Pancreatic carcinoma following gastric resection

Summary Conclusion In this necropsy-based case-control study, there was no relationship between pancreatic carcinoma and previous gastric resection. Based on the association between lung cancer and gastric resection, it is suggested that the relationship between pancreatic carcinoma and gastric resection shown in other studies may have been confounded by smoking. Background This case-control study was designed to assess whether in patients dying from pancreatic carcinoma, there is a relationship to previous gastric resection for peptic ulcer disease. Methods By linking the autopsy data base in Malm? with the national Cause of Death Register, we identified 439 autopsied individuals who had died of pancreatic carcinoma between 1970 and 1982. The 21,660 individuals in the data base represent 64% of all deaths during that time period. For each of these individuals who died of pancreatic carcinoma, we randomly chose three controls who were matched for age at death, gender, and year of death. In order to assess the specificity of the assumed relationship, we also used as a control group the 1337 autopsied individuals who had died of lung cancer. Results The prevalence of previous gastric resections was 3.4% in patients dying from pancreatic carcinoma, 7.6% in patients dying from lung cancer, and 4.4% in the age-and sex-matched control group. The odds for previous gastric resection in patients dying from pancreatic carcinoma was 0.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5–1.7] in comparison with this age- and sex-matched control group. The lower odds for previous gastric resection in patients dying of pancreatic carcinoma than in patients dying of lung cancer remained in the logistic regression analysis after controlling for age at death, gender, and year of death (odds ratio [OR] 0.5; 95% CI 0.3–0.9).     

Impact of intraoperative blood loss on survival after curative resection for gastric cancer

AIM:To elucidate the potential impact of intraoperative blood loss(IBL)on long-term survival of gastric cancer patients after curative surgery.METHODS:A total of 845 stageⅠ-Ⅲgastric cancer patients who underwent curative gastrectomy between January 2003 and December 2007 in our center were enrolled in this study.Patients were divided into 3groups according to the amount of IBL:group 1(<200mL),group 2(200-400 mL)and group 3(>400 mL).Clinicopathological features were compared among the three groups and potential prognostic factors were analyzed.The Log-rank test was used to assess statistical differences between the groups.Independent prognostic factors were identified by the Cox proportional hazards regression model.Stratified analysis was used to investigate the impact of IBL on survival in each stage.Cancer-specific survival was also compared among the three groups by excluding deaths due to reasons other than gastric cancer.Finally,we explored the possible factors associated with IBL and identified the independent risk factors for IBL≥200 mL.RESULTS:Overall survival was significantly influenced by the amount of IBL.The 5-year overall survival rates were 51.2%,39.4%and 23.4%for IBL less than 200mL,200 to 400 mL and more than 400 mL,respectively(<200 mL vs 200-400 mL,P<0.001;200-400 mL vs>400 mL,P=0.003).Age,tumor size,Borrmann type,extranodal metastasis,tumour-node-metastasis(TNM)stage,chemotherapy,extent of lymphadenectomy,IBL and postoperative complications were found to be independent prognostic factors in multivariable analysis.Following stratified analysis,patients staged TNMⅠ-Ⅱand those with IBL less than 200 mL tended to have better survival than those with IBL not less than 200mL,while patients staged TNMⅢ,whose IBL was less than 400 mL had better survival.Tumor location,tumor size,TNM stage,type of gastrectomy,combined organ resection,extent of lymphadenectomy and year of surgery were found to be factors associated with the amount of IBL,while tumor location,type of gastrecto     

射频消融对比手术切除治疗小肝癌的Meta分析

目的:比较射频消融术与外科手术切除在治疗小肝癌中的疗效.方法:计算机检索1991-2011年发表的有关采用射频消融术(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)与外科手术肝切除(surgical hepatic resection,HR)治疗小肝癌的对照试验,按照Cochrane系统评价员手册4.2.2版所推荐的质量评价标准来筛选试验,评价纳入研究的方法学质量,用RevMan5.0.25版软件对研究进行系统评价及Meta分析.结果:共纳入2个随机对照试验,9个非随机对照试验,其中英文9篇,中文1篇,韩文1篇.所纳入的研究共包括2965例患者:其中射频消融组患者1459例、外科手术切除组患者1506例.Meta分析表明:外科手术组在3年、5年生存率及1、3、5年无瘤生存率上明显高于射频消融组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),两者1年生存率相比无显著差异(P>0.05);术后严重并发症射频消融组明显低于外科手术组(P<0.05).结论:现有的证据表明,对于小肝癌,射频消融术后严重并发症明显少于外科手术切除,但是外科手术切除治疗小肝癌总体疗效仍明显优于射频消融治疗.     

Intraoperative radiotherapy for resectable and unresectable pancreatic carcinoma

Eighty patients with pancreatic carcinoma were treated by intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) with or without surgical resection of the tumor, and the results were compared with those of 111 patients treated by surgery alone. For resectable patients, the radiation dose was 30 Gy and the average field sizes were 8 or 10 cm; for unresectable patients, these values were 20–30 Gy and 6 or 8 cm, respectively. No side effects of IORT were observed. In 49 resectable stage III patients, the IORT group (n=16) had a higher survival rate than the non-IORT group (n=33); i.e., 1-year survival rates of 44.6% vs 23% and 2-year survival rates of 37.2% vs 7.7% after surgery (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in survival rate between the IORT group (n=28) and the non-IORT group (n=29) in 57 resectable patients in stage IV. In unresectable patients, the IORT group (n=31) (P<0.05) had a higher survival rate than the non-IORT group (n=38) (P<0.05). The palliative effect of IORT on abdominal or back pain was evaluated in 15 patients who had such symptoms and did not undergo tumor resection. Overall, pain decreased or disappeared in 13 of these patients (87%).     

Predictors of survival in recurrent rectal cancer after resection and intraoperative radiotherapy

PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine predictors of survival after surgery and intraoperative radiotherapy for recurrent rectal cancer. METHODS: From a prospective database, 634 patients undergoing resection for recurrent rectal cancer between January 1990 and June 2000 were identified. Of these, 111 received intraoperative radiotherapy with curative intent, and 100 were available for follow-up. Clinicopathologic variables from both the primary and recurrent operations were evaluated as predictors of disease-free and disease-specific survival by multivariate Cox regression and log-rank test. RESULTS: There were 54 males and 46 females, with a median age of 57 (range, 37–83) years. With a median follow-up of 23.2 months, 60 patients (60 percent) recurred: 20 (33 percent) locally, 27 (45 percent) distantly, and 13 (22 percent) at both sites. Of all variables analyzed, only complete resection with microscopically negative margins and the absence of vascular invasion in the recurrent specimen predicted improved disease-free and disease-specific survival (P < 0.01 for all). Median disease-free survival and median disease-specific survival were 31.2 and 66.1 months, respectively, for complete resection compared with 7.9 and 22.8 months for resection with microscopic or grossly positive margins (P < 0.01 for both). Median disease-free survival and median disease-specific survival were 6.4 and 16.1 months, respectively, in the presence of vascular invasion in the recurrent specimen compared with 23.3 and 57.3 months in the absence of vascular invasion (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Complete resection and the absence of vascular invasion were the only predictors of improved local control as well (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Resection with negative microscopic margins and absence of vascular invasion are independent predictors of local control and improved survival after resection and intraoperative radiotherapy for recurrent rectal cancer.     

Efficacy of surgical resection in management of isolated extrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To clarify the benefit of surgical excision for patients with extrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 140 patients with pathologically proven extrahepatic metastases of HCC and evaluated the outcomes of those who had undergone surgical resection (SR) for extrahepatic metastatic lesions.Prognoses made on the basis of extrahepatic metastatic sites were also examined.RESULTS: The survival rates of patients who underwent SR of extrahepatic metastases were significantly better than those of patients who did not receive SR.For the SR group, 1- and 3-year survival rates were 24% and 7%, respectively, while for the non-resection group, the survival rates were 8% and 0%, respectively ( P < 0.0001).Survival rates related to metastatic sites were also significantly superior after SR of extrahepatic metastases: median survivals were 32 mo with lung metastasis, 10 mo with bone metastasis, 6.1 mo with brain metastasis.CONCLUSION: SR can provide survival benefits for patients with 1 or 2 isolated extrahepatic metastases and who concurrently exhibit good hepatic functional reserve and general performance status as well as successful treatment of intrahepatic HCC.     

3D conformal radiotherapy combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM:To compare transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE)and 3D conformal radiotherapy(3D-CRT)with TACE monotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS:We searched all the eligible studies from the Cochrane Library,Pub Med,Medline,Embase,and CNKI.The meta-analysis was performed to assess the survival benefit,tumor response,and the decline inα-fetoprotein(AFP)level.According to the heterogeneity of the studies,pooled OR with 95%CI were calculated using the fixed-effects or random-effects model.An observed OR>1 indicated that the addition of 3D-CRT to TACE offered survival benefits to patients that could be considered statistically significant.Statistical analyses were performed using Review Manager Software.RESULTS:Ten studies met the criteria to perform a meta-analysis including 908 HCC participants,with 400patients in the TACE/3D-CRT combination group and508 in the TACE alone group.TACE combined with 3DCRT significantly improved 1-,2-and 3-year overall survival compared with TACE monotherapy(OR=1.87,95%CI:1.37-2.55,P<0.0001),(OR=2.38,95%CI:1.78-3.17,P<0.00001)and(OR=2.97,95%CI:2.10-4.21,P<0.00001).In addition,TACE plus 3DCRT was associated with a higher tumor response(complete remission and partial remission)(OR=3.81;95%CI:2.70-5.37;P<0.00001),and decline rates of AFP level(OR=3.24,95%CI:2.09-5.02,P<0.00001).CONCLUSION:This meta-analysis demonstrated that TACE combined with 3D-CRT was better than TACE monotherapy for patients with HCC,which needs to be confirmed by large multicenter trials.     

Appraisal of surgical resection of gallbladder carcinoma with special reference to hepatic resection

Carcinoma of the gallbladder a gastrointestinal malignancy with an extraordinarily poor prognosis. However, aggressive surgery, with special reference to hepatic resection, may improve survival. To prove this, we performed a retrospective analysis over an 18-year period to investigate the experience of a center that began employing liver resection in patients with gallbladder cancer in 1978. The analysis was based on patients' documentation and regular follow-up to January 1996. The standard procedures were extended cholecystectomy (cholecystectomy with lymphadenectomy and wedge hepatic resection), anatomic segmentectomy of segments IVa and V, and extended hepatectomy. Significance was assessed by the log-rank test. Thirty-nine patients were resected, curatively in 41% (n = 22; group I) and palliatively in 31% (n = 17; group 2). In 28% (n = 15; group 3) a palliative or no operation was performed. Only curatively resected patients were analyzed and followed up to January 1996. No patients in group 1 died postoperatively. The actuarial 5-year survival rate of the patients with curative resection was 55%. Four patients had stage I, two had stage II, four had stage III, and two had stage IV disease according to TNM-classification. Six of the 16 patients without lymph node metastasis survived more than 5 years. A significant difference in long-term survival was recognised between stage II and stage IV patients and between stage (pT1a)- and (look Table 1b ) (pT1b)-patients (P < 0.01). Diagnostic efforts should focus on detecting early stages I and II gallbladder cancer. In advanced cases, aggressive surgery, particularly with hepatic resection, is the method of choice and is successful even in patients 70 years and older.     

Systematic review of surgical resection vs radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the most common neoplasms worldwide. Surgical resection and local ablative therapies represent the most frequent first lines therapies adopted when liver transplantation can not be offered or is not immediately accessible. Hepatic resection (HR) is currently considered the most curative strategy, but in the last decade local ablative therapies have started to obtain satisfactory results in term of efficacy and, of them, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is considered the reference standard. An extensive literature review, from the year 2000, was performed, focusing on results coming from studies that directly compared HR and RFA. Qualities of the studies, characteristics of patients included, and patient survival and recurrence rates were analyzed. Except for three randomized controlled trials (RCT), most studies are affected by uncertain methodological approaches since surgical and ablated patients represent different populations as regards clinical and tumor features that are known to affect prognosis. Unfortunately, even the available RCTs report conflicting results. Until further evidences become available, it seems reasonable to offer RFA to very small HCC (< 2 cm) with no technical contraindications, since in this instance complete necrosis is most likely to be achieved. In larger nodules, namely > 2 cm and especially if > 3 cm, and/or in tumor locations in which ablation is not expected to be effective or safe, surgical removal is to be preferred.     

Impact of postoperative complications on long-term survival after radical resection for gastric cancer

AIM: To investigate the potential impact of complications in gastric cancer patients who survive the initial postoperative period. METHODS: Between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2006, 432 patients who received curative gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection for gastric cancer at our department were studied. Associations between clinicopathological factors [age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, body mass index, tumornode-metastases (TNM) stage and tumor grade], including postoperative complications (defined as any deviation from an uneventful postoperative course within 30 d of the operation and survival rates) and treatment-specific factors (blood transfusion, neoadjuvant therapy and duration of surgery). Patients were divided into 2 groups: with (n = 54) or without (n = 378) complications. Survival curves were compared between the groups, and univariate and multivariate models were conducted to identify independent prognostic factors. RESULTS: Among the 432 patients evaluated, 61 com-plications occurred affecting 54 patients (12.50%).Complications included anastomotic leakages, gastric motility disorders, anastomotic block, wound infections, intra-abdominal abscesses, infectious diarrhea, bleeding, bowel obstructions, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, pneumonia, atelectasis, thrombosis, unexplained fever, delirium, ocular fungal infection and multiple organ failure. American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, body mass index, combined organ resection and median duration of operation were associated with higher post-operative complications. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 83.3%, 53.2% and 37.5%, respectively. In the univariate analysis, the size of lesions, TNM stage, blood transfusion, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and postoperative complications were significant predictors of overall survival. In the multivariate analysis, only TNM stage and the presence of complications remained significant predictors of reduced survival. CONCLUSION: The     

Radiofrequency ablation vs surgical resection in elderly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Milan criteria

BACKGROUNDSurgical resection and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) represent two possible strategy in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Milan criteria.AIMTo evaluate short- and long-term outcome in elderly patients (> 70 years) with HCC in Milan criteria, which underwent liver resection (LR) or RFA.METHODSThe study included 594 patients with HCC in Milan criteria (429 in LR group and 165 in RFA group) managed in 10 European centers. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method before and after propensity score matching (PSM) and Cox regression.RESULTSAfter PSM, we compared 136 patients in the LR group with 136 patients in the RFA group. Overall survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 91%, 80%, and 76% in the LR group and 97%, 67%, and 41% in the RFA group respectively (P = 0.001). Disease-free survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 84%, 60% and 44% for the LR group, and 63%, 36%, and 25% for the RFA group (P = 0.001).Postoperative Clavien-Dindo III-IV complications were lower in the RFA group (1% vs 11%, P = 0.001) in association with a shorter length of stay (2 d vs 7 d, P = 0.001).In multivariate analysis, Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score (> 10) [odds ratio (OR) = 1.89], increased value of international normalized ratio (> 1.3) (OR = 1.60), treatment with radiofrequency (OR = 1.46) ,and multiple nodules (OR = 1.19) were independent predictors of a poor overall survival while a high MELD score (> 10) (OR = 1.51) and radiofrequency (OR = 1.37) were independent factors associated with a higher recurrence rate.CONCLUSIONDespite a longer length of stay and a higher rate of severe postoperative complications, surgery provided better results in long-term oncological outcomes as compared to ablation in elderly patients (> 70 years) with HCC in Milan criteria.     

Vagina vasorum dissection during D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric carcinoma

AIM： To explore the relationship between metastasis and vagina vasorum in the progress of gastric carcinoma and to find some facts and references for gastric surgeons.
METHODS： One hundred and seven specimens of left or right gastric arteries （55 left and 52 right） were gathered from 59 patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma. All the frozen specimens were cut into 3 μm-thick sections and stained with hematoxylineosin （HE） and immunohistochemical method separately. Cytokeratin （CK） and mesothelial cells （MC） were stained with immunohistochemical method. Cancer cells inside vagina vasorum were detected and the structure of artery wall was observed under microscope.
RESULTS： Metastatic cancer cells or tubercles were found inside vagina vasorum in some stage Ⅲ or Ⅳ specimens, but not in stage Ⅰ or Ⅱ specimens. Tumor cells in vagina vasorum were CK positive in 26 specimens of 14 tumors. Among them, stage Ⅲ was found in 4 specimens of 2 tumors, and stage Ⅳ in 22 specimens of 12 tumors. None of these specimens was positive for MC. The positive rate of CK increased with TNM staging. Compared with the lower part, tumors in the upper and middle parts of stomach were more likely to metastasize into vagina vasorum.
CONCLUSION： Vagina vasorum dissection should be performed during D2 lymphadenectomy for TNM stage Ⅲ or Ⅳ gastric carcinoma.     

内镜治疗较大胃间质瘤的安全性及长期疗效的多中心回顾性分析

目的评价内镜切除直径＞2～4 cm胃间质瘤的安全性和长期疗效。方法收集2014年1月—2019年12月在福建省立医院、福建省立金山医院和福建省老年医院接受内镜或外科治疗,经术后病理证实为胃间质瘤且直径≤4 cm的病例307例,将肿瘤直径＞2～4 cm的病例采用倾向性评分（1∶1）匹配后,对内镜组（41例）和外科组（41例）病例的手术相关不良事件发生情况及临床治疗结果进行对照分析。结果内镜组较外科组中位手术时间明显缩短（580 min比1080 min,Z=-4789,P＜0001）,中位住院费用明显减少（227万元比420万元,Z=-7164,P＜0001）,术后禁食时间、术后住院时间2组间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞005）。内镜组有7例（171%）发生并发症,包括术后急性感染5例、术后穿孔和术后出血各1例;外科组有9例（220%）发生并发症,均为术后急性感染。2组并发症总体发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（χ2=0311,P=0577）。2组均为完全切除（切缘无肿瘤残留）,内镜组随访时间（343±156）个月,外科组随访时间（422±202）个月,2组随访期间均无复发或远处转移病例。结论内镜切除较大胃间质瘤（直径＞2～4 cm）是一种安全且长期有效的治疗方法,可作为治疗胃肠间质瘤的手段之一。 目的评价内镜切除直径＞2～4 cm胃间质瘤的安全性和长期疗效。方法收集2014年1月—2019年12月在福建省立医院、福建省立金山医院和福建省老年医院接受内镜或外科治疗,经术后病理证实为胃间质瘤且直径≤4 cm的病例307例,将肿瘤直径＞2～4 cm的病例采用倾向性评分（1∶1）匹配后,对内镜组（41例）和外科组（41例）病例的手术相关不良事件发生情况及临床治疗结果进行对照分析。结果内镜组较外科组中位手术时间明显缩短（580 min比1080 min,Z=-4789,P＜0001）,中位住院费用明显减少（227万元比420万元,Z=-7164,P＜0001）,术后禁食时间、术后住院时间2组间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞005）。内镜组有7例（171%）发生并发症,包括术后急性感染5例、术后穿孔和术后出血各1例;外科组有9例（220%）发生并发症,均为术后急性感染。2组并发症总体发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（χ2=0311,P=0577）。2组均为完全切除（切缘无肿瘤残留）,内镜组随访时间（343±156）个月,外科组随访时间（422±202）个月,2组随访期间均无复发或远处转移病例。结论内镜切除较大胃间质瘤（直径＞2～4 cm）是一种安全且长期有效的治疗方法,可作为治疗胃肠间质瘤的手段之一。     

Role of surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma based on Japanese clinical guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma

In the Algorithm for Diagnosis and Treatment in the Japanese Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, the treatment strategy is determined by three major factors: liver function and the number and size of tumors. The algorithm is quite simple, consisting of fewer components than the Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer staging system. In this article, we describe the roles of the treatment algorithmin hepatectomy and perioperative management of hepatocellular carcinoma.     

胃癌放射治疗进展

胃癌是国内外常见的恶性肿瘤之一,手术是胃癌的主要治疗手段,但局部晚期胃癌单纯手术很难达到根治。化疗在局部晚期胃癌新辅助及辅助治疗中的地位已比较肯定,但放疗或放化疗的地位仍有争议。     

Androgen receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma and surrounding liver: relationship with tumor size and recurrence rate after surgical resection

Background/Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the parameters associated with the presence of androgen receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma and surrounding non-tumoral liver. Furthermore, we have assessed whether androgen receptor positively influences disease recurrence after surgical resection.Methods: Androgen receptor concentration was calculated by receptor binding assay in tumoral and non-tumoral liver in 43 patients (40 of them with cirrhosis) with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent surgical resection.Results: Androgen receptors were found in 28 of the tumoral and in 30 of the non-tumoral samples, at concentrations ranging between 5 and 211 fmol/mg protein. The presence of androgen receptors within the tumor was significantly related to a smaller tumor size. Thereby, 22 of the 29 nodules ≤3 cm contained androgen receptors, while this occurred in only six of the 14 tumors larger than 3 cm (p<0.05). In contrast, the only parameter associated with the presence of androgen receptors in the non-tumoral liver was a lower gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase concentration. Disease recurrence after surgical resection was not only related to some tumor characteristics (increased alfa-fetoprotein concentration, presence of satellites, differentiation degree), but also to the presence of androgen receptors in the surrounding liver. Thus, the probability of recurrence after 1- and 2-year follow up in patients with androgen-positive livers was 33% and 50%, respectively, while it was 0% and 20% in those with androgen-negative livers (p<0.05). In contrast, the presence of androgen receptors within the tumor was not associated with a higher recurrence rate.Conclusions: These results show that only two thirds of hepatocellular carcinomas contained androgen receptors and that this feature was more frequent in small tumors. In addition, our data indicate that the presence of androgen receptors within the tumor does not imply a different outcome after surgical resection. In contrast, the presence of these receptors in the surrounding non-tumoral liver may be considered a risk factor for a higher incidence of disease recurrence.     

Simultaneous laparoscopy-assisted low anterior resection and distal gastrectomy for synchronous carcinoma of rectum and stomach

Laparoscopic resection of rectal cancer or gastric cancer has been advocated for the benefits of a reduced morbidity,a shorter treatment time,and similar outcomes.However,simultaneous laparoscopy-assisted low anterior resection and distal gastrectomy for synchronous carcinoma of rectum and stomach are rarely documented in literature.Endoscopic examination revealed a synchronous carcinoma of rectum and stomach in a 55-year-old male patient with rectal bleeding and epigastric discomfort.He underwent a simultaneous laparoscopy-assisted low anterior resection and distal gastrectomy with regional lymph nodes dissected.The operation time was 270 min and the estimated blood loss was 120 mL.The patient required parenteral analgesia for less than 24 h.Flatus was passed on postoperative day 3,and a solid diet was resumed on postoperative day 7.He was discharged on postoperative day 13.With the advances in laparoscopic technology and experience,simultaneous resection is an attractive alternative to a synchronous gastrointestinal cancer.