自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回输在脊柱侧弯矫形术中的价值

目的探讨自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回输技术在脊柱侧弯矫形术中的临床价值。方法 60例行脊柱侧弯手术患者随机分为三组,每组20例。Ⅰ组:术前自体血小板分离并制备富血小板血浆（PRP）,术中自体血回收,手术结束前回输PRP;Ⅱ组:仅行术中自体血回收,未进行自体血小板分离回输;Ⅲ组:未进行血液保护措施。测定Ⅰ组手动提取PRP中血小板计数（Plt）,于麻醉诱导前（T₁）、自体血小板分离后10 min（T₂）、输自体回收血及PRP前10 min（T₃）、输自体回收血及PRP后10 min（T₄）、术后24 h（T₅）、术后48 h（T₆）各时点测Hb水平、凝血功能、Plt和血小板聚集功能;比较手术时间、术中出血量、术后24、48 h切口总引流量、术中及术后48 h异体血输入量。结果三组手术时间、术中出血量差异无统计学意义;T₃、T₄时三组Plt和血小板聚集功能明显低于T₁时（P<0.01）。与Ⅰ组比较,T₅、T₆时Ⅱ、Ⅲ组凝血功能、血小板聚集功能显著降低（P<0.05）,术后24、48 h切口总引流量明显增加（P<0.01）,术中及术后48 h内输异体血总量明显增加（P<0.01）。结论自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回输可显著改善脊柱侧弯矫形术患者术后血小板聚集及凝血功能,减少术后切口引流量及异体血输注量。     

自体血小板分离-回输联合术中自体血回收用于脊椎内固定术患者的效果

术中自体血液回收能减少异体输血,但因凝血因子及血小板的丢失和破坏,大量回输后可影响凝血功能。自体血小板分离-回输技术可制备自体富含血小板血浆（APRP）,迅速补充血小板和凝血因子,减少术后出血量。本研究拟观察术前自体血小板分离-回输联合术中自体血回收用于脊椎内固定术患者的效果。     

预储自体血和血液稀释回输法在骨科手术中的应用

目的 介绍采用术前预储自体血输血法和血液稀释回输法进行自体输血的初步经验。方法 对45例骨科手术病人采用自体输血技术，方法包括术前预储自体血输血法13例，血液稀释输血法32例，其中观察血液稀释输血组病人术前、术中、术后血液动力学、有形成分和凝血功能变化。结果 术前预储自体血输血组中8例(61．54％)未输异体血，另5例加输异体血；血液稀释输血组中21例(65．63％)未输异体血，另ll例加输异体血，两组都顺利完成手术，无不良反应，其用血量较以往同类手术显著减少。血液稀释输血组术中、术后血液动力学稳定，有形成分和凝血功能虽有变化，但仍在正常范围。结论 在骨科手术采用术前预储自体血输血和血液稀释回输法是安全、可行的方法。     

氨甲环酸联合术中自体血回输在THA中的应用

目的探讨氨甲环酸联合术中自体血回输在全髋关节置换术中应用的安全性及有效性和两者的治疗效果。方法 2019年1月至2020年12月行初次单侧全髋关节置换术患者60例,分成3组,每组20例。A组:术中未使用氨甲环酸和术中自体血回输。B组:术中使用氨甲环酸。C组:术中使用氨甲环酸和自体血回输。通过对3组患者术前第1天、术后第1天和术后第5天的凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血激酶时间、纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体、血红蛋白、血小板、红细胞、白细胞、C-反应蛋白、血沉数值的比较,统计术中出血量、回输血量、术后引流量、总失血量、异体输血总量、异体血输血率,记录发生下肢肌间静脉血栓、下肢深静脉血栓、肺动脉栓塞并发症的数据,分析氨甲环酸、氨甲环酸联合术中自体血回输在全髋关节置换术中应用的有效性及安全性和两者的治疗效果。结果氨甲环酸联合术中自体血回输在全髋关节置换中的应用,可以减少围手术期的出血量、术中出血量、术后引流量、异体血的总输入量和异体血输血率。结论围手术期总出血量在1000ml左右的全髋关节置换手术,采用氨甲环酸联合术中自体血回输,可使大约65%的需要异体血输血的患者避免异体血输血,有效节约血液资源,临床上值得推广应用。     

术前自体血小板分离回输在非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

目的 探讨术前自体血小板分离回输在非CPB下冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG)中应用的临床效果. 方法 32例OPCABG患者采用随机数字表法分为两组(每组16例):对照组(A组)行术中自体血回输,急性血小板分离组(B组)行急性等容血液稀释(acute normovoemic hemodiltion,ANH)联合自体富血小板血浆(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)回输及术中自体血回输.于麻醉诱导前(T0)、肝素化前(T1)、术后1 h(T2)、术后24 h(T3)各时间点记录有关凝血功能的各项指标.记录T2、T3时点引流液. 结果 B组急性血小板处理的全血容量为(1 100±145) ml,采集PRP(166±30) ml,血小板计数(platelet count,Plt)(1 010±210)×109/L,占全身Plt总数(26±3)％.与A组比较,B组T2时点Plt升高明显,T2、T3时点引流液降低、异体红细胞输注率降低(P＜0.05),凝血功能指标差异无统计学意(P＞0.05). 结论 术前自体血小板分离回输在OPCABG中可减少异体血输注量,减少输血费用,降低术后出血量,避免血液传播性疾病及输血反应的发生.     

腰椎内固定术围手术期3种自体血回输方式有效性评价

[目的]对照腰椎开放内固定手术围术期采用的3种自体血回输方法,分析各种自体输血方法单独及联合使用对于预防术后贫血的有效性。[方法]回顾本科2011年1月~2013年10月共179例腰椎内固定手术并采集自体血患者,根据病情需要和医患沟通结果,以有无使用术中及术后自体血回收装置分为Ⅰ组(单纯自体血组,52例),Ⅱ组(自体血+术中回输组,24例),Ⅲ组(自体血+术后回输组,67例),Ⅳ组(自体血+术中回输+术后回输组,26例),对照四组患者输血有效性指标及安全性指标差异情况,进行统计学分析。[结果]各组患者年龄、心血管疾病率、手术时间、住院天数、输异体血比例方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组、Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组、Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组血红蛋白(HGB)及红细胞压积(HCT)术后第1 d差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Ⅰ组与Ⅳ组HGB/HCT术后第1 d差异有统计学意义(P0.05);各组间HGB/HCT术后第7、14 d差异无统计学意义(P0.05);各组术后血小板计数、谷丙转氨酶、总胆红素、凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血活酶时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]腰椎后路开放内固定术前储存自体血患者,围术期单独使用术中或术后自体血回输不能降低异体输血率,因此对预防术后贫血无明显意义,联合使用术中或术后自体血回输对预防术后贫血可能有意义。     

回收式自体输血在骨科手术中的应用

目的 探讨自体血回输在骨科手术中的应用。方法应用全自动血液回收机，收集手术野出血，经处理后回输给患者。结果应用自体血回收，使75．8％的患者避免了术中、术后异体血的输入，术后血液检测及凝血功能指标正常。结论自体血回输可使需输血的骨科手术患者避免了异体输血带来的潜在危险，节约了血资源。     

自体血小板分离回输在Stanford A型主动脉夹层手术中血液保护作用的随机对照试验

目的探讨自体血小板分离回输在主动脉夹层手术中的血液保护效果。方法选取2014年7月至2016年3月行大血管手术的Stanford A型夹层患者180例,其中男123例、女57例,年龄19~69岁,体质量50~85 kg,美国标准协会分级(American Standards Association,ASA)Ⅱ~Ⅳ级。将患者随机分为两组,A组[92例,男65例、女27例,年龄(45±21)岁]采用单纯术中自体血回收;B组[88例,男58例、女30例,年龄(43±24)岁]采用自体富血小板血浆(autologous platelet rich plasma,APRP)回输及术中自体血回收,整个血小板分离过程在肝素化之前完成。于麻醉诱导前(T_1)、肝素化前(T_2)、出手术室时(T_3)和术后1 h(T_4)、术后24 h(T_5)各时点检测血小板及血液凝血功能相关各项指标。记录体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、术后l h、术后24 h伤口引流量和异体输血量。结果 B组急性血小板分离处理的全血容量为(1 305±110)ml,采集富血小板血浆(275±30)ml,其中血小板计数(630±220)×10~9/L,占全身血容量血小板总数25%±5%,血小板分离时间(32±9)min。与A组比较,B组术后1 h时血小板计数明显升高,术后1 h、24 h胸腔引流量、24 h异体红细胞、血浆输注量和异体血小板输注量显著降低(P0.05);B组纤维蛋白酶原(FIB)、凝血速率(CR)、血小板功能(PF)与A组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05);B组术后并发症发生率与A组相比也明显下降(P0.05)。结论对于大血管手术患者,术前急性自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回收可明显改善其凝血功能,并降低了术后出血量、异体血的输注及术后并发症发生率,也改善了患者预后,缩短了住院时间。     

Sonoclot评价术中自体和异体输血对老年人凝血功能的影响

目的观察老年患者术中回收式自体输血前后凝血参数的变化。方法24例择期手术的老年患者随机分为回收式自体输血组(观察组)或异体输血组(对照组)。观察组12例,回输经血液回收仪洗涤处理的自体血;对照组12例,输异体浓缩红细胞。分别取术前、输血前和输血后的静脉血,测定血常规、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化的部分凝血活酶时间(APTT),同时Sonoclot仪测定血凝曲线的各项指标。结果两组术前、输血前和输血后Hb、血小板计数(Plt)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、APTT及PT水平变化趋势相似。观察组的血块凝结速率(CR)值自体血回输前与手术前相比变化明显(P<0.05),但与对照组比差异无统计学意义。两组间Sonoclot仪其他各项指标在各测定点差异也无统计学意义。结论术中回收式自体输血与异体输血相比对老年人凝血功能的影响差异无统计学意义。     

自体血回输对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者围手术期细胞免疫功能的影响

目的：探讨自体血回输对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者围手术期细胞免疫功能的影响。方法：2002年2月～2005年2月，根据术中输血的方式将特发性脊柱侧凸患者148例分为2组，异体输血组(Ⅰ组)42例：术中全部输异体成分血；自体血回输组(Ⅱ组)106例：术中采用血液回收机将自体血回输给患者，使患者红细胞比容(HCT)≥30％，Hb≥10g／L，如果达不到低限，适量补充异体血。观察两组异体血输入量、过敏反应发生率；并分别于入手术室、术后第1天及第5天抽取静脉血，测定T细胞亚群和NK细胞的数量。结果：Ⅰ组平均异体血输入量850±170ml，Ⅱ组中有58例除了自体血回输外补充了异体血，平均410±150ml。输血反应发生率Ⅰ组为26．2％(11／42)，Ⅱ组为4．7％(5／106)，两组间存在显著性差异(P＜0．01)。两组术后第1天CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+／CD8~+、NK细胞较术前显著减少(P＜0．05或P＜0．01)，异体输血组较自体输血组减少更明显(P＜0．05)。术后第5天异体输血组CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+／CD8~+、NK细胞仍较术前显著减少，自体输血组基本恢复正常，两组间存在显著差异(P＜0．05)。结论：自体血回输可明显减少脊柱侧凸矫形患者异体血输入量，术后自体输血患者细胞免疫功能的抑制较异体血输入者轻，术后细胞免疫功能恢复快。     

围术期自体输血综合措施在骨科手术中的应用

目的：观察骨科重大手术围术围术期综合应用自体血回输措施的适用价值。方法：20例骨科重大手术,包括脊柱侧弯矫治术,髋,膝关节置换术等。均于全麻后手术前行急性等容血液稀释（ANH）,采血200－400ml,术中使用洗涤式血液回收机回收术野出血,以洗涤红细胞的形式回输,术后除脊椎侧弯矫治术外,其余病例均回收手术创面引流血经过滤后回输,结果：除3例脊 侧弯矫治术术中输入库血外,其他病例均可做到不输库血,ANH期间血液动力学稳定,术中自体血回收后以洗涤红细胞回输及术后创面引流血回输,均未见输血并发症。结论：应用ANH,术中自体血及术后引流回收的综合措施可有效地减少输入库血。     

小剂量抑肽酶结合自体输血对体外循环围术期凝血和纤溶功能的影响

目的：观察小剂量抑肽酶加自体输血对体外循环围术期凝血和纤溶功能的影响。方法：２０例体外循环心脏直视手术病人，分为抑肽酶＋自体输血组（Ａ组）和对照组（Ｃ组），连续监测围术期凝血及纤溶功能的变化。结果：Ａ组病人在术中及术后ＰＡｇＴ、ＰＬＧ、α２－ＡＰ等均显著高于Ｃ组，（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１），而Ｄ－Ｄ却显著低于Ｃ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ａ组病人术后出血量和输血量均显著少于Ｃ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：小剂量抑肽酶＋自体输血能显著减轻体外循环引起的凝血功能紊乱，预防和减轻继发纤溶亢进，从而显著减少了术后出血和输血量。     

A comparison of autologous transfusion procedures in hip surgery

The risks associated with transfusion can be minimized with autologous blood. The efficiency of preoperative deposit, preoperative hemodilution and intra- and postoperative autotransfusion in reducing homologous transfusions has been demonstrated. There seem to be few studies, however, that compared the different methods of autologous transfusion. This study was designed to evaluate the comparative efficiency of these methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Sixty-four patients scheduled for total hip arthroplasty were randomly divided into four groups: group I--preoperative autologous deposit: group II--preoperative hemodilution; group III--intra- and postoperative autotransfusion; group IV--control. Preoperative autologous donations were stored in CPDA-1 buffer. Three units of 450 ml were requested. A predonation hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of 11 g dl was required. Surgery was carried out in the 5th week after the first donation. Preoperative hemodilution to Hb 9 g/dl was carried out after induction of anesthesia and initial circulatory stabilization. A cell separator was used for intra- and postoperative autotransfusion. Postoperative autotransfusion of drainage blood was continued until 6 h after the beginning of the operation. Polygeline was used for volume resuscitation. If the Hb concentration fell below 9 g/dl in the operating room and intensive care unit or below 10 g/dl in the general ward, autologous blood or homologous packed red cells were transfused. Autologous blood collected with the cell separator was retransfused at the end of the operation and after the autotransfusion period irrespective of the actual Hb concentration. RESULTS. The general data of the patients, blood loss, and Hb concentration at the beginning of the study and postoperatively were comparable in the four groups. Homologous transfusion requirements amounted to 0 (0-1250) ml (median, range) packed red cells in group I (preoperative deposit). 500 (0-2000) ml in group II (hemodilution), 125 (0-1000) ml in group III (autotransfusion) and to 500 (0-1500) ml in group IV (control). In group I 14 of 16 patients, in group II 1 of 16, in group III 8 of 16 patients, in group IV 5 of 15 patients did not require homologous transfusion. The difference between group I and IV was significant (p = 0.004 and p = 0.003). Global coagulation tests, antithrombin III, and total serum protein were comparable in the four groups. DISCUSSION. The efficiency of preoperative hemodilution to reduce homologous transfusion requirements is limited]. In the present study, as in two other recent studies, hemodilution did not reduce homologous transfusion requirements. Autotransfusion with a cell separator can save approximately 50% of the erythrocytes lost during hip arthroplasty and 70% of the drainage loss. The homologous transfusion requirements for the autotransfused group reported here were less than in the control group; the difference, however, was not statistically significant. Patients participating in preoperative autologous deposit did not require homologous blood for hip arthroplasty in 62%-70% of cases in other investigations; in the present study 88% of the patients did not require homologous blood. CONCLUSION. Under the conditions studied, preoperative autologous deposit was the most efficient method of autologous transfusion for hip arthroplasty. It should be employed primarily.     

Use of predeposit autologous blood and intraoperative autotransfusion in urologic cancer surgery.

A total of 20 patients underwent major urologic cancer surgery with the combined use of predeposit autologous blood and intraoperative autotransfusion with the Haemonetics Cell Saver. The estimated blood loss ranged from 400 to 2,000 mL (mean 1,208 mL). Total transfusion requirements for the 20 patients were 85.5 units of which 82.5 (96%) were autologous. Predeposit autologous blood accounted for 53 percent, intraoperative autotransfusion blood 43 percent, and homologous blood 4 percent of the total transfusion requirements. Of the 20 patients in the study, only 1 received homologous blood. There were no complications related to either modality of autotransfusion. Our data suggest that using the combined modalities of predeposit autologous blood donation and intraoperative autotransfusion, major urologic cancer surgery can be performed without homologous blood in most cases.     

Preoperative plateletpheresis does not reduce blood loss during cardiac surgery

Acute preoperative plateletpheresis has been reported to be effective in reducing blood loss and blood component transfusion while improving haematological profiles in patients undergoing open-heart surgery. However, in these studies, the concomitant use of cell saver techniques may have been responsible for the beneficial effects because they remove free haemoglobin and activated procoagulants and, therefore, could mask the deleterious effects of combined plateletpheresis and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPE). In the present study, 40 patients undergoing primary myocardial revascularization were randomly divided into two groups: a control group without plateletpheresis performed, and a second group in which preoperative platelet-rich plasma 10 ml · kg^?1 (PRP group) was collected and later reinfused after reversal of heparin. Standardized surgery, anaesthesia and CPB without concomitant cell saver techniques were employed. In the PRP group, blood transfusion was reduced (1.5 ± 1.3 vs 2.4 ± 1.3 units, P < 0.05) but this was accompanied by lower postoperative haemoglobin concentrations. There were no differences in blood loss (992.6 ± 327.4 vs 889.6 ± 343.7 ml), fresh frozen plasma (2/19 vs 3/20 patients) or platelet requirements (1/19 vs 1 /20 patients). Reinfusion of autologous PRP did not improve platelet count and function, nor tests of coagulation. Fibrinogen concentrations were lower in the PRP group on the operative day (P < 0.05), suggesting increased fibrinogen consumption; and more patients in the PRP group had low haptoglobin levels during CPB (8/19 vs 0/20 patients, P < 0.005), which indicated greater haemolysis in this group. We conclude that acute preoperative plateletpheresis offers no advantage in haemostasis during elective primary myocardial revascularization surgery.     

The results of intraoperative autotransfusion in orthopaedic surgery

Perioperative hemorrhage associated with major orthopaedic surgery can become life threatening. Homologous bank blood transfusion can replace the volume of blood lost but it has serious disadvantages such as the transmission of viral agents, it has an insufficient platelet count, and transfusion reactions are possible. Hypotensive anesthesia, predeposited autologous blood transfusion and intraoperative autotransfusion are used to reduce these disadvantages. This study evaluates the results of 700 patients who underwent major orthopaedic intervention in our clinic between June 1991 and April 1998. Ninety-nine patients had hip surgery while 601 patients had spinal surgery. The autotransfusion unit saved an average of 858.9 +/- 136.8 cc of blood and an average of 1.9 +/- 1.2 units of saved blood was transfused. None of these patients needed homologous blood transfusion. One hundred patients who had spinal surgery during the same period were used as a control group. The control group required an average of 3.2 +/- 2.1 units of bank blood. Preoperative and postoperative hematocrit values revealed a statistically significant difference between the autotransfusion group and the homologous transfusion group (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that intraoperative autotransfusion prevents the decrease in hematocrit values while reducing the need for bank blood transfusion and hence avoiding the risk of transmission of viral infections.     

急性血小板分离回输对体外循环心脏直视手术患者的血液保护效果

目的 评价急性血小板(Plt)分离回输对体外循环(CPB)心脏直视手术患者的血液保护效果.方法 择期拟在CPB下行心脏直视手术患者30例,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,年龄41～63岁,体重52～72 kg.采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组(n=15):对照组(C组)和急性Plt分离组(APP组).APP组在麻醉诱导后行APP,提取富Plt血浆,于CPB结束鱼精蛋白中和肝索后回输,C组不行APP.于麻醉诱导前、术后1、24和48h时记录Hb、Plt、PT、APTT及Fib.记录CPB时间、主动脉阻断时间、术后引流量和输血情况.结果 APP组急性Plt分离处理的全血容量为(1285±185) ml,采集富Plt血浆(192±38) ml,其中Plt计数(817±282)×10/L,占全身血容量Plt总数(21±3)％,Plt分离时间(35±10) min.与C组比较,APP组术后1h时Plt升高,术后24h内引流量、异体红细胞、Plt输注量和异体Ph输注率降低(P＜0.05或0.01),其余指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 急性Plt分离回输对CPB心脏直视手术患者具有血液保护作用.     

A modified collection and rapid infusion system for shed whole blood autotransfusion during aortic aneurysm surgery

We describe our experience in 10 patients (5 males) undergoing resection of a descending thoracic aortic aneurysm or a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm in which a modified shed whole blood collection and autotransfusion system was used. This modification allows several options for the processing and autotransfusion of shed blood: use of the cell saving device or the ultrafiltration of collected blood, and the autotransfusion of unprocessed shed whole blood. Either low dose heparin or sodium citrate was used for anticoagulation. All 10 patients underwent autotransfusion and volume resuscitation with the modified rapid infusion device. Total autotransfusion ranged from 1400 ml to 7843 ml. Ultrafiltration volumes ranged from 600 ml to 1100 ml. There were no intraoperative deaths and no patient reoperations for bleeding. Arterial blood gases, potassium, and platelet counts were all within the normal laboratory ranges. This modification enables the clinician to process poor quality shed blood and reinfuse whole blood, in an attempt to decrease the need for homologous blood products.