Endoscopic evaluation of the porta hepatis in patients with biliary atresia

Endoscopic inspection of the porta hepatis was undertaken through external enterostomy in nine postoperative patients with biliary atresia. The endoscopic appearance of bile flow in the porta hepatis was classified into three types. 1) Ductal type (D-type), which revealed good bile flow from distinct bile duct orifices (4 cases); 2) Oozing type (O-type), which showed adequate bile flow, but no definite bile duct (3 cases); and 3) Covered type (C-type), in which the porta hepatis was covered with bile "clots" and fibrous tissue (2 cases). The clinical course of the D-type was excellent with immediate disappearance of jaundice and relatively good liver function. In the case of the O-type, jaundice disappeared in 2 but persisted in one. Two patients with C-type died of hepatic failure or sepsis in the early postoperative period. In the D-type intrahepatic bile ducts were well visualized by cholangiography; however, those of the O-type were not so clear. Endoscopic inspection of the porta hepatis is very useful for evaluation of the postoperative state of bilioenteric fistulae in patients with biliary atresia.     

肝门部冷冻对肝脏血流动力学影响的实验研究

目的：探讨第一肝门深低温冷冻对肝脏血流动力学的影响。方法：选健康小猪１５只,实验组８只,阻断肝门,用冷冻头深低温冷冻第一肝门。对照组７只,仅阻断肝门。以彩色多普勒观察肝动脉及门静脉血流动力学变化,同时做肝功能及肝脏病理检查。结果：实验组动物术后肝动脉阻力指数、搏动指数增加,肝动脉、门静脉血流减慢、血流量减少,肝动脉、门静脉结构无明显改变;胆管系统不可逆损伤;肝功能进行性损害。结论：深低温冷冻第一肝门会严重影响肝动脉、门静脉血流动力学     

Interhepatic duct: A new biliary anomaly

True accessory bile ducts occur in only 1% of patients. An accessory bile duct connecting the right and left hepatic ducts at the porta hepatis is described. This anomaly has never been reported previously, and was clinically significant in the presence of partial obstruction of an anomalous right hepatic duct by stones. The embryologic origin of this duct, which we term an interhepatic duct, is uncertain.     

肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄手术方式与疗效分析

目的 :分析肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄的手术治疗方式与疗效的关系。方法 :回顾性分析 12 4例肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄的术式及疗效。结果 :12 4例中 12 0例 (96 .8% )术后获得随访 ,随访时间为 6个月～ 2 0年 5个月 ,平均为 7年10个月。采取肝方叶切除、肝胆管切开取石、整形、高位胆肠吻合术式的 87例与采用其它术式的 37例比较 ,残石率、结石复发率及优良率分别为 19.8%和 38.9% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,7.7%和 2 2 .7% (P <0 .0 1) ,92 .0 %和 6 7.6 % (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :肝方叶切除是治疗肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄的有效手段 ,采取肝方叶切除、肝胆管切开取石、整形、高位胆肠吻合术可明显提高病人的疗效。     

Anatomic variation of portal venous anatomy in the porta hepatis: ultrasonographic evaluation.

The appearance of the portal vein as it crosses anterior to the inferior vena cava and enters the liver at the porta hepatis was evaluated on 100 longitudinal and 100 transverse ultrasonograms. Three major variations were noted on the parasagittal scans, while four major variations were evident on the transverse images. These variations were primarily related to the size of the left portal vein and the angle at which the left portal vein coursed away from the main portal vein. The appearance and course of the proximal right portal vein was extremely constant and may therefore be used as a landmark to detect pathologic processes in the porta hepatis. Detection of altered anatomy in this region may be especially helpful in correctly differentiating dilated intrahepatic bile ducts from normal portal veins.     

婴儿先天性肝门部囊性占位的超声鉴别

目的 探讨超声用于鉴别先天性囊肿型胆道闭锁和胆总管囊肿的应用价值。 方法 随机选取2016年6月~2017年6月我院收治的肝门区囊肿患儿31例,所有患儿均接受超声检查及手术治疗,依据手术结果将这些患儿分为囊肿型胆道闭锁组（n=15）和胆总管囊肿组（n=16）,对两组患儿的肝内胆管扩张、肝门部纤维块、胆囊内胆泥沉积、胆囊形态异常、胆囊收缩不良发生情况、肝动脉内径、胆囊大小、囊肿体积进行统计分析。 结果 囊肿型胆道闭锁组患儿的肝内胆管扩张、胆囊内胆泥沉积发生率0%、6.7%（1/15）均显著低于胆总管囊肿组75.0%（12/16）、50.0%（8/16）（P<0.05）,肝门部纤维块、胆囊形态异常、胆囊收缩不良发生率80.0%（12/15）、86.7%（13/15）、73.3%（11/15）均显著高于胆总管囊肿组0%、6.3%（1/16）、12.5%（2/16）（P<0.05）,肝动脉内径长于胆总管囊肿组（P<0.05）,囊肿体积小于胆总管囊肿组（P<0.05）,胆囊宽径短于胆总管囊肿组（P<0.05）,但两组患儿的胆囊长径之间的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 超声用于鉴别先天性囊肿型胆道闭锁和胆总管囊肿的应用价值高。       

肝门部胆管癌的CT与MRI对照研究

目的:评估CT与MRI在肝门部胆管癌的诊断价值。材料与方法:回顾性分析16例经CT与MRI检查且为手术病理证实的肝门部胆管癌的CT与MRI表现,比较两种检查手段对病灶的显示情况及定性诊断的准确率。结果:16例肝门部胆管癌CT与MRI均表现为肝内胆管不同程度的扩张,其中14例肝门部见软组织肿块,2例MRI见胆管壁增厚呈鼠尾状改变,4例门脉受累,6例 CT发现淋巴结肿大。CT与MRI定性诊断的准确率及对病灶的显示无明显差异。结论:CT与MRI是检查肝门部胆管癌的有效手段。MRI在显示肝门部肿块的大小、范围及沿胆管壁浸润方面比CT优越,尤其对早期肝门部胆管癌诊断更具价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在门静脉海绵样变性中的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声（CDFI）在门静脉海绵样变性诊断中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2008年6月39例彩色多普勒超声诊断为门静脉海绵样变性患者的声像图特征,并与手术、CT、血管造影对照。结果彩色多普勒超声诊断符合率100％（39／39）。声像图特征：肝门部正常门脉、胆管结构消失,出现“蜂窝状”无回声区,CDFI显示无回声区内出现红、蓝相间彩色血流信号,脉冲多普勒（PW）示门静脉频谱。结论彩色多普勒超声在门静脉海绵样变性诊断中具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Periportal tuberculous adenitis: A rare cause of obstructive jaundice

A patient with a clinical history of pulmonary tuberculosis presented with obstructive jaundice. Compression of the extrahepatic bile ducts was caused by calcified lymph nodes secondary to tuberculous adenitis of the porta hepatis. The role of radiologic methods in the diagnosis and management of this unusual complication is discussed.     

Extrahepatic bile ducts in healthy subjects,in patients with cholelithiasis,and in postcholecystectomy patients: A prospective ultrasonic study

To determine the average diameter and the upper normal limit of the common bile duct in healthy man, 830 blood donors were examined by ultrasound. The mean diameter was 2.5 ± 1.1 mm (SD) at the porta hepatis and 2.8 ± 1.2 mm (SD) at the widest point, the regression coefficient between both diameters being r = 0.84. None of the healthy subjects had a diameter larger than 7 mm at any site, and in 95% of all subjects the diameters were less than 4 mm at both sites of measurement. The diameters were significantly correlated with age (r = 0.16) and weight (r = 0.11), but not with sex, height, and body surface area. In 73 patients with cholelithiasis and in 55 patients after cholecystectomy, all of whom lacked clinical or laboratory signs of biliary obstruction, the average diameters at the porta hepatis were 3.8 ± 2.0 mm and 5.2 ± 2.3 mm, and at the widest point 4.8 ± 2.2 mm and 6.2 ± 2.5 mm, respectively. It is concluded that a common bile duct with any sonographic diameter larger than 4 mm should be followed closely and evaluated further with clinical examinations such as intravenous cholangiography unless cholecystectomy has been performed.     

胆管癌栓经皮肝穿刺胆管造影术的诊断价值

目的：分析胆管癌栓经皮肝穿刺胆管造影术（Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography，PTC）的影像特点，以提高胆管癌栓的诊断水平。资料与方法：回顾性分析27例经病理或临床证实为胆管癌栓的PTC图像特点。患者年龄（49.81±7.27）岁。27例患者均在超声或DSA引导下选择单侧或双侧穿刺入路行PTC，留置内引流管或外引流管，引流3~5 d后复查PTC以观察影像变化情况。结果：27例胆管癌栓均于胆管腔内可见充盈缺损影，26例充盈缺损及相应水平胆管呈“膨胀性”改变。24例癌栓近端胆管呈软藤样扩张，3例呈枯树枝样改变，癌栓远端胆管均无扩张。9例充盈缺损的轮廓完全显示，其余18例部分显示。21例引流前后所见充盈缺损范围基本一致，6例引流后充盈缺损范围较前缩小。根据其累及范围分为3型：Ⅰ型2例，Ⅱ型22例，Ⅲ型3例。结论：胆管癌栓有特异性的PTC表现，PTC对胆管癌栓的诊断有重要价值。     

Emergency liver resection for combined biliary and vascular injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: case report and review of the literature

A 75-year-old woman suffering from symptomatic cholelithiasis was admitted to our hospital for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Intraoperatively, because of severe inflammation and dense adhesions in the region of the Calot triangle and bleeding arising from the porta hepatis which obscured the operating field, the method was converted to a conventional open approach. Copious hemostasis was achieved using sutures, clips and diathermy, and no bile duct or vascular injuries were recognized intraoperatively. Because of severe right upper quadrant abdominal pain and significant deterioration of the liver function tests (LFTs) on the first postoperative day, the patient underwent a Doppler ultrasound scan which showed absence of blood flow at the level of porta hepatis. Urgent relaparotomy revealed an ischemic liver on the right, a transected common bile duct at the level of its confluence, a divided and ligated right hepatic artery and thrombosed portal vein down to its confluence. Thrombectomy and reconstruction of the portal vein were performed to salvage the left hemiliver, and after restoration of blood flow to the left hemiliver, a right hemihepatectomy and a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy on the left were performed. Liver resection serves an important role in the case of parenchymal necrosis due to combined biliary, hepatic artery and portal vein injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy and moreover, the operation can be safely performed in the acute setting.     

原位肝移植后胆管损伤的病理学改变(英文)

背景:肝移植术后胆道损伤引起的并发症是临床上诊治的难点,是抑制肝移植发展的瓶颈。目的:在成功应用胆道内镜治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的同时,对胆管的损伤进行观察记录并取活检病理,分析不同胆管损伤、组织病理学类型与肝移植术后胆管并发症的关系。设计、时间及地点:病例分析,于2001-07/2005-10在大连市肝胆外科研究所,友谊医院肝胆外科完成。对象:将19例肝移植术后患者根据胆管并发症发生情况分为3组:正常组4例,胆管损伤组12例,肝动脉损伤组3例。方法:利用内镜技术,分别对3组患者进行胆管观察、记录,内镜下取活检进行病理分析。对于无T管者,应用子母胆道镜观察、取活检。主要观察指标:应用胆道内镜观察T管造影、肝内外胆管黏膜外观及病理学检查结果、供-受体胆管吻合口的愈合情况。胆管损伤组经内镜取石、狭窄扩张治疗后行上述指标的复查。结果:①正常组患者肝内外胆管解剖正常,无狭窄、瘢痕,胆管黏膜颜色正常,供-受体胆管吻合口愈合佳。病理学检查均可见修复性的黏膜组织,被覆上皮完整。②胆管损伤组患者胆管内有各种类型的单发、多发及铸型结石,胆管均有不同程度损伤,经内镜取净结石、解除梗阻后,胆管黏膜均有不同程度的修复,造影检查胆树恢...     

原发性胆囊癌MRI误诊分析

目的分析MIu误诊的原发性胆囊癌影像表现,以期提高MRJ对原发性胆囊癌诊断的准确性。方法回顾性分析2010年1月-2013年3月15例术前MRI误诊为其他疾病而经手术病理证实的原发性胆囊癌的MRj影像学表现,分析其胆囊壁病灶部位、增强扫描强化方式、胆管扩张及是否伴有胆囊结石等特点。结果5例误诊为肝门部占位伴肝内胆管扩张,7例肝内外胆管扩张者误诊为胆管内肿瘤及炎性狭窄,2例诊断肝右叶占位而胆囊病变误诊为胆囊息肉,1例误诊为结石性胆囊炎。回顾性分析发现12例有胆囊壁增厚（其中局限性增厚9例,弥漫性增厚3例）;增强扫描15例胆囊壁均有不同程度强化,11例动脉期有延迟强化特征;8例患者合并胆囊结石;2例出现胆囊壁结节。结论原发性胆囊癌容易引起肝内、外胆管扩张,胆囊癌可表现为局限性或弥漫性囊壁增厚,常伴有胆囊结石等,MRI诊断时需引起充分注意。     

Ultrasonic study of venous patterns in the right hypochondrium: An anatomical approach to differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice

Through real time ultrasonography, it is possible to display the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein, the vena porta, and the intrahepatic portal and systemic veins. In jaundice, it is of the utmost importance to carefully identify the vena porta before making a diagnosis of common bile duct enlargement. It is also necessary, when confronted with a pattern of apparently enlarged intrahepatic ducts, to conduct a thorough study of possible confluences of the ducts with the vena porta or vena cava to be certain that the ducts are not part of the portal or systemic venous network. Without such differentiation, portal enlargement caused portal hypertension, systemic venous enlargement caused cardiac insufficiency, or even nonpathological wide veins may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of obstructive jaundice.     

Sonographic diagnosis and follow-up of idiopathic hepatic artery aneurysm, an unusual cause of obstructive jaundice.

Hepatic artery aneurysms are rare. We report an idiopathic hepatic artery aneurysm causing obstructive jaundice in a case in which the common hepatic artery arose from the superior mesenteric artery. The diagnosis of hepatic artery aneurysm was suggested by gray-scale sonography, which showed that the common bile duct and intrahepatic biliary radicles were dilated with no obvious intraluminal abnormality and showed no evidence of a mass in the head of the pancreas. A papillotomy of the papilla duodeni major was performed to relieve the cholestasis. Repeat sonography 2 weeks later showed dilatation of the common bile duct and a cyst-like lesion at the porta hepatis impressing the anterior part of the common bile duct. Doppler sonography confirmed pulsatile flow within the cyst-like lesion. Helical CT showed a well-circumscribed lesion with a density similar to that of the abdominal aorta, and mesenteric angiography showed a 3-cm, smooth aneurysm arising from the common hepatic artery, which originated from the superior mesenteric artery. The aneurysm was successfully treated with transcatheter embolization.     

胆管细胞癌的超声表现及与CECT、MRI、MRCP诊断价值的对比研究

目的 探讨胆管细胞癌(CCC)的二维超声、彩色多普勒及CEUS表现,比较超声、增强CT(CECT)、MRI、磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)对胆管细胞癌的诊断价值。方法 归纳57例CCC的二维超声和彩色多普勒血流的具体表现,并且对行CEUS检查的4例病灶造影剂灌注情况进行分析。比较普通超声、CECT、MRI、MRCP以及联合CEUS后超声对CCC的诊断价值。结果 57例病灶以肝门型居多,部分伴发肝内胆管扩张,少数可见肝门部或腹膜后淋巴结肿大。病灶多表现为血流不丰富的低回声,尤以肝门部和肝左叶者明显。肝门部病灶多伴发胆囊结石,肝右叶者多伴发肝内胆管结石,肝左叶者伴发胆囊和肝内胆管结石的比例各半。4例CEUS表现为动脉期高增强或等增强继而快速减退呈低增强并持续整个门脉期和延迟期。普通超声、CEUS、CECT、MRI及MRCP的诊断价值无统计学差异 (P>0.05)。结论 CCC的二维及彩色多普勒超声表现有一定规律可循,普通超声联合CEUS可降低漏、误诊率。     

兔胆管形伤后一期修补缝线粗细的选择

本实验以家兔为实验对象，建立胆管损伤模型，１２只兔分为４组，一组作为对照，胆总管只游离，另外三组胆总管纵形伤后分别以６／０，７／０及９／０无损伤锦纶缝线按显微外科手术进行修补，术后不置管。２周后６／０缝线组肝脏有广泛的肝细胞变性，胆管明显扩张；７／０缝线组小片状肝细胞变性，胆管扩张不明显；９／０组与对照组相比，肝脏无明显改变，胆管扩张无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。认为对术中发现的直径２￣３ｍｍ肝胆     

Effect of aging on the adult extrahepatic bile duct: a sonographic study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the size of the extrahepatic bile duct increases with age in adults. METHODS: We prospectively collected data on 251 patients aged 20 years or older who underwent abdominal sonography. None of the patients had a history of liver, gallbladder, biliary, or pancreatic disease or surgery. The extrahepatic bile duct was measured at 3 locations: in the porta hepatis, in the most distal aspect of the head of the pancreas, and midway between these points. Least squares linear regression was used to correlate patient age and the size of the extrahepatic bile duct. RESULTS: There were 126 men and 125 women aged 20 to 94 years (mean +/- SD, 52.5 +/- 17.63 years). Twelve percent of the study population were younger than 30 years, and 12% were older than 80 years. The mean diameters of the common bile duct in the 3 locations were as follows: proximal, 3.39 +/- 1.14 mm; middle, 3.72 +/- 1.28 mm; and distal, 4.28 +/- 1.18 mm. The overall mean for all measures was 3.66 +/- 1.15 mm. The width of the common bile duct ranged from 1.0 to 8.6 mm. There was a significant correlation between common bile duct size and age (r = 0.535; P < .001). Mean common bile duct sizes were 3.128 +/- 0.862 mm in the patients younger than 50 years and 4.19 +/- 1.15 mm in the patients older than 50 years (P < .001 by independent t test for equality of means). We have found that the duct gradually dilated 0.04 mm/y. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed an age-dependent change in the diameter of the extrahepatic bile duct. We suggest that the upper normal limit of the duct in elderly persons be set at 8.5 mm.     

增强MRI及MRCP术前评估肝门胆管癌的可切除性

目的研究肝门区胆管癌的MRI表现,探讨增强MRI及MRCP对肝门区胆管癌可切除性评估价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的30例肝门区胆管癌MRI增强扫描、MRCP表现,将MRI术前可切除性评估与手术结果进行比较。结果 30例肝门区胆管癌均显示肝门区肿块,增强以延迟强化为主,肝内胆管不同程度扩张;MRI增强扫描结合MRCP可有效显示胆管受侵范围、门静脉血管受侵情况、肝实质及淋巴结有无转移。MRI综合评价肿瘤是否可切除的敏感度、特异度及准确度分别为82.4%、84.6%及83.3%。结论增强MRI结合MRCP,能在术前较为客观地对肝门区胆管癌的可切除性进行评价。