胫骨平台骨折的手术治疗

目的提出一种新的内固定思路,并以此指导胫骨平台骨折的手术治疗,探讨其疗效。方法研究胫骨平台的解剖特点和胫骨平台骨折的大量资料,将胫骨平台分为前内、前外、后内、后外四个柱,选择1～2个明显移位或不稳定的柱予以支撑钢板固定,其余的柱通过支撑钢板的螺钉间接固定来达到整个胫骨平台的稳定。2005年1月至2009年1月间以此指导手术治疗胫骨平台骨折78例。结果 78例患者术后平均随访时间21个月（12～36个月）,骨折X线愈合时间平均为11.1周,完全负重时间平均为11.3周（10～18周）。术后1年膝关节HSS临床功能评分平均87.1分（65～98分）,优良率为92.3%。术后即刻与术后1年胫骨平台内翻角和胫骨平台后倾角度数比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论胫骨平台四柱划分思路有助于骨折内固定的选择,减少术后胫骨平台二期塌陷、移位及力线不良等并发症,但因病例数有限,这种内固定方法还有待进一步检验和完善。     

关节镜在胫骨平台骨折治疗中的应用

目的探讨关节镜在胫骨平台骨折治疗中的作用。方法2003年9月至2006年1月,在关节镜辅助下经皮钢板或螺钉内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折32例,其中合并半月板损伤8例,合并前交叉韧带损伤3例。结果随访10-28个月（平均16个月）,手术效果好,所有患者术后3个月膝关节功能恢复在120°以上。结论关节镜在胫骨平台骨折的治疗中具有创伤小、并发症少、关节功能恢复快的优点,关节镜辅助下经皮钢板或螺钉内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折是一种行之有效的方法。     

胫骨平台复杂骨折的治疗

目的：探讨胫骨平台复杂骨折，即ＳｃｈａｔｚｋｅｒⅣ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ型骨折的治疗方法。材料与方法：自１９８８年收治胫骨平台复杂骨折３１例，经切开复位、Ｌ－梯型加压钢板及拉力螺钉内固定２６例。结果：随访８个月～８年，优良率８３．３％。结论：认为采用切开复位内固定治疗胫骨平台复杂骨折是可行的。为获满意疗效，关键在于：（１）将软组织损伤程度作为选择急诊或择期手术的标志。（２）伴有多发骨折应同时一期切开复位内固定。（３）提倡早期非负重性功能练习。     

三种新型内固定方式治疗胫骨平台双髁四象限骨折的有限元研究

目的 通过有限元分析比较3种新型内固定方式治疗胫骨平台双髁四象限骨折的生物力学差异,探讨最符合力学原理的内固定方式。方法 利用1名健康男性志愿者胫骨平台CT图像数据,采用有限元分析软件建立胫骨平台双髁四象限骨折模型。在此基础上,建立3组内固定有限元模型。其中,A、B、C组前外侧均为倒L形解剖锁定钢板固定;A组前内侧、后内侧重建钢板纵向固定,后外侧重建钢板斜向固定;B、C组内侧胫骨近端T形钢板固定后,重建钢板分别纵向固定后内侧、斜向固定后外侧。于胫骨平台施加1 200 N轴向载荷（模拟体质量60 kg成年人生理步态下行走情况）,观测3组骨折块整体发生的最大位移和胫骨、骨折缝、内植物的最大Von-Mises应力。结果 有限元分析示各组胫骨应力集中分布于骨折缝及螺纹连接处,内植物应力集中分布于骨折块部位螺钉连接处。施加1 200 N轴向载荷时,3组模型骨折块最大位移相近,其中A组最大（0.74 mm）,B组最小（0.65 mm）。内植物承受的最大Von-Mises应力C组最小（95.49 MPa）,B组最大（177.96 MPa）;胫骨承受的最大Von-Mises应力C组最小（43.35 M...     

钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效。方法对65例胫骨平台骨折患者行钢板内固定术。结果 58例获得随访,时间12～15（13.6±1.4）个月。骨折愈合时间2.5～5.2（3.5±1.2）个月。HSS评分85～95分。无一例出现软组织感染坏死,内固定无松动断裂。结论钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折减少了软组织感染的风险,提供了持续的稳定,临床效果满意。但对于并发交叉韧带、内外侧副韧带损伤或合并干骺端骨折的骨折类型仍有其局限性。     

关节镜下多入路内固定治疗复杂粉碎胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜下多入路内固定治疗复杂粉碎胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效。方法对45例复杂粉碎胫骨平台骨折选择前外侧、内侧、后外侧、后内侧及后正中纵形切口,通过关节镜监测进行胫骨平台关节面的解剖复位和坚强内固定,同时修复关节内韧带损伤。结果术后45例均获得随访16-51（25±6）个月。骨折全部愈合,愈合时间14-26（16±4）周。末次随访时采用Rasmussen膝关节功能评分评定疗效：优19例,良23例,可2例,差1例,优良率93.3%。结论关节镜下多入路内固定治疗复杂粉碎胫骨平台骨折可准确评估骨折移位程度,进行良好的植骨及复位并坚强内固定。     

有限内固定联合外固定支架治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折

复杂胫骨平台骨折（Schatzker分型为Ⅴ、Ⅵ）多系高能量损伤所致,为不稳定性骨折,需采取外科手术治疗［1］,但由于骨折的同时常伴周围软组织损伤,治疗难度较大［2,3］。治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的标准术式为前外侧入路或联合后内侧入路行切开复位钢板内固定［1,4］,以便直视下复位骨折块,恢复关节面的平整及正常的关节力学轴线。然而,该方法需广泛剥离软组织,局部软组织损伤严重,术后发生切口感染、皮肤坏死、骨髓炎等并发症的风险高［4,5］。我院自2009年2月至2013年2月采用有限内固定联合外固定支架治疗55例复杂胫骨平台骨折患者,取得了满意的疗效,现报告如下。     

胫骨平台解剖型后侧锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折

目的探讨胫骨平台解剖型后侧锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012-04—2013-07采用胫骨平台解剖型后侧锁定钢板内固定治疗的46例胫骨平台后侧骨折。记录手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、骨折愈合时间。测量术后即刻和术后1年患肢胫骨平台内翻角（TPA）、后倾角（PA）及胫股角（FTA）。末次随访时膝关节功能评估采用美国特种外科医院（HSS）膝关节功能评分系统评定。结果本组手术时间（59.0±14.2）min,术中出血量（96.0±16.7）ml,住院时间（13.6±4.5）d。所有患者均获得随访（16.8±4.2）个月,骨折愈合时间（13.6±2.8）周。末次随访时膝关节功能HSS评分为（89.7±5.6）分,优良率93.5%。术后即刻与术后1年的患肢TPA、PA及FTA的比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论胫骨平台后侧锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折具有内固定放置方便、手术时间短、出血量少、膝关节功能恢复好等优点。     

双钢板治疗胫骨平台严重粉碎性骨折的体会

目的探讨特殊类型的胫骨平台严重粉碎性骨折的治疗方法。方法对胫骨平台骨折中按Sehatzke分类的（V型、Ⅵ型）骨折行双钢板固定：我科在2000年1月至2007年12月：（1）先用克氏针或尖端复位钳临时将平台的各骨块固定;（2）将塌陷的平台复位,用松质骨将平台骨缺损处填充紧密;（3）用克氏针或尖端复位钳再将平台与骨干固定;（4）用两板钢板行胫骨平台内外侧固定。（5）胫骨结节撕脱的平台骨折复位后应固定或修补胫骨结节及髌韧带。结果本组18例骨折术后即开始功能活动,3例用石膏托固定4周后开始活动,随访0．5年-6年,未发生骨不连,其中2例术后切口感染,优良率达90．5％。结论应用双钢板内固定治疗特殊类型的胫骨平台粉碎骨折,固定可靠,且术后可早期进行功能活动,减轻了伤后关节功能受限的程度,同时早期功能活动能增加骨折面的应力,防止骨质疏松,促进骨愈合。     

胫骨平台后髁骨折的手术治疗

胫骨平台后髁骨折主要为膝关节屈曲位受到轴向暴力造成胫骨平台后髁在冠状面上的劈裂,故又称屈曲型胫骨平台骨折.严重者可伴膝关节韧带损伤,此类骨折临床上较为少见.因累及胫骨平台后部,且骨折线常常越过中线累及另一侧后髁,应用常规的前外侧入路和前内侧入路很难进行骨折的暴露和固定,正中切口又容易损伤血管、神经.Carlson[1]、Du Wayne和Carlsont[2]应用其描述的胫骨平台后内侧和后外侧入路,进行切开复位内固定治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折,疗效满意.我科自2001年3月至2006年8月采用后内或后外侧入路直视下复位内固定治疗12例此种类型骨折患者,获得满意的复位和疗效.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.