亚临床甲状腺功能减退与2型糖尿病慢性并发症的关系

目的探讨亚临床甲状腺功能减退(SCH)与T2DM慢性并发症的关系。方法将1294例T2DM患者分为SCH组和甲状腺功能正常组,比较两组间慢性并发症患病率及患者的甲状腺功能,采用Logistic多元回归分析SCH与T2DM慢性并发症的关系。结果 18.8%的T2DM患者合并SCH。SCH组糖尿病慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)、DR、糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)和糖尿病足(DF)患病率均高于甲状腺功能正常组(P0.05)。CKD、DR和DPN患者FT3下降,促甲状腺激素(TSH)升高(P0.05)。Logistic多元回归分析显示,SCH为CKD的独立危险因素(OR=3.39,P=0.012)。结论 T2DM合并SCH患者CKD、DR、DPN和DF患病率升高。SCH是CKD的独立危险因素。     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退与2型糖尿病慢性并发症的关系

目的 探讨亚临床甲状腺功能减退 （SCH）与T2DM慢性并发症的关系。 方法 将1294例T2DM患者分为SCH组和甲状腺功能正常组,比较两组间慢性并发症患病率及患者的甲状腺功能,采用Logistic多元回归分析SCH与糖尿病慢性并发症的关系。 结果18.8%的T2DM患者合并SCH。SCH组糖尿病慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）、DR、糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）和糖尿病足病（DF）患病率均高于甲状腺功能正常组（P〈0.05）;CKD、DR和DPN患者FT3下降,促甲状腺激素（TSH）升高（P〈0.05）。Logistic多元回归分析显示,SCH为CKD的独立危险因素（OR=3.39,P=0.012）。 结论 T2DM合并SCH 患者CKD、DR、DPN和DF患病率升高。SCH是CKD的独立危险因素。     

1型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病与慢性肾脏病的关系

目的:探讨1型糖尿病(T1DM)患者中非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)与慢性肾脏病(CKD)的关系。方法:选取自2010年1月至2019年12月上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院内分泌科住院的T1DM患者334例,根据是否合并NAFLD分为T1DM合并NAFLD组(146例)和T1DM未合并NAFLD组(188例),比较两...     

血清蛋白聚糖-1与糖尿病慢性肾脏疾病的相关性研究

目的探讨血清中蛋白聚糖-1(syndecan-1)的水平与糖尿病微血管病变的相关性。方法选取糖尿病患者55例,其中单纯糖尿病者(DM组)27例,合并糖尿病视网膜病变者(DR组)8例,合并糖尿病慢性肾脏疾病者(CKD组)8例,同时合并DR和CKD者(DR+CKD组)12例。另选取健康对照者(NC)9名。采用酶链免疫吸附试验检测血清中syndecan-1的水平,并分析syndecan-1与DR和CKD的相关性。结果 DM、DR、CKD、DR+CKD及NC组血清中syndecan-1的浓度分别为(26.79±16.89)、(18.83±8.74)、(69.44±52.58)、(80.33±94.28)及(21.59±14.50)ng/ml,各组间比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.5600,P=0.0088)。CKD、DR+CKD组与NC组比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.8000、7.3400,P=0.0284、0.0067)。方差分析结果表明,CKD是决定血清syndecan-1浓度的因素(F=4.9600,P=0.0313)。多元线性回归分析结果表明,血肌酐(Scr)水平对血清syndecan-1浓度有极大的决定作用(R2=0.8000)。结论 CKD患者血清syndecan-1水平明显升高,Scr水平与糖尿病患者血清syndecan-1的水平明显相关。     

糖尿病视网膜病变合并糖尿病肾病的危险因素及其预测价值

目的探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)合并糖尿病肾病(DN)的危险因素及预测价值。方法回顾性分析2017年5月至2018年5月南京医科大学附属无锡市人民医院内分泌科收治的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者1 969例,其中糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)合并糖尿病肾病(DN)患者609例,单纯DR患者746例,未并发DN和DR患者614例,比较3组患者的血糖、血压、肝功能和肾功能指标水平,分析DR合并DN的危险因素及预测价值。采用SPSS 18.0统计软件对数据进行分析。组间比较采用单因素方差分析或χ~2检验。多因素logistic回归分析DR合并DN的危险因素。受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析因素预测DR合并DN的价值。结果除高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平和左侧颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)外,3组患者其余指标差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示年龄(OR=0.966,95%CI 0.932～1.000; P=0.049)、白蛋白(ALB)(OR=0.872,95%CI 0.837～0.908; P0.001)、服用他汀类药物(OR=0.400,95%CI 0.265～0.606; P0.001)是DR合并DN的保护因素,高血压病程(OR=1.021,95%CI 1.005～1.037; P=0.011)、收缩压(OR=1.018,95%CI 1.007～1.029; P=0.002)、空腹血糖(OR=1.054,95%CI 1.002～1.108; P=0.040)、甘油三酯(OR=1.133,95%CI 1.021～1.256;P=0.019)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(OR=1.355,95%CI 1.017～1.805; P=0.038)、血尿酸(OR=1.124,95%CI 1.016～1.244;P=0.023)、胱抑素C(OR=2.466,95%CI 1.495～4.068; P0.001)、眼底评分(OR=1.275,95%CI 1.088～1.494; P=0.003)、左室后壁厚度(OR=1.306,95%CI 1.051～1.622; P=0.016)和颈动脉粥样斑块形成(OR=1.578,95%CI 1.051～2.370;P=0.028)为危险因素。ROC曲线分析结果表明胱抑素C预测DR合并DN价值最高,AUC为0.677。结论 T2DM患者DR合并DN的患病率较高,其发生与多种因素相关,其中,胱抑素C预测DR合并DN价值最高。     

2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者血清淀粉样蛋白A水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的 研究T2DM合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)患者血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)水平与胰岛素抵抗(IR)的相关性.方法 测定T2DM合并NAFLD(DM+NAFLD)组32例、T2DM不合并NAFLD(DM)组34例、血糖正常的NAFLD(NAFLD)组31例及正常对照(NC)组32例SAA、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)水平,计算HOMA-IR.结果 与NC组比,DM+NAFLD组、DM组及NAFLD组SAA、TNF-α水平均升高(P均<0.01);HOMA-IR(r=0.376,P<0.01)和TG(r=0.343,P<0.01)是SAA的独立影响因素.结论 SAA与IR关系密切,有可能在T2DM合并NAFLD的发生发展中起一定的作用.     

辽宁省体检人群2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝病调查研究

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的危险因素。方法:分析1800名体检者体检资料,其中T2DM患者360例(20%),再分为NAFLD(T2DM+NAFLD)组(280例)和单纯T2DM(对照)组,对两组患者体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、空腹血糖(FBG)、血脂、血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)以及合并症进行分析。结果:T2DM主要分布在中青年人群。同时有T2DM和NAFLD者的患者,男性(180例)比女性(80例)明显增加(P0.001),检出高峰在中、老年人群。NAFLD组患者BMI[(27.1±2.1)kg/m2∶(22.9±2.0)kg/m2]、WHR[(1.4±0.1)∶(0.9±0.3)]、FBG[(10.1±2.2)mmol/L∶(8.9±2.3)mmol/L]、总胆固醇[TC,(6.3±1.5)mmol/L∶(5.8±1.6)mmol/L]、ALT[(59.6±33.1U/L)∶(27.4±11.7)U/L]、HOMA-IR[(5.1±1.3)∶(3.4±1.2)]均明显高于对照组(P均0.05)。NAFLD组患者合并肥胖症(53.1%∶27.9%)、中心性肥胖(80.3%∶44.7%)、高血压(58.9%∶42.5%)均显著高于对照组(P均0.05)。Logistic逐步回归分析显示HOMA-IR(OR=2.58,P0.01)、WHR(OR=2.66,P0.01)、BMI(OR=1.28,P0.05)是NAFLD的危险因素。结论:2型糖尿病合并非酒精性肝病患病率主要见于中、老年人,男性高于女性,糖、脂代谢障碍严重,其独立危险因素是胰岛素抵抗、中心性肥胖和体重指数。     

2型糖尿病患者发生慢性肾脏病的危险因素及与肥胖的相关性研究

目的研究2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者发生慢性肾脏病(CKD)的危险因素,并着重分析肥胖与CKD发生的关系。方法纳入2009年1月至2019年6月在南京鼓楼医院就诊的18至75岁诊断为T2DM的患者,收集一般资料包括性别、年龄、体重指数(BMI)、收缩压、舒张压、糖尿病病程以及实验室指标包括血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBIL)、尿酸、空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、尿白蛋白/肌酐比值和估算的肾小球滤过率。肥胖定义为BMI≥28 kg/m²,超重定义为24 kg/m²≤BMI<28 kg/m²。根据是否合并CKD,将研究对象分为合并CKD组和不合并CKD组。在不合并CKD的T2DM患者中,选取至少随访一次,随访时间超过12个月且随访数据完整的患者,按是否发生CKD分为发生CKD组和未发生CKD组。两组间各指标的比较采用t检验、非参数检验以及χ²检验。采用单因素及多因素logistic回归分析法分析T2DM患者发生CKD的危险因素,采用Cox比例风险模型分析随访的T2DM患者CKD发生的危险因素。采用限制性立方样条(RCS)拟合Cox回归模型来评估不同的BMI截点与CKD的关系。结果共纳入3194例T2DM患者,其中合并CKD组620例,不合并CKD组2574例。与不合并CKD组相比,合并CKD组T2DM患者BMI明显增高(P=0.005)。单因素logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、肥胖、收缩压、舒张压、Hb、白蛋白、TG、TC、FPG及HbA1c为T2DM患者发生CKD的影响因素(均P<0.05),将上述指标作为自变量,进行多因素logistic回归分析,结果显示,肥胖(OR=1.058,95%CI 1.079~2.018),收缩压增高(OR=1.027,95%CI 1.018~1.035),TG增加(OR=1.087,95%CI 1.008~1.171),FPG增高(OR=1.042,95%CI 1.003~1.083)是T2DM患者发生CKD的影响因素(均P<0.05)。不合并CKD组中随访时间超过12个月且随访数据完整的T2DM患者共753例,其中,发生CKD组182例,未发生CKD组571例。Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,在校正年龄、糖尿病病程、收缩压、AST、TG及FPG后,超重为发生CKD的危险因素(OR=1.95,95%CI 1.05~3.61)。RCS拟合Cox回归模型结果显示,T2DM患者BMI与CKD发生风险呈非线性关系,BMI在28~31 kg/m²的T2DM患者CKD的发生风险增加(均P<0.05)。结论T2DM患者肥胖与CKD密切相关,肥胖的T2DM患者,特别是BMI在28~31 kg/m²,容易发展为CKD。     

2型糖尿病患者发生慢性肾脏病的危险因素及与肥胖的相关性研究

目的研究2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者发生慢性肾脏病(CKD)的危险因素,并着重分析肥胖与CKD发生的关系。方法纳入2009年1月至2019年6月在南京鼓楼医院就诊的18至75岁诊断为T2DM的患者,收集一般资料包括性别、年龄、体重指数(BMI)、收缩压、舒张压、糖尿病病程以及实验室指标包括血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBIL)、尿酸、空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、尿白蛋白/肌酐比值和估算的肾小球滤过率。肥胖定义为BMI≥28 kg/m²,超重定义为24 kg/m²≤BMI<28 kg/m²。根据是否合并CKD,将研究对象分为合并CKD组和不合并CKD组。在不合并CKD的T2DM患者中,选取至少随访一次,随访时间超过12个月且随访数据完整的患者,按是否发生CKD分为发生CKD组和未发生CKD组。两组间各指标的比较采用t检验、非参数检验以及χ²检验。采用单因素及多因素logistic回归分析法分析T2DM患者发生CKD的危险因素,采用Cox比例风险模型分析随访的T2DM患者CKD发生的危险因素。采用限制性立方样条(RCS)拟合Cox回归模型来评估不同的BMI截点与CKD的关系。结果共纳入3194例T2DM患者,其中合并CKD组620例,不合并CKD组2574例。与不合并CKD组相比,合并CKD组T2DM患者BMI明显增高(P=0.005)。单因素logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、肥胖、收缩压、舒张压、Hb、白蛋白、TG、TC、FPG及HbA1c为T2DM患者发生CKD的影响因素(均P<0.05),将上述指标作为自变量,进行多因素logistic回归分析,结果显示,肥胖(OR=1.058,95%CI 1.079~2.018),收缩压增高(OR=1.027,95%CI 1.018~1.035),TG增加(OR=1.087,95%CI 1.008~1.171),FPG增高(OR=1.042,95%CI 1.003~1.083)是T2DM患者发生CKD的影响因素(均P<0.05)。不合并CKD组中随访时间超过12个月且随访数据完整的T2DM患者共753例,其中,发生CKD组182例,未发生CKD组571例。Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,在校正年龄、糖尿病病程、收缩压、AST、TG及FPG后,超重为发生CKD的危险因素(OR=1.95,95%CI 1.05~3.61)。RCS拟合Cox回归模型结果显示,T2DM患者BMI与CKD发生风险呈非线性关系,BMI在28~31 kg/m²的T2DM患者CKD的发生风险增加(均P<0.05)。结论T2DM患者肥胖与CKD密切相关,肥胖的T2DM患者,特别是BMI在28~31 kg/m²,容易发展为CKD。     

2型糖尿病视网膜病变与血清抵抗素水平的关系

目的 探讨血清抵抗素水平与2型糖尿病(T2DM)视网膜病变(DR)的关系. 方法 将T2DM患者分为3组:单纯T2DM未合并DR组(DM组)95例、单纯型DR组(SDR组)62例和增殖型DR组(PDR组)30例.ELISA法检测187例T2DM患者血清抵抗素水平. 结果 PDR组和SDR组血清抵抗素水平显著高于DM组(P<0.01或P<0.05);而且经校正性别、年龄和BMI后,PDR组抵抗素水平仍显著高于DM组(P<0.05).Spearman相关性分析结果显示,DR患者血清抵抗素与BMI、SBP、空腹胰岛素和HOMA-IR呈显著性相关(P<0.05).Logistic回归分析结果显示,血清抵抗素水平与PDR显著相关(OR=1.164,P<0.05). 结论 血清抵抗素水平与DR相关,抵抗素可能参与DR尤其是PDR的发生与发展.     

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is independently associated with an increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease and proliferative/laser-treated retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients

Aims/hypothesis Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Currently, there is a lack of information on associations between NAFLD and microvascular complications of diabetes. We assessed the associations between NAFLD and both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and retinopathy in a large cohort of type 2 diabetic individuals using a cross-sectional design. Methods Prevalence rates of retinopathy (by ophthalmoscopy) and CKD (defined as overt proteinuria and/or estimated GFR ≤60 ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻²) were assessed in 2,103 type 2 diabetic individuals who were free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease and viral hepatitis. NAFLD was ascertained by patient history, blood sampling and liver ultrasound. Results NAFLD patients had higher (p < 0.001) age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rates of both non-proliferative (39 vs 34%) and proliferative/laser-treated retinopathy (11 vs 5%), and CKD (15 vs 9%) than counterparts without NAFLD. In logistic regression analysis, NAFLD was associated with increased rates of CKD (odds ratio 1.87; 95% CI 1.3–4.1, p = 0.020) and proliferative/laser-treated retinopathy (odds ratio 1.75; 1.1–3.7, p = 0.031) independently of age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, hypertension, diabetes duration, HbA_1c, lipids, smoking status and medications use. Conclusions/interpretation Our findings suggest that NAFLD is associated with an increased prevalence of CKD and proliferative/laser-treated retinopathy in type 2 diabetic individuals independently of numerous baseline confounding factors. Further studies are required to confirm the reproducibility of these results and to evaluate whether NAFLD contributes to the development or progression of CKD and retinopathy.     

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is independently associated with an increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease and retinopathy in type 1 diabetic patients

Aims/hypothesis  

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with an increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Information on this issue is lacking for type 1 diabetes. We evaluated whether NAFLD is associated with increased prevalence of retinopathy and CKD in type 1 diabetic patients.     

Increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in Type 2 diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

AIMS: To estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Type 2 diabetic patients with and without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and to assess whether NAFLD is independently related to prevalent CVD. METHODS: We studied 400 Type 2 diabetic patients with NAFLD and 400 diabetic patients without NAFLD who were matched for age and sex. Main outcome measures were prevalent CVD (as ascertained by medical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram and echo-Doppler scanning of carotid and lower limb arteries), NAFLD (by ultrasonography) and presence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) as defined by the World Health Organization or Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. RESULTS: The prevalences of coronary (23.0 vs. 15.5%), cerebrovascular (17.2 vs. 10.2%) and peripheral (12.8 vs. 7.0%) vascular disease were significantly increased in those with NAFLD as compared with those without NAFLD (P < 0.001), with no differences between sexes. The MetS (by any criteria) and all its individual components were more frequent in NAFLD patients (P < 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, male sex, age, smoking history and MetS were independently related to prevalent CVD, whereas NAFLD was not. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CVD is increased in patients with Type 2 diabetes and NAFLD in association with an increased prevalence of MetS as compared with diabetic patients without NAFLD. Follow-up studies are necessary to determine whether this higher prevalence of CVD among diabetic patients with NAFLD affects long-term mortality.     

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes

AIM:To evaluate the correlation between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS:Data were obtained from 1217 inpatients with T2DM(757 females,460 males;aged 63.39 ± 12.28 years).NAFLD was diagnosed by hepatic ultrasonography.Diabetic nephropathy(DN),diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN),and diabetic retinopathy(DR) were diagnosed according to their respective criteria.The prevalence of NAFLD and the independent correlations of clinical characteristics with NAFLD were determined by cross-tabulation and logistic regression,respectively.RESULTS:Approximately 61% of inpatients with T2DM in Qingdao,China had NAFLD,which decreased significantly with increase in age and prolonged course of diabetes.The prevalence of NAFLD in patients presenting with DN,DPN and DR was 49.4%,57.2% and 54.9%,respectively.These rates were significantly lower than those of patients without DN,DPN and DR(65.9%,65.6% and 66.1%,respectively,P < 0.05).Participants with NAFLD had greater body weight,waist circumference(WC),body mass index(BMI),fasting blood glucose(FBG),hemoglobin A1c,alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,γ-glutamyltransferase,blood pressure,as well as triglyceride(TG) levels and lower high-density lipoprotein(HDL) concentration than those without NAFLD(P < 0.05).NAFLD was positively correlated with BMI,WC,TG,FBG,diastolic blood pressure,and systolic blood pressure but negatively correlated with the duration of diabetes,DR,DPN,DN,and HDL.CONCLUSION:Despite the benign nature of NAFLD,efforts should be directed toward early diagnosis,intensive blood glucose and blood pressure control,and effective dyslipidemia correction.     

Relationship between albuminuric CKD and diabetic retinopathy in a real-world setting of type 2 diabetes: Findings from No blind study

Background and aimsRecently, the albuminocentric view of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has been changing. Therefore, the relationship between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has to be addressed according to this new clinical presentation of DKD. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in a real-world setting, the correlation DR–DKD in T2DM.Methods and resultsA total of 2068 type 2 diabetic patients enrolled in a multicenter cross-sectional study were investigated. Albuminuric subjects were largely prevalent among subjects with DR (p = 0.019). In the whole study population, no difference in albumin excretion rate (AER) was observed between presence/absence of DR; instead, AER was significantly higher among patients with glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (CKD) (p = 0.009), above all in those with CKD and AER ≥0.03 g/24 h (p = 0.005). Multivariate analysis confirmed that eGFR (O.R. 0.976; 95% C.I.: 0.960–1.028; p < 0.001) and AER (O.R. 1.249; 95% C.I. 1.001–1.619; p = 0.004) were independently associated with DR and HDL–cholesterol (O.R.: 1.042; 95% C.I.: 1.011–1.120; p = 0.014). Additionally, among patients with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m² and albuminuria, both eGFR and AER significantly varied between those with/without DR (p = 0.012 and p = 0.005, respectively), and this finding was observed among only albuminuric patients. Analogous results were obtained considering DR classification. AER was significantly higher among subjects with either proliferative DR (PDR) or severe nonproliferative DR (NPDR), with regard to mild NPDR (0.498 and 0.938 g/die vs. 0.101 g/die; p < 0.001, respectively). Similar results were obtained in the specular subgroups.ConclusionIn T2DM with DKD, the AER seems to be related to the presence of DR. This association is confirmed above all in those with more severe DR.     

2型糖尿病肾病伴非酒精性脂肪肝患者的临床特征

目的:观察伴有非酒精性脂肪肝(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的2型糖尿病肾病(T2DN)患者临床及肾脏病理特点。方法:收集355例肾活检诊断为T2DN患者的一般情况、血生化、尿检、肾脏病理等资料,并行彩色B超检查,以明确NAFLD病变患者,分析同时伴有NAFLD的T2DN患者临床以及肾脏病理特点。结果:62例T2DN患者同时伴有NAFLD(17.46%),与无脂肪肝患者相比有以下特点:(1)年龄相对较轻[(49.08±9.04)vs(53.85±9.61)岁,P0.01],糖尿病(DM)病程显著短于后者[(61±57.68)vs(277±72.40)月,P0.01];(2)BMI增高明显[(28.75±3.24)vs(24.9±3.48)kg/m2,P0.01],胰岛素抵抗指数更突出[(7.15±4.28)vs(5.17±4.39),P0.05),三酰甘油水平也显著升高[(3.52±4.03)vs(2.11±1.46)mmol/L,P0.01],而高密度脂蛋白水平明显低于后者(P0.01),胆固醇水平则无差异(P0.05);(3)血肌酐水平[(194.59±91.94)vs(191.83±181.22)μmol/L,P0.01],24h尿蛋白定量均低于后者[(2.21±3.44)vs(3.63±2.80)g/24h,P0.01],小分子蛋白尿比例较后者低[(7.67±13.39)vs(11.54±11.72)%,P0.05);(4)DM背景视网膜病变(17.20%vs64.90%)以及末梢神经病变(31.10%vs55.10%)均比后者少见(P0.01);(5)肾小球球性硬化比例、系膜增生程度、K-W结节比例及肾小管间质病变程度均低于后者(P0.01)。结论:伴有NAFLD的T2DN患者相对年青,DM病程相对短,存在明显的代谢紊乱、超重和胰岛素抵抗,其中三酰甘油升高、高密度脂蛋白降低与NAFLD密切相关;而肾脏等靶器官损害则相对较轻。因此,代谢异常在伴有NAFLD的T2DN患者更为突出,提示控制代谢异常对此类患者的意义更为重大。     

High prevalence of chronic kidney disease in population-based patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in downtown Shanghai

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the risk factors associated with CKD among Chinese patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes aged over 30 in downtown Shanghai and to assess the relationship between CKD and diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: We investigated 1039 Chinese patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes aged over 30 by randomized cluster sampling in downtown Shanghai, and 1009 patients in this study were analyzed based on data integrity. Body measurements including height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference, resting blood pressure, fasting blood measures, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), as well as the digitally stored fundus images, were investigated. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation. The prevalence of CKD was calculated, and the risk factors associated with CKD were evaluated using stepwise logistic regression. The relationship between CKD and DR was evaluated using Spearman correlation and the chi-square test. RESULTS: The following were the results found in this study: (a) The prevalence rate of CKD (Stages 1-5) was 63.9% in Chinese patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, 8.8% in those with CKD Stage 1, 22.3% in those with CKD Stage 2, and 32.8% in those with CKD Stages 3-5 (GFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)). The prevalence of CKD increased with age. (b) CKD patients were older and had higher duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, and ACR of the first urine than those without CKD. (c) Male patients had a higher percentage of CKD Stages 3-5, and female patients had a higher percentage of CKD Stages 1-2. (d) CKD was significantly associated with duration of diabetes, older age, systolic blood pressure, and serum urea nitrogen based on logistic regression analysis. (e) Of the patients without CKD, 15.6% had DR, and of those with CKD, 27.6% had DR. The decrease in GFR was significantly correlated with DR after controlling for sex, age, and albuminuria staging. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of CKD observed in Chinese patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes aged over 30 in downtown Shanghai was similar to that in Western patients, and the cause of CKD is likely to be any of the following: type 2 diabetes, IgA nephropathy, hypertension, or any combination of these. The screening program for GFR in type 2 diabetic patients should be performed even on those with normoalbuminuria. The decrease in GFR might predict the occurrence of DR among patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.     

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and increased risk of chronic kidney disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) share common features. Both are associated with visceral obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. However, the relationship between NAFLD and CKD is poorly understood. We examined the prevalence of and risk factors for CKD in patients with NAFLD. We analyzed 174 Japanese patients with liver biopsy-proven NAFLD using a cross-sectional design. Chronic kidney disease was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m² and/or overt proteinuria. Of 174 NAFLD patients, 92 (53%) exhibited histologic characteristics of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of NAFLD; and 82 (47%) had non-NASH NAFLD. Chronic kidney disease was present in 24 (14%) of 174 NAFLD patients. The prevalence of CKD was significantly higher in NASH patients (19 of 92; 21%) than non-NASH patients (5 of 82; 6%). The presence of CKD was associated with a higher body mass index and the presence of hypertension and NASH. Our results demonstrated a high prevalence of CKD among patients with NASH.     

Association between PNPLA3rs738409 polymorphism decreased kidney function in postmenopausal type 2 diabetic women with or without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

AimEvidence is emerging that PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism (the major genetic variant associated with susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]) is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in non-diabetic individuals. Currently, little is known about this association in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients with and without NAFLD.MethodsWe studied 101 Caucasian post-menopausal women with T2DM, consecutively attending our diabetes outpatient service during a 3-month period. Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR_CKD-EPI) was estimated using the CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation, whilst albuminuria was measured with an immunonephelometric assay on morning spot urine samples. NAFLD was detected either by fatty liver index (FLI ≥ 60, n = 101) or by ultrasonography (n = 77). Genotyping was performed by TaqMan-Based RT-PCR system.ResultsEight patients had G/G, 41 G/C and 52 C/C PNPLA3 rs738409 genotypes, and 21 (20.8%) patients had CKD (eGFR_CKD-EPI < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or abnormal albuminuria). Compared to those with G/C or C/C genotypes, patients with G/G genotype had significantly lower eGFR_CKD-EPI (63.7 ± 11 vs. 77.4 ± 17 vs. 81.9 ± 15 mL/min/1.73 m², P = 0.014) and higher prevalence of CKD (50% vs. 24.4% vs. 13.5%, P = 0.04). After adjustment for age, duration of diabetes, haemoglobin A_1c, HOMA-estimated insulin resistance, systolic blood pressure, hypertension treatment and FLI ≥ 60, rs738409 G/G genotype was independently associated with both lower eGFR_CKD-EPI (β coefficient: −15.5, 95% CI −26.0 to −5.0, P = 0.004) and higher risk of CKD (adjusted-odds ratio 8.05, 95% CI 1.26–41.4, P = 0.03). Similar results were found when we adjusted for hepatic steatosis on ultrasography (instead of FLI ≥ 60).ConclusionRegardless of the presence of NAFLD and common cardio-renal risk factors, in post-menopausal women with T2DM, the G/G genotype of rs738409 in the PNPLA3 gene was strongly associated with lower eGFR_CKD-EPI and higher prevalence of CKD.