Identification of human enterovirulent Escherichia coli strains by multiplex PCR

Some strains of Escherichia coli are involved in enteric infections in both adults and children. However the classical diagnostic methods can not differentiate pathogenic from nonpathogenic E. coli, because of the lack of phenotypic differences. In this study, we developed multiplex PCR in order to amplify fragments of specific virulence genes of the five main E. coli pathotypes. Fragments of the expected size were obtained using previously or newly designed primers and allowed identification of 10 virulence genes in only 5 reactions. This method was applied to the detection of pathogenic E. coli isolated from 90 patients' stools specimens during an 18-month survey. Patients were suffering from diarrhea or hemolytic uremic syndrome and in 13 cases (14.4%), an enterovirulent E. coli strain was detected. This diagnostic method could therefore represent an important technique in clinical laboratories which lack standard tests for these pathogens.     

Identification of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by a new multiplex PCR assay and capillary electrophoresis

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is a set of the most common pathogens causing diarrhea. DEC strains are classified into five pathotypes based on the possession of different virulence genes: enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) or Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC). The development of an easy-to-use method to detect the specific virulence genes and distinguish the pathotypes is essential for the diagnosis and surveillance of DEC infections. In this study, a multiplex PCR assay (mPCR) specific to nine virulence genes and an internal control was designed for the identification of five DEC pathotypes. A temperature switch PCR (TSP) strategy was used in the PCR amplification. The PCR products were detected by capillary electrophoresis. The limit of detection (LOD) of the 10-plex reaction was 5 × 10³ copies/reaction for stx2 and 5 × 10² copies/reaction for the other targets. The mPCR showed very high specificity, and inclusivity and exclusivity were both 100%. When the mPCR assay was used for the detection of 221 cryopreserved diarrhea specimens, DEC colonies were detected from 49 specimens, and the positive rate was 22.2%. The mPCR assay was sensitive and specific, and the amplified product could be analyzed easily. Thus, this method could be used effectively to identify the suspected colonies of DEC in the primary culture of the specimen.     

Identification of the ETT2 locus in human diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by multiplex PCR

An Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2 (ETT2) locus was discovered in enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7. To determine presence or absence of the ETT2 locus in diarrheagenic E. coli, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) encoding Shiga toxins (stx₁ and stx₂), intimin (eaeA), and ETT2 (etrA) was developed for rapid detection. The ETT2 locus was identified not only in Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) but also in various non-STEC.     

多重PCR检测肠出血性大肠埃希菌O157：H7

目的 建立一种快速、特异的检测肠出血性大肠埃希菌O157:H7菌株的多重PCR方法。 方法 针对O157:H7菌株的O157、H7抗原特异基因rfbE O157、fliC H7以及stx1、stx2、eaeA和hlyA四种毒力基因设计相应引物,在同一扩增体系中进行PCR反应,通过优化多重PCR 反应条件和循环参数,建立检测O157:H7菌株的多重PCR方法,并测定其特异性和灵敏度。 结果 6 对特异性引物各自扩增相应的基因片段,检测结果与常规PCR 获得的结果一致。细菌纯培养物的检测灵敏度为1.33×10⁴ CFU。 结论 该多重PCR方法能在一次检测中同时反映待测菌株是否为肠出血性大肠埃希菌O157:H7及其携带毒力基因的情况,可为O157:H7大肠埃希菌感染的诊断及流行病学调查提供一种简便、快速的检测手段。     

Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli infection

Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli(STEC) has been recognized as an emerging food-borne pathogen that causes bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome(HUS), especially in developed countries. As the specific therapy for STEC infection has not been developed, currently available medical therapy is inadequate to prevent life-threatening complications. Here are described the possibilities and problems of using and developing therapies such as antibiotics, Synsorb-Pk and humanized anti-Stx monoclonal antibody therapy. In conclusion, the prevention of primary infection is thought to be the best way to prevent the life-threatening complications caused by STEC, and second way is identification as early as possible.     

多重PCR检测毒力型艰难梭菌的方法学研究及应用

目的建立多重PCR方法检测毒力型艰难梭菌。方法设计艰难梭菌种特异tpi引物和毒力基因tcdA、tcdB特异性引物,建立多重PCR方法。利用已知菌株,验证方法的特异性和最低检出限。与厌氧培养法、ELISA法比较其检测临床菌株和其毒素分泌的准确性。结果多重PCR方法检测艰难梭菌的最低检出浓度为0．7pg／IM,特异性为100％。53株厌氧培养法鉴定的艰难梭菌临床分离株,多重PCR方法检测tpi基因均为阳性,其中tcdA＋／tcdB＋为39株．tcdA一／tcdB．为14株。ELISA法检测毒素A／B显示23株为阳性、30株为阴性。23株ELISA法毒素A／B阳性的艰难梭菌多重PCR方法检测结果均为tcdA十／配拈＋。结论多重PCR方法可用于检测毒力型艰难梭菌具有较高的临床应用价值。     

多重实时PCR检测致泻性大肠埃希菌志贺毒素和紧密素基因

目的 建立多重实时PCR检测志贺毒素（stx1、stx2）基因和紧密素基因（eae）的方法。方法 优化多重实时PCR反应条件，检测系列稀释的阳性菌DNA提取物及纯化阳性质粒。检测42株携带已知毒力基因的大肠埃希菌株，并比较其阳性和阴性符合率。对比3种粪便样品处理和DNA提取方法，选出最适方法。同时用该方法对36份腹泻患者粪便标本进行直接检测且对阳性标本进行菌株分离和鉴定。结果 多重实时PCR方法最低可以检测到10^1拷贝／pJ的毒力基因和10。CFU／p．1的DEL933大肠埃希菌。检测42株携带已知毒力基因的大肠埃希菌的阳性和阴性符合率均为100％。粪便样品的DNA提取以BP肉汤增菌6h后煮沸提取效果最好。36份腹泻患者粪便中2份eae阳性，均鉴定为大肠埃希菌。结论 建立的同时检测stx1、stx2、eae基因的多重实时PCR方法，具有较高的敏感性，可用于产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌（STEC）和肠致病性大肠埃希菌（EPEC）毒力基因鉴定及临床腹泻粪便标本的快速筛检。     

多重PCR快速检测3种致泻性大肠埃希菌方法的建立

目的利用多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术,建立一种可以同时快速检测肠致病性大肠埃希菌(EPEC)、肠侵袭性大肠埃希菌(EIEC)、肠出血性大肠埃希菌(EHEC)3种致泻性大肠埃希菌的多重PCR方法。方法根据EPEC的eae基因、EIEC的ipaH基因、EHEC的stx1基因筛选设计引物,建立多重PCR检测体系,并对PCR反应体系和条件进行优化。结果设计的3对PCR引物均能特异地扩增出相应的目的基因,该多重PCR体系能同时检测3种目的菌,特异度强。结论初步建立了一种能够同时快速检测3种致泻性大肠埃希菌的多重PCR检测方法,可用于食品安全及食物中毒事件的快速筛查。     

Growth of toxigenic Escherichia coli in oral rehydration solutions

The ability of three strains of toxigenic Escherichia coli to grow in glucose-electrolyte oral rehydration solution (ORS) used for the treatment of dehydration due to diarrhea was studied. The purpose was to determine the potential risk that such home-based therapy might pose for transmission of infection if the ORS were contaminated with potential pathogens. Inocula of 10(5) unwashed organisms from broth culture were rapidly killed in ORS made with chlorinated tap water and increased by 1.5-2 log10 in ORS in triple-distilled laboratory water. When media constituents were first removed by washing, one strain failed to grow in ORS-distilled water, but multiplied to a level of 10(6) organisms/ml in ORS in water obtained from a rural village in the highlands of Guatemala. Multiplication of organisms in ORS depends on the presence of a nitrogen source. These limited data support current guidelines for preparation and use of ORS in the field employing available drinking water, as bacterial growth is restricted by the nitrogen content of the water.     

Identification of CYP2B6 sequence variants by use of multiplex PCR with allele-specific genotyping

BACKGROUND: Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) has a role in the metabolism of many clinically important substances, but the variation within the CYP2B6 gene has not been fully characterized. The aim of the present study was to develop a reliable and robust assay for determining genotypic variants. METHODS: We used a two-stage procedure. An initial multiplex PCR reaction amplified the relevant gene fragments in exonic and regulatory regions to ensure isolation of CYP2B6 from its similar pseudogene (CYP2B7). This product was then genotyped by allele-specific PCR. RESULTS: The assay detected the following published single-nucleotide polymorphisms: C64T (Arg22Cys), C78T, G216C, G516T (Gln172His), C777A (Ser259Arg), A785G (Lys262Arg), and C1459T (Arg487Cys), as well as additional loci found within the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) databases: A1190G, C1268A, C1330T, A1382G, A1402T, and an A/T SNP in intron 2 (A12917T). This approach detected all common, previously reported alleles and identified a new allele (CYP2B6*4C) present in 2.2% of a Caucasian population. Genotypic frequencies obtained were consistent with previously published results. CONCLUSIONS: This method is simple, reliable, rapid, and amenable to automation and could facilitate the large-scale genotypic analysis of CYP2B6.     

多重PCR方法鉴定人巨细胞病毒临床病毒分离株

目的:应用多重PCR技术鉴定体外培养、分离获得的人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)临床病毒株.方法:以先天性感染HCMV的新生儿为研究对象,采集尿液标本进行病毒分离,将分离获得的临床低传代病毒感染HELF细胞,提取病毒DNA,针对较保守基因IE和LA,设计两对引物,同时扩增IE和LA基因,扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析.结果:成功分离获得2株HCMV临床低传代病毒株(D2、D3),经多重PCR同时扩增出209 bp(IE)和401 bp(LA)目的片段.结论:多重PCR可以作为病毒分离后,基础研究中鉴定HCMV临床病毒株的一种方法.     

Detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in food

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are emerging as a significant source of food-borne infectious disease all over the world. Illness caused by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli can range from self limited, watery diarrhea to life-threatening manifestations such as hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and death. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli can potentially enter the human food chain from a number of animal sources, most commonly by contamination of meat with feces or intestinal contents after slaughter or cross-contamination of unpasteurized milk products. Because of the low infectious dose of the O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strain, laboratory diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli in food samples has developed a great importance. This review will focus on the microorganism, giving priority to illness prevention and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli detection in food.     

致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌耐热肠毒素多重PCR鉴定

目的 对致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌产生的耐热肠毒素用多重PCR方法进行鉴定、分析,开展病原微生物基因诊断。方法根据GenBank中致病性耶尔森菌耐热肠毒素基因序列,设计出针对Y—STa、Y—STb、Y—STc毒素基因的3对特异引物,运用多重PCR方法鉴定致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌产生的耐热肠毒素。结果运用多重PCR扩增出预先设计的3条特异的目的条带。结论所设计的多重PCR反应体系能够得到致病性小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌耐热肠毒素的特异序列,同时能够对3种毒素基因序列进行鉴定分型。     

Therapeutic strategies for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections

Shiga toxin (Verocytotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC or VTEC) causes serious gastrointestinal infections in humans, including diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis, and may lead to life-threatening sequelae such as the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The triennial ‘VTEC’ meetings provide a multidisciplinary forum for presentation of the latest research on all aspects of STEC, with sessions addressing epidemiology of human disease, animal reservoirs and transmission of STEC via the food chain, mechanisms of pathogenesis and host response, and control and prevention strategies. Management of patients with STEC disease can be challenging, particularly since conventional antibiotic therapy is contraindicated because it is believed to increase the risk of complications by promoting release of Shiga toxin by STEC in the gut. Accordingly, this report will focus on papers presented at the meeting that addressed development of alternative therapeutic strategies.     

Epidemiology and diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have been identified as a worldwide cause of serious human gastrointestinal disease and the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome. The most common serotype implicated is E. coli O157: H7, but infections involving various non-O157 serotypes have been found with increasing frequency in many countries. Food-borne outbreaks caused by STEC can affect large numbers of people and cause serious morbidity, making the bacteria one of the most important emerging pathogens. Because there is no specific treatment of the disease currently available, there is an urgent need for effective preventive measures based on a detailed understanding of the epidemiology of STEC infections. Such measures will also be dependent on the availability of rapid, sensitive, and simple procedures for the detection of the pathogens both in human samples and in samples of nonhuman origin such as food. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the epidemiology of STEC infection and presents a survey of laboratory methods currently available for diagnosis of STEC. Special attention is given to new diagnostic procedures for the less readily detectable non-O157 STEC strains and to simple procedures, usually based on commercially available kits, that can be used in routine clinical microbiological laboratories.     

复合PCR鉴别葡萄球菌及其多重耐药基因

目的　建立既可鉴别金黄色葡萄球菌又可同时检测其耐药基因的分子诊断方法。方法　对应于femB、mecA、ileS基因的 3对引物与快速提取的单菌落模板DNA进行单管同步扩增 ,电泳观察PCR片段 ;mecA、ileS耐药基因扩增结果分别与苯唑西林、莫匹罗星药敏试验对比 ,分析菌株的耐药性。结果　检测femB基因可快速特异性地筛选出金黄色葡萄球菌 ,mecA基因的检出与常规药敏试验鉴定耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌 (MRS)的结果基本一致 ,而拥有ileS基因的全部葡萄球菌分离株对莫匹罗星耐药。结论　复合PCR可快速敏感地从葡萄球菌中区分金黄色葡萄菌 ,并同时检出MRSA和耐莫匹罗星的多重耐药菌株。     

空肠弯曲菌、单增李斯特菌和大肠杆菌O157多重PCR分子检测研究

目的建立同时检测空肠弯曲菌、单核细胞增生性李斯特菌（简称单增李斯特菌）和大肠杆菌O157的多重聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测技术。方法根椐空肠弯曲菌mapA基因序列、单增李斯特菌的编码溶血素（hly）基因序列和大肠杆菌的O157抗原（rfbE）基因序列,分别设计了3对特异引物,PCR扩增的目的基因片段为589 bp、360 bp和194bp;并对反应条件进行了优化。结果对3种致病菌检测,多重PCR检测DNA的敏感度分别为空肠弯曲菌2.264 ng、单增李斯特菌37.92 ng、大肠杆菌2.100 ng,样品检测时间6-8 h。结论该方法操作简便,检测周期短,特异性和敏感度高,为同时检测污染样品中空肠弯曲菌、单增李斯特菌和大肠杆菌O157奠定了基础。     

Improved multiplex PCR method for the rapid detection of beta-lactamase genes in Escherichia coli of animal origin

We developed 2 variants, A and B, of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction method for detecting the beta-lactam resistance genes bla(TEM), bla(SHV), and bla(OXA) in 122 uropathogenic Escherichia coli animal strains. Method B yielded 98% specificity and 100% sensitivity, and method A yielded 100% and 89%, respectively. Variant B was more accurate (99%) than A (94%).     

空肠弯曲菌、单增李斯特菌和大肠杆菌O157多重PCR分子检测研究

目的建立同时检测空肠弯曲菌、单核细胞增生性李斯特菌(简称单增李斯特菌)和大肠杆菌O157的多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测技术。方法根椐空肠弯曲菌mapA基因序列、单增李斯特菌的编码溶血素(hly)基因序列和大肠杆菌的O157抗原(rfbE)基因序列,分别设计了3对特异引物,PCR扩增的目的基因片段为589 bp、360 bp和194bp;并对反应条件进行了优化。结果对3种致病菌检测,多重PCR检测DNA的敏感度分别为空肠弯曲菌2.264 ng、单增李斯特菌37.92 ng、大肠杆菌2.100 ng,样品检测时间6~8 h。结论该方法操作简便,检测周期短,特异性和敏感度高,为同时检测污染样品中空肠弯曲菌、单增李斯特菌和大肠杆菌O157奠定了基础。