某种蜂胶软胶囊的毒理学安全性评价

[目的]对蜂胶的食用安全性进行毒理学实验评价。[方法]采用小鼠急性经口毒性试验、遗传毒性试验(A-mes试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验)和30 d喂养试验进行检测评价。[结果]小鼠急性经口毒性MTD>10.0 g/kg.bw,三项遗传毒性试验结果均为阴性。30 d喂养试验未显示明显毒性。[结论]蜂胶软胶囊急性毒性分级属实际无毒级,无遗传毒性,按推荐量食用是安全的。     

一种银杏叶提取物胶囊的毒理学安全性评价

目的对银杏叶提取物胶囊的食用安全性进行毒理学实验评价。方法采用小鼠急性经口毒性试验、遗传毒性试验(Ames试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验)和30d喂养试验进行检测评价。结果小鼠急性经口毒性MTD>20g/kg.bw,三项遗传毒性试验结果均为阴性。30d喂养试验未显示明显毒性。结论银杏叶提取物胶囊急性毒性分级属无毒级,无遗传毒性,按推荐量食用是安全的。     

花菁美颜胶囊安全性实验研究

目的探讨花菁美颜胶囊作为保健食品的安全性.方法使用小鼠经口急性毒性试验、遗传毒性试验和30 d喂养试验对花菁美颜胶囊的安全性进行评价.结果花菁美颜胶囊对小鼠的经口急性毒性LD50大于10 g/kg.bw,属实际无毒物质.Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性.大鼠30 d喂养试验结果显示花菁美颜胶囊对大鼠30 d喂养各项观察指标未见毒性作用.结论在本次实验条件下,花菁美颜胶囊属于实际无毒物质,未显示有遗传毒性和亚急性毒性作用.     

木聚糖酶毒性的初步研究

[目的]研究木聚糖酶的急性毒性、遗传毒性和亚急性毒性。[方法]小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、大鼠30d喂养试验。[结果]木聚糖酶雌、雄小鼠LD50均大于10．0g／kg，属实际无毒物质；Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性；大鼠30d喂养试验结果显示该样品30d喂养对大鼠各项观察指标未见毒性作用。[结论]在本次实验条件下，木聚糖酶为实际无毒物质，未显示有遗传毒性和亚急性毒性。     

某种黄芪丹参胶囊的毒理学安全性评价

[目的]了解某品牌黄芪丹参胶囊作为保健食品长期食用的安全性。[方法]2011年1月,依照《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》(2003年版)对某品牌黄芪丹参胶囊采用小鼠急性经口毒性试验、遗传毒性试验(Ames试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验)和30d喂养试验进行检测评价。[结果]按照2.5、5.0、10.0g/kg.bw经口给小鼠某品牌黄芪丹参液,3项遗传毒性试验结果均为阴性;30d喂养试验结果,各实验组大鼠生长发育良好,体重增重、食物利用率、脏器系数、血常规、血液生化指标均在本实验室值正常范围内;病理组织学检查,实验组各脏器未见异常改变。[结论]某品牌黄芪丹参胶囊急性毒性分级属无毒级,无遗传毒性,按推荐量食用是安全的。     

湖北海棠的毒性研究

[目的]研究湖北海棠的毒性。[方法]小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、大鼠30 d喂养试验。[结果]湖北海棠属实际无毒物质;Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性;大鼠30 d喂养试验结果显示该样品30 d喂养对大鼠各项观察指标未见毒性作用。[结论]在本次实验条件下,湖北海棠为无毒物质,未显示有遗传毒性和亚急性毒性作用。     

金诃牌清瑞胶囊的毒理学安全性评价

目的:对金诃牌清瑞胶囊的食用安全性进行毒理学评价。方法:依据食品安全性毒理学评价程序和方法进行急性毒性试验、遗传毒性试验(Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核试验和精子畸形试验)、大鼠30d喂养试验。结果:小鼠急性毒性试验经口最大耐受剂量(MTD)均 20g/kg·bw,属无毒级。Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性,表明受试物无致突变作用,30d喂养试验,试验动物均生长发育良好,体重、摄食量、血液学、血液生化学、脏器系数及病理组织学相关指标均未见异常变化。结论:金诃牌清瑞胶囊急性毒理分级属无毒级,无遗传毒性,在本试验剂量范围内,金诃牌清瑞胶囊属于安全性保健食品。     

蒜氨酸口服液的毒性试验研究

[目的]对蒜氨酸口服液的毒性进行了试验研究。[方法]采用小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验和大鼠30d喂养试验。[结果]该口服液对雌雄小鼠LD50均大于20g／kg，属无毒物质；Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性；对大鼠30d喂养试验各项指标均未产生明显影响。[结论]在本次试验条件下，该口服液安全无毒。     

依科源牌美容胶囊安全性评价试验

目的为依科源牌美容胶囊安全性评价提供毒理学依据。方法采用急性毒性试验,小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验,Ames试验,小鼠精子畸形试验和大鼠30 d喂养试验进行检测。结果依科源牌美容胶囊对雌雄性小鼠和雌雄性大鼠经口LD50均大于10.0 g/kg,属实际无毒级。3项致突变试验均未显示出突变性,对大鼠30 d喂养试验各项指标均未见明显毒性,大鼠30d喂养试验无作用剂量为3.67 g/kg。结论依科源牌美容胶囊3个阶段毒性试验结果均未表现出明显毒性。     

D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐的毒性研究

[目的]研究D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐的毒性. [方法]采用小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、大鼠30 d喂养试验对D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐的毒性进行研究. [结果]急性毒性试验LD50>10g/kg,属于实际无毒级物质;Ames试验中TA97、TA98、TA100和TA102的4个标准菌株无论代谢活化与否,皆为阴性结果;骨髓细胞微核试验和精子畸形试验2.5、5.0、10.0 g/kg 3个剂量组与阴性对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);大鼠30 d喂养试验结果显示该样品30 d喂养对大鼠各项观察指标未见毒性作用. [结论]在本次实验条件下,D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐为无毒物质,未显示有遗传毒性和亚急性毒性作用.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.