长爪沙鼠种群年龄指标的主成分分析

本文采用生成分分析法,对内蒙古地区长爪沙鼠的体重、体长、尾长、颅全长、颅基长、鼻骨长、腭长、上齿列长、齿隙长、听泡长、听泡宽、颧宽、眶间宽、后头高、后头宽15项指标进行了二维排序。结果表明:颅基长是长爪沙鼠雄、雌鼠最具代表性的年龄指标;简易可行指标,雄鼠为体重,雌鼠为体长,亦可用于年龄划分。     

Nutrition clinic: an integral component of an undergraduate curriculum

Piloted in 1972 in collaboration with the University Health Services, Pennsylvania State University's Nutrition Clinic and Consultation Center was designed to provide supervised beginning counseling experiences for undergraduate nutrition students, a nutrition counseling service for university students and area residents, and an applied research program. The clinic program has evolved over time and has received enthusiastic response from students, clients, health professionals, faculty, and university administration. The clinic has now become an integral part of the University Health Services program, an essential element in the undergraduate curriculum, a contributing factor in graduate education, and a nutrition counseling resource for area residents and physicians. The staff has identified several research and communication needs and fostered an interdisciplinary counseling skills research program. In addition, the clinic investment has stimulated more applied nutrition experiences for students and raised nutrition consciousness levels throughout the university and the community. Elements of this model can be adapted to available budgetary and academic resources.     

甲肝灭活疫苗(Vero细胞)在2岁以上中国健康人群的免疫原性和安全性研究

目的比较甲型肝炎(甲肝)灭活疫苗(Vero细胞)与甲肝灭活疫苗(二倍体细胞)在2岁以上健康人群中的免疫原性和安全性。方法采用随机、盲法、对照的设计,选择2 100名2岁以上甲肝易感者,分为A、B两组,按照0、6月免疫程序,接种甲肝灭活疫苗(Vero细胞)或甲肝灭活疫苗(二倍体细胞)并观察安全性;所有受试者于免前、全程免后1个月采血(前600名还需采集首剂免疫后1个月血样),采用间接酶联免疫吸附试验方法(ELISA)检测抗甲肝病毒抗体(抗-HAV),评价免疫效果。结果 1剂后A组抗-HAV阳转率为96.05%(成人)和92.78%(儿童),B组为94.92%(成人)和96.61%(儿童);2剂后A组为99.61%(成人)和99.53%(儿童),B组为99.41%(成人)和100.00%(儿童)。两组间抗-HAV阳转率均无统计学差异。安全性方面,A组不良反应率为32.41%(成人)和53.61%(儿童),B组为35.56%(成人)和53.33%(儿童),1级反应为主,组间无统计学差异。结论甲肝灭活疫苗(Vero细胞)对2岁以上的人群免疫原性和安全性良好。     

Gene selection for microarray data analysis using principal component analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) has been widely used in multivariate data analysis to reduce the dimensionality of the data in order to simplify subsequent analysis and allow for summarization of the data in a parsimonious manner. It has become a useful tool in microarray data analysis. For a typical microarray data set, it is often difficult to compare the overall gene expression difference between observations from different groups or conduct the classification based on a very large number of genes. In this paper, we propose a gene selection method based on the strategy proposed by Krzanowski. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this procedure using a cancer gene expression data set and compare it with several other gene selection strategies. It turns out that the proposed method selects the best gene subset for preserving the original data structure.     

Tuberculosis programme as an integral component of the general health services

A study in rural South India revealed that more than half of infectious TB cases sought treatment, one-fourth were worried, and the rest were conscious about the symptoms. Most of these patients were not diagnosed as having TB and were not treated. These findings induced the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) to give priority to those who have a felt need and to propose that TB service be an integral part of general health services. Operations research conducted about the felt-need component indicated the following: at least 1 out of every 24 persons reporting a chronic cough is a sputum-positive case of pulmonary TB; domiciliary treatment is reasonably satisfactory; in rural facilities, marginal investment can provide diagnosis and treatment of TB; referral is feasible to specialized TB services; a District TB Center (DTC) can cover a population of 1.5 million; BCG teams can be attached to DTCs to further integration; and a state TB center could cover a population of 30 million. An integrated TB program would cost much less than a specialized TB program in rural areas. The integrated TB program could also grow with the general health services, while a specialized program deprives the general health services from sorely needed funds. Organizational efficiency is another advantage, as TB work results in mobilization of unutilized resources of the organization. Some of the sociological consequences are: 1) the investment of efforts for TB work conforms to the importance attached to the disease in the community; 2) taking care of those with a felt need assures better acceptance of treatment; and 3) provision of efficacious services has the potential of reaching 95% of infectious cases by inspiring confidence in the community. Epidemiologically, factors other than treatment can also reduce TB, such as the rise in living standards and the weeding out of the susceptible population over time.     

脑血管血液动力学参数脑卒中预测模型的建立

目的 根据脑血管血液动力学参数(CVHI)和脑卒中的主要危险因素建立脑卒中预测模型。方法 选择全国六大行政区脑卒中研究队列人群25355例，将基线调查时的CVHI检测结果 进行主成分分析，再以各主成分和主要脑卒中危险因素为自变量，以随访中脑卒中发病为应变量进行回归分析，根据回归系数建立脑卒中预测模型，计算发病概率，绘制ROC曲线，确定最佳截断点，评价预测模型的预测效能。结果 四个主成分的累积贡献率依次为58．1％、79．4％、88．4％和94．6％，被筛检进入logistic回归方程的变量分别为第一至第四主成分、高血压病史、年龄和性别，ROC曲线下面积为0．855，最佳截断点为预测概率≥0．05，预测脑卒中的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为踟．7％，78．5％，78．5％。结论 通过主成分回归分析，可以建立具有良好效能的脑卒中预测模型。     

基于生物学原理的农药残留检测技术研究进展

综述了近年来在农药残留分析中应用的一些基于生物学原理的检测技术 ,包括免疫分析法、生物传感器、酶分析技术和活生物体分析技术等。免疫分析法特异、灵敏 ,但农药抗体的制备并非易事 ;生物传感器具有实时、快速的优点 ,但灵敏度和稳定性仍需提高 ;酶分析技术和活生物体分析技术操作简单、成本低 ,可用于急性中毒定性和污染严重的检测。上述技术的共同特点是 ,一般不需大型设备、检测快速、成本低 ,因此 ,在大规模农药残留监测和实时现场检测方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

基于中国人群健康偏好的农村居民生命质量研究—以安徽为例

目的 健康效用值能反映人们对某种特定健康状态的偏好。本文旨在基于健康效用探讨农村居民的健康相关生命质量。方法 利用EQ - 5D - 5L量表对农村16岁以上常住居民的生命质量进行测量,共收集1 045份有效样本。基于我国居民健康效用积分体系计算健康效用值,并采用非参数检验和Tobit回归法探讨不同特征人群健康效用值的差异及其影响因素。结果 样本人群存在问题最多的是疼痛/不舒服和焦虑/抑郁2个维度（分别占42.0%和21.1%）,EQ - VAS平均得分为（83.82±15.36）分,样本人群健康效用值为（ 0.923±0.136）。差异性分析显示不同年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、从业状况和慢性病患病的农村居民健康效用值存在统计学差异（P＜0.05）,Tobit回归显示随着年龄增大,无业、体力活动不足、患慢性病人群的健康效用值降低。结论 安徽省农村居民的健康相关生命质量略低;样本人群的疼痛/不舒服问题比较突出;高龄、无业、体力活动不足、患有慢性病是安徽农村居民健康效用的负向影响因素。     

Randomized comparison of a nutrient-dense formula with an energy-supplemented formula for infants with faltering growth

INTRODUCTION: The practice of supplementing standard infant formula with energy for infants with faltering growth has been widespread. This increases energy density but disturbs the protein : energy ratio, and increases risks of microbial contamination and errors in feed preparation. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of a nutrient-dense formula (NDF) with an energy-supplemented formula (ESF) in infants with faltering growth. METHODS: In an open, parallel, randomized study, 49 infants with faltering growth were randomized to receive a NDF (4.2 kJ mL(-1)) or an ESF (4.2 kJ mL(-1)), for 6 weeks. Anthropometry, biochemistry, feed intake, stool and vomit frequency were collected. RESULTS: No significant differences in tolerance, feed volumes or energy intakes were recorded but the NDF group received 42% more protein and 15-40% more vitamins and minerals. Blood urea concentration in the ESF group fell by 50% over the trial period, suggesting a suboptimal protein : energy ratio in the ESF feed. The NDF group retained a normal mean blood urea concentration, a higher urinary potassium concentration and did not have the significant fall in length z-score seen in the ESF group. CONCLUSION: Increasing the energy content of normal infant formula without also increasing protein and micronutrients should not be practiced in infants with faltering growth.     

C-reactive protein levels determined by an ultrasensitive method in a healthy Hungarian population

INTRODUCTION: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a well-known acute phase protein. The concentration of CRP in serum is increased in response to inflammatory stimuli. Increased levels serve to identify organic disease, to monitor disease activity and to assist differential diagnosis. AIM: The aim of the authors' cross-sectional study was to determine CRP distribution of the healthy Hungarian population. METHOD: 207 (79 male, 128 female; mean age: 4 +/- 68 years) healthy blood donors were enrolled for the study. The following parameters were registered: sex, age, body mass index, smoking habits, diabetes mellitus and blood pressure. Serum samples were assayed for total serum cholesterol, triglyceride, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin and for white blood cell count. CRP was measured by ultrasensitive, particle enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay. RESULTS: CRP levels were less than 5 mg/L in 81% of the blood donors. Mean level of CRP in the study population was 3.57 mg/L (SD +/- 5.33); the distribution was comparable to the data of already published studies. Comparing laboratory parameters and the risk status stratified according to CRP levels (less or more than 5 mg/L) significant differences were found in BMI (p = 0.0015), in total serum cholesterol (p = 0.0136), in triglyceride (p < 0.0001), in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p < 0.0001), in white blood cell (p = 0.0007) and granulocyte count (p = 0.0014). Significant correlation was found between age and the concentration CRP (r = 0.22; p = 0.0011). CONCLUSION: The CRP measurement by ultrasensitive method is suitable for cardiovascular risk estimation in apparently healthy men and women. Risk prediction adapted for the Hungarian situation may be stimulated by these data.     

Beverage consumption for a healthy life: recommendations for the Mexican population

The Expert Committee in charge of developing the Beverage Consumption Recommendations for the Mexican Population was convened by the Secretary of Health for the purpose of developing evidence-based guidelines for consumers, health professionals, and government officials. The prevalence of overweight, obesity and diabetes have dramatically increased in Mexico; beverages contribute a fifth of all calories consumed by Mexicans. Extensive research has found that caloric beverages increase the risk of obesity. Taking into consideration multiple factors, including the health benefits, risks, and nutritional implications associated with beverage consumption, as well as consumption patterns in Mexico, the committee classified beverages into six levels. Classifications were made based on caloric content, nutritional value, and health risks associated with the consumption of each type of beverage and range from the healthier (level 1) to least healthy (level 6) options, as follows: Level 1: water; Level 2: skim or low fat (1%) milk and sugar free soy beverages; Level 3: coffee and tea without sugar; Level 4: non-caloric beverages with artificial sweeteners; Level 5: beverages with high caloric content and limited health benefits (fruit juices, whole milk, and fruit smoothies with sugar or honey; alcoholic and sports drinks), and Level 6: beverages high in sugar and with low nutritional value (soft drinks and other beverages with significant amounts of added sugar like juices, flavored waters, coffee and tea). The committee recommends the consumption of water as a first choice, followed by no or low-calorie drinks, and skim milk. These beverages should be favored over beverages with high caloric value or sweetened beverages, including those containing artificial sweeteners. Portion size recommendations are included for each beverage category and healthy consumption patterns for men and women are illustrated.     

The power of serum uric acid in predicting metabolic syndrome diminishes with age in an elderly Chinese population

Objectives

Although serum uric acid (sUA) is not a criterion for diagnosing metabolic syndrome (MetS), many studies have identified a positive association between sUA and MetS in patients of various ages and ethnicities. This association has not been fully established in the very elderly.

Design

Cross-sectional and longitudinal study.

Setting and participants

A total of 18,906 Chinese elderly aged 65 and older undergoing routine health checkups in Taiwan were enrolled.

Measurements

Modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were used to define MetS. All participants were further divided into nine groups with gender specification according to age (the young-old, 65 to 74; old-old, 75 to 84; and oldest-old, 85 and over) and sUA concentration tertile (males: sUAG1, <5.7 mg/dL; sUAG2, 5.7–6.7 mg/dL; and sUAG3, > 6.7 mg/dL; females: sUAG1, <4.9 mg/dL; sUAG2, 4.9–5.9 mg/dL; and sUAG3, > 5.9 mg/dL). A cross-sectional study was first performed to determine the correlation between sUA and MetS and its components. A longitudinal study then excluded subjects with MetS at baseline to explore the risk of MetS according to sUA levels in 3 age groups.

Results

In the cross-sectional study, we observed a graded, positive association between sUA and MetS components that diminished after age 75. Subjects with higher sUA levels had higher odds ratios (OR) for the occurrence of MetS in the young-old and old-old groups of both sexes (P <0.001) except sUAG2 males in the old-old group. However, the association diminished with age and only a higher OR was observed in sUAG2 males in the oldestold group (OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 1.11–10.30; P = 0.032). In the longitudinal study, the Kaplan–Meier plot showed that higher sUA levels were associated with a higher risk of MetS in the young-old group of both genders (P < 0.001 sUAG3 vs. sUAG1 and sUAG2). Cox regression analysis further confirmed these results (young-old group: sUAG3 HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.42-2.54; P < 0.001; old-old group males: HR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.04-4.65; P = 0.039; young-old females: HR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.38 - 2.43; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Higher sUA levels in the young-old group of Chinese elderly were associated with a higher risk of developing MetS. sUA levels are thus regarded as a potential tool for early diagnosis of MetS. However, this association diminished in those over 75 years of age.