安全有效的治疗措施之一。     

内镜下急诊治疗妊娠输尿管结石梗阻肾绞痛36例

目的探讨内镜急诊治疗妊娠输尿管结石梗阻引起肾绞痛的临床效果。方法 2013年5月～2016年5月在Wolf F6/7.5硬质输尿管镜下采用科医人钬激光机治疗妊娠输尿管结石急性梗阻肾绞痛36例,其中输尿管镜取石术6例,30例局麻下输尿管镜经尿道沿导丝置入双J管做内引流(1例因置管失败先行肾造瘘)。结果 36例内镜治疗后肾绞痛未再发作,感染控制好转,所有孕妇及胎儿稳定。6例输尿管镜取石术分娩后4～5周局麻内镜下拔除输尿管支架管。30例置管患者分娩后1～2个月治疗输尿管结石,其中输尿管结石自行排出10例,体外冲击波碎石12例,钬激光碎石术8例,结石治愈拔除双J管。结论输尿管镜取石术、支架管(双J管)置入术急诊治疗妊娠输尿管结石梗阻肾绞痛安全、高效,分娩后根据结石的具体情况治疗输尿管结石。     

双J管在输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术后的应用观察

目的探讨双J管在输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术后应用的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2007年至2008年应用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石168例,术后留置双J管86例,未留置双J管82例。结果86例留置双J管的患者中,2例出现了急性肾盂肾炎,2例出现结石残留,无一例发生肾绞痛。82例未留置双J管患者中,13例发生了急性肾盂肾炎,12例出现结石残留,10例出现了肾绞痛。结论留置双J管有助结石排出,减少术后并发症的发生。     

结石远端狭窄导致输尿管镜碎石失败的处理

目的探讨因结石远端输尿管狭窄而导致经尿道输尿管镜碎石术失败的处理方式。方法回顾性研究我院14例输尿管镜碎石术镜体上行失败患者资料及处理方法,结石长径0.6~1.4cm,横径0.5~1.0cm,输尿管上段结石4例,中段结石4例,下段结石6例。结果 3例行一期输尿管切开取石术,9例行输尿管扩张后二期输尿管镜碎石术,其中6例成功,失败3例改行输尿管切开取石术,另余2例行留置输尿管双J管的体外冲击波碎石术治愈。结论一期输尿管镜碎石术术中镜体上行失败的患者可尝试留置输尿管双J管或结石远端输尿管导管,2~4周内再次行输尿管镜碎石术有望获得较高的手术成功率。     

不同手术时机对输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术的效果比较

目的 比较不同手术时机对输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管中下段结石的影响.方法 回顾性分析自2009年3月至2013年3月在我院行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管中下段结石的77例患者的临床资料,其中26例单侧,3例双侧在首次肾绞痛2周内行输尿管镜钬激光碎石术为A组,45例单侧,3例双侧在首次肾绞痛2周以后行输尿管镜钬激光碎石术为B组.对两组患者的术前感染发生率、输尿管息肉的发生率、手术时间及术后双J管留置时间进行比较分析.结果 两组患者的术前尿常规提示感染发生率有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,但尿培养则无明显统计学差异.两组输尿管息肉的发生率有统计学差异（P＜0.05）.两组患者手术时间有统计学差异（P＜0.05）;两组患者的术后早期拔除双J管率有统计学差异（P＜0.05）.结论 在肾绞痛发作2周内进行手术,可减少输尿管息肉的发生、降低泌尿道感染发生率、降低手术难度、减少手术时间、减少留置双J管的时间.     

腔内微创技术治疗妊娠并发输尿管结石

目的探讨腔内微创技术处理妊娠并发输尿管结石的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析37例妊娠并发输尿管结石患者的临床资料和治疗方法。结果 37例超声检查发现输尿管结石。37例患者肾绞痛、发热等症状消失,结石一次取净32例(86.49%),残留结石者5例(13.51%),5例只留置双J管,于产后行体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL),37例孕妇均安全渡过围产期,无输尿管穿孔等并发症。结论妊娠并发输尿管结石首选超声检查。经尿道输尿管镜腔内微创技术治疗妊娠期并发输尿管结石具有微创、安全、有效的特点,值得临床推广应用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.